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The	
  Promises	
  are	
  the	
  Same!
Hawaii	
  –	
  the	
  last	
  and	
  Western-­‐most	
  State	
  “…	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  grants	
  to	
  the	
  State	
  of	
  Hawaii,	
  
effective	
  upon	
  its	
  admission	
  into	
  the	
  Union,	
  the	
  United	
  States’	
  title	
  to	
  all	
  the	
  public	
  lands	
  and	
  
other	
  public	
  property	
  within	
  the	
  boundaries	
  of	
  the	
  State	
  of	
  Hawaii,	
  title	
  to	
  which	
  is	
  held	
  by	
  the	
  
United	
  States	
  immediately	
  prior	
  to	
  its	
  admission	
  into	
  the	
  Union.”	
  Hawaii	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  March	
  
18,	
  1959
Some	
  say	
  that	
  western	
  states	
  gave	
  up	
  (“forever	
  disclaimed”)	
  their	
  lands	
  at	
  statehood.	
  	
  This	
  
doesn’t	
  make	
  sense!	
  The	
  statehood	
  contracts	
  (“enabling	
  acts”)	
  for	
  the	
  transfer	
  of	
  public	
  
lands	
  are	
  largely	
  the	
  same	
  for	
  states	
  east	
  and	
  west	
  of	
  Colorado.	
  	
  	
  Here	
  is	
  a	
  side-­‐by-­‐side	
  
comparison	
  of	
  the	
  enabling	
  acts	
  of	
  Utah	
  vs.	
  North	
  Dakota	
  and	
  Nevada	
  vs.	
  Nebraska.	
  	
  The	
  
enabling	
  acts	
  of	
  other	
  western	
  states	
  are	
  nearly	
  identical.	
  	
  The	
  performance	
  of	
  the	
  federal	
  
government	
  IS	
  NOT!	
  	
  Here	
  are	
  links	
  to	
  a	
  Legal	
  Analysis	
  of	
  Transfer	
  of	
  Public	
  Lands	
  
Legislation	
  commissioned	
  by	
  the	
  Federalist	
  Society	
  and	
  an	
  Executive	
  Summary.
North	
  Dakota	
  
Utah	
  
Enabling	
  Act,	
  February	
  22,	
  1889
Enabling	
  Act,	
  March	
  21,	
  1864
49.4%	
  Federally	
  controlled	
  in	
  1896
86%	
  Federally	
  Controlled	
  in	
  1896
3%	
  Federally	
  Controlled	
  Today
67%	
  Federally	
  Controlled	
  Today
“The	
  constitution	
  shall	
  be	
  republican	
  in	
  
“The	
  constitution	
  shall	
  be	
  republican	
  in	
  
form,	
  …	
  and	
  not	
  be	
  repugnant	
  to	
  the	
  
form,	
  …	
  and	
  not	
  to	
  be	
  repugnant	
  to	
  the	
  
Constitution	
  of	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  and	
  the	
   Constitution	
  of	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  and	
  the	
  
principles	
  of	
  the	
  Declaration	
  of	
  
principles	
  of	
  the	
  Declaration	
  of	
  
Independence.	
  And	
  said	
  conventions	
  shall	
   Independence.	
  And	
  said	
  convention	
  shall	
  
provide,	
  by	
  ordinances	
  irrevocable	
  without	
   provide,	
  by	
  ordinance	
  irrevocable	
  without	
  
the	
  consent	
  of	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  and	
  the	
  
the	
  consent	
  of	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  and	
  the	
  
people	
  of	
  said	
  States:-­”	
  Section	
  4,	
  Preamble,	
  people	
  of	
  said	
  State-­-­”	
  Section	
  3,	
  Preamble,	
  
ND,	
  SD,	
  MT,	
  WA	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  February	
  22,	
   Utah	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  July	
  16,	
  1894
1889
“That	
  the	
  people	
  inhabiting	
  said	
  proposed	
   “That	
  the	
  people	
  inhabiting	
  said	
  proposed	
  
States	
  do	
  agree	
  and	
  declare	
  that	
  they	
  
State	
  do	
  agree	
  and	
  declare	
  that	
  they	
  forever	
  
forever	
  disclaim	
  all	
  right	
  and	
  title	
  to	
  the	
  
disclaim	
  all	
  right	
  and	
  title	
  to	
  the	
  
unappropriated	
  public	
  lands	
  lying	
  within	
   unappropriated	
  public	
  lands	
  lying	
  within	
  
the	
  boundaries	
  thereof,	
  …	
  and	
  that	
  until	
  the	
   the	
  boundaries	
  thereof;	
  …	
  and	
  that	
  until	
  the	
  
title	
  thereto	
  shall	
  have	
  been	
  extinguished	
  by	
  title	
  thereto	
  shall	
  have	
  been	
  extinguished	
  by	
  
the	
  United	
  States,	
  the	
  same	
  shall	
  be	
  and	
  
the	
  United	
  States,	
  the	
  same	
  shall	
  be	
  and	
  
remain	
  subject	
  to	
  the	
  disposition	
  of	
  the	
  
remain	
  subject	
  to	
  the	
  disposition	
  of	
  the	
  
United	
  States,	
  and	
  …	
  no	
  taxes	
  shall	
  be	
  
United	
  States,	
  and	
  …	
  no	
  taxes	
  shall	
  be	
  
imposed	
  by	
  the	
  States	
  on	
  lands	
  or	
  property	
   imposed	
  by	
  the	
  State	
  on	
  lands	
  or	
  property	
  
therein	
  belonging	
  to	
  or	
  which	
  may	
  hereafter	
  therein	
  belonging	
  to	
  or	
  which	
  may	
  hereafter	
  
be	
  purchased	
  by	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  or	
  
be	
  purchased	
  by	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  or	
  
reserved	
  for	
  its	
  use;”	
  Section	
  4,	
  Second,	
  ND,	
  reserved	
  for	
  its	
  use;”	
  Section	
  3,	
  Second,	
  
