Cns 15

Systems regulating body balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],There are three components that regulate body balance

CNS 1- Cerebral cortex 2- Brainstem 3- Cerebellum 2- Vestibular 3- Proprioceptive 1- Muscle commands 1- 2- Systems regulating body balance

The Vestibular Apparatus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth Anterior Lateral Posterior

The Semicircular Canals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Sensory cell (Hair cell) Kinocilium Stereocilia Stimulation Inhibition Afferent vestibular nerve fibers

The Utricle and Saccule ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The vestibule of the labyrinth

Otolithic membrane Hair cell Anatomy: Maculae of Utricle or Saccule Physiology: Linear acceleration of head

Types of Equilibrium ,[object Object],[object Object],Rotational movement

Stimulus to the vestibular sensory organs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Stimulus to the vestibular sensory organs

Dynamic Equilibrium ,[object Object],[object Object],Ampulla

Dynamic Equilibrium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dynamic Equilibrium ,[object Object]

Otolithic membrane Hair cell Mechanism of Stimulation in Utricle & Saccule 1- Linear acceleration of head or changes of head position 2- Shift of position of otolithic membrane 3- Deflect stereocilia to or away from kinocilium 4- Stimulation or inhibition

Linear Acceleration Stimuli ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Linear Acceleration Stimuli Nerve Action Potential ,[object Object],NOTE : It is important to understand that the maculae is responsible for the change in acceleration only. Because the hair cell can adapt it quickly

Static Equilibrium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Maculae in Saccule & utricle Saccule Utricle

Connections of the vestibular sensory organs ,[object Object],[object Object]

Function of vestibular reflexes ,[object Object],[object Object]

Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) STIMULUS = Head movement Efferent = oculomotor nerves Effector = Extra-ocular muscles Sensory = Vestibular HC Afferent = vestibular nerve Center

Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex (VSR) STIMULUS = Gravity linear acceleration Efferent = Spinal nerves Effector = Neck and body muscles Sensory = Vestibular HC Afferent = vestibular nerve Center

The Visual System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Motion sickness ,[object Object],[object Object]

Vestibular Evaluation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vestibular evaluation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Physical examination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Examination of nystagmus ,[object Object],[object Object]

Vestibular nystagmus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Spontaneous nystagmus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Spontaneous nystagmus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Induced nystagmus ,[object Object],[object Object]

Positional nystagmus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Barany’s Caloric testing Concept ,[object Object],[object Object]

Caloric testing Procedure and recording

Postural Reflexes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Postural Control (cont) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Posture ,[object Object],[object Object]

Postural Adjustments ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Righting reflexes Tonic neck reflexes Vestibular placing reaction

Cns 15

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Cns 15