1.
1. HEALTH & ILLNESS
• Concept – Definition of Health & Illness
• Dimensions of Health
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Nirmala Roberts
India

2.
Concept of Health

3.
Biomedical concept
Health - “Absence of disease”
…acc to ”germ theory of disease”
Medical profession viewed –
Human body as a “machine”
Breakdown of the machine  Disease
Doctor  Repairs the machine
Role of environment, social and cultural determinants – Not
seen
Developments in medical & social sciences proved this
inadequate

4.
Ecological concept
Health – A dynamic equilibrium between man and his
environment
…..Imbalance results in disease

5.
Psychosocial concept
Health is also influenced by social,
psychological, cultural, economic and political
factors around

6.
Holistic concept
Synthesis of all the previous concepts
A multidimensional process affecting health
Emphasis on promotion and protection of health
Vocational
Spiritual
Emotional
Physical
Financial
Social
Intellectual
Holistic
Health

7.
Definition of Health
Health- A state of complete physical, mental
and social well being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity
- (WHO – 1948)

8.
Definition of Health
A dynamic state, in which
the individual adapts to
changes in internal and
external environments to
maintain a state of well
being
- (Potter & Perry – 2014)

9.
Definitions…
Disease - A pathologic change in structure and/ or
function …..SIGN
Illness - Response of a person to disease, which is
based on the person’s perception….SYMPTOM
Wellness (health) - An active state, oriented toward
maximizing the potential of the individual

10.
Health & Illness
Are not static conditions
Are vital concepts
Are subject to continuous evaluation and
change

11.
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH

12.
Health is a Multidimensional Concept

13.
Human Dimensions of Health
Physical – Genetic inheritance, age,
developmental level, race, gender
Emotional – Effect of mind on body function
and vice versa
Intellectual – Cognitive abilities, educational
background, past experiences…..
Environmental – Housing; sanitation; climate;
pollution of air, food and water

14.
Sociocultural – Economic level, lifestyle,
family, culture
Spiritual – Spiritual beliefs and values
Occupational – Nature of job; occupational
hazards

15.
Hierarchy of Human Needs
- Abraham Maslow (1954)

16.
Need
A necessity - To live a healthy life
If not met  Dysfunction/ death!
Can be objective or subjective
Objective needs – food, shelter, sleep
Subjective needs – Affection, acceptance, self
esteem

17.
Abraham Maslow
(April 1, 1908 – Jun 8, 1970)
Prof of Psychology, Columbia University
Original thinker – focused on +ve qualities of people
Wrote about “Motivation and Personality”
Motivation theory - A 5 tier model as hierarchical levels in a
pyramid
Deprivation leads to ‘deficiency needs’  motivation to meet
the needs
Satisfaction of one tier of needs leads to motivation to meet the
higher levels

18.
Physiological Needs
For human survival
Metabolic needs - Air, water, food, rest
Clothing, shelter
If not met  Body cannot function
=Basic ‘animal’ needs

19.
Safety Needs
Once physical needs are met, safety needs take
over
Personal, including emotional
Health and well being
Financial, job security
Safety of property against natural disasters, calamities,
wars…
Law and order

20.
Social Needs
Need to love and be loved
For a sense of belonging and acceptance
Small groups – clubs, office teams, school/ college
houses
Large groups – Political parties, sports teams, social
networking sites

21.
Esteem Needs
To be respected and to respect
Sense of contribution, to feel self-valued
When low – Low respect of others; need for status,
recognition, fame, prestige and attention
High – Self respect, need for strength, competence,
mastery, self-confidence, independence & freedom

22.
Self Actualization Needs
What a person can be, they must be
An intrinsic growth of what a person already has
Growth motivated rather than deficiency motivated
Can be reached only after lower order needs are met
Without prejudice - Accepts facts spontaneously and
focusses problems outside self
Happens in <1%

23.
Maslow’s Theory in Marketing/
Advertising
PN – Wife/ child-abuse help-lines; social
security benefits, samaritans
SN – Home security products, insurance, bank
security, schools
EN – Cosmetics, fast cars, home
improvements, furniture, fashion clothes,
drinks, lifestyle products and services

24.
Revision
What is your concept of Health?
Name the dimensions of Health
What is a Need?
Describe the Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs
What is the first need according to Maslow?
..the second?
…the third?
…the fourth?
…the fifth and last?