SD,	
  MT,	
  WA	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  February	
  22,	
  
Utah	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  July	
  16,	
  1894
1889
www.AmericanLandsCouncil.org !

https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLandsCouncil
“And	
  if	
  the	
  constitutions	
  and	
  governments	
   “And	
  if	
  the	
  constitution	
  and	
  government	
  of	
  
of	
  said	
  proposed	
  States	
  are	
  republican	
  in	
   said	
  proposed	
  State	
  are	
  republican	
  in	
  form,	
  
form,	
  and	
  if	
  all	
  the	
  provisions	
  of	
  this	
  Act	
  
and	
  if	
  all	
  the	
  provisions	
  of	
  this	
  Act	
  have	
  been	
  
have	
  been	
  complied	
  with	
  in	
  the	
  formation	
   complied	
  with	
  in	
  the	
  formation	
  thereof,	
  is	
  
thereof,	
  is	
  shall	
  be	
  the	
  duty	
  of	
  the	
  President	
   shall	
  be	
  the	
  duty	
  of	
  the	
  President	
  of	
  the	
  
of	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  to	
  issue	
  his	
  
United	
  States	
  to	
  issue	
  his	
  proclamation	
  
proclamation	
  announcing	
  the	
  result	
  of	
  said	
   announcing	
  the	
  result	
  of	
  said	
  election,	
  and	
  
election	
  in	
  each,	
  and	
  thereupon	
  the	
  
thereupon	
  the	
  proposed	
  State	
  of	
  Utah	
  shall	
  
proposed	
  States	
  which	
  have	
  adopted	
  
be	
  deemed	
  admitted	
  by	
  Congress	
  into	
  the	
  
constitutions	
  and	
  formed	
  State	
  
Union,	
  under	
  and	
  by	
  virtue	
  of	
  this	
  Act,	
  on	
  an	
  
governments	
  as	
  herein	
  provided	
  shall	
  be	
   equal	
  footing	
  with	
  the	
  original	
  States,	
  from	
  
deemed	
  admitted	
  by	
  Congress	
  into	
  the	
  
and	
  after	
  the	
  date	
  of	
  said	
  proclamation.”	
  
Union	
  under	
  and	
  by	
  virtue	
  of	
  this	
  act	
  on	
  an	
   Section	
  4,	
  Utah	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  July	
  16,	
  1894
equal	
  footing	
  with	
  the	
  original	
  States	
  from	
  
and	
  after	
  the	
  date	
  of	
  said	
  proclamation.”	
  
Section	
  8,	
  ND,	
  SD,	
  MT,	
  WA	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  
February	
  22,	
  1889
“That	
  upon	
  admission	
  of	
  each	
  of	
  said	
  
“That	
  upon	
  admission	
  of	
  said	
  State	
  into	
  the	
  
States	
  into	
  the	
  Union	
  sections	
  numbered	
   Union,	
  sections	
  numbered	
  two,	
  sixteen,	
  
sixteen,	
  and	
  thirty-­six	
  in	
  every	
  township	
  of	
   thirty-­two,	
  and	
  thirty-­six	
  in	
  every	
  township	
  
said	
  proposed	
  States,	
  and	
  where	
  such	
  
of	
  said	
  proposed	
  State,	
  and	
  where	
  such	
  
sections,	
  or	
  any	
  parts	
  thereof,	
  have	
  been	
  
sections	
  or	
  any	
  parts	
  thereof	
  have	
  been	
  sold	
  
sold	
  or	
  otherwise	
  disposed	
  of	
  by	
  or	
  under	
   or	
  otherwise	
  disposed	
  of	
  by	
  or	
  under	
  any	
  Act	
  
any	
  act	
  of	
  Congress,	
  other	
  lands	
  equivalent	
   of	
  Congress	
  other	
  lands	
  equivalent	
  thereto	
  
thereto	
  …	
  are	
  hereby,	
  granted	
  to	
  said	
  States	
   …	
  are	
  hereby,	
  granted	
  to	
  said	
  State	
  for	
  the	
  
for	
  the	
  support	
  of	
  common	
  schools,	
  …”	
  
support	
  of	
  common	
  schools,	
  …”	
  Section	
  6,	
  
Section	
  10,	
  ND,	
  SD,	
  MT,	
  WA	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
   Utah	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  July	
  16,	
  1894
February	
  22,	
  1889
“That	
  Iive	
  per	
  centum	
  of	
  the	
  proceeds	
  of	
  the	
   “That	
  Iive	
  per	
  centum	
  of	
  the	
  proceeds	
  of	
  the	
  
sales	
  of	
  public	
  lands	
  lying	
  within	
  said	
  States	
   sales	
  of	
  public	
  lands	
  lying	
  within	
  said	
  State,	
  
which	
  shall	
  be	
  sold	
  by	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  
which	
  shall	
  be	
  sold	
  by	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  
subsequent	
  to	
  the	
  admission	
  of	
  said	
  States	
   subsequent	
  to	
  the	
  admission	
  of	
  said	
  State	
  
into	
  the	
  Union,	
  after	
  deducting	
  all	
  expenses	
   into	
  the	
  Union,	
  after	
  deducting	
  all	
  expenses	
  
incident	
  to	
  the	
  same,	
  shall	
  be	
  paid