1.
Psychodynamic Explanation of Aggression <ul><li>Objective : To understand how, according to the psychodynamic approach, frustration can lead to aggression. </li></ul><ul><li>Starter : How is the limbic system linked to aggression? </li></ul><ul><li>Give an example of what could happen when such a thing occurs? (hint: Charles Whitman). </li></ul>

2.
<ul><li>You have 10 mins to complete your mind map on the biological explanation. </li></ul>

3.
<ul><li>Psychodynamic explanation of Aggression </li></ul><ul><li>Freud believed that we all have a </li></ul><ul><li>death instinct. And aggression is </li></ul><ul><li>the drive that allows us to satisfy it. </li></ul><ul><li>He believed we have to satisfy our </li></ul><ul><li>ego, while still keeping our super </li></ul><ul><li>ego happy. </li></ul><ul><li>Ego = The part of our personality that tries to satisfy our urges </li></ul><ul><li>Superego = The moral part of our personality </li></ul>

4.
<ul><li>We use: </li></ul><ul><li>Sublimation – Using our aggression </li></ul><ul><li>in acceptable activities such as sport. </li></ul><ul><li>Displacement – Directing our aggression outwards onto someone or something else. </li></ul>

5.
<ul><li>The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis </li></ul><ul><li>If someone can’t reach a goal in life because it is too difficult, or somebody stops them, they can become frustrated and aggressive. </li></ul><ul><li>Aggression might be directed at someone else. An example is called scapegoating. E.g. Bully and racism </li></ul>

6.
<ul><li>Scapegoat = A person or group who are not the cause of the frustration but are an easy target because they are less powerful. </li></ul><ul><li>However …not everyone who is frustrated becomes aggressive. It depends on their past experiences, and other people involved in the situation. </li></ul>

7.
<ul><li>Leonard Berowitz Study (1968) </li></ul><ul><li>Berkowitz argued that frustration does not lead directly to aggression, but does make people feel angry. This anger then makes people aggressive. </li></ul><ul><li>A confederate was told to make a participant angry. The participant was given the opportunity to administer an mild electric shock to the confederate. </li></ul>

8.
<ul><li>Some participants saw a couple of guns next to the switches, and were told that they belonged to the person whop made them angry. </li></ul><ul><li>Another group saw non-violent objects, and another saw no objects. </li></ul><ul><li>Guess which group gave the most shocks! </li></ul>

9.
<ul><li>Berkowitz suggested that people learn to associate particular stimuli (such as a gun, a situation or person) with ways of releasing anger. </li></ul><ul><li>When the person was frustrated, they became angry, and the gun became a cue for aggression. </li></ul>

10.
<ul><li>Can you complete the A.P.F.C. for Berkowitz’s experiment? </li></ul><ul><li>Aim : </li></ul><ul><li>Procedure : </li></ul><ul><li>Findings : </li></ul><ul><li>Conclusion : </li></ul>

11.
<ul><li>Extension : </li></ul><ul><li>1) How can we reduce aggression? </li></ul><ul><li>2) Create a multiple choice quiz or crossword on: </li></ul><ul><li>The Ethological explanation </li></ul><ul><li>The Biological explanation </li></ul><ul><li>The Psychodynamic explanation </li></ul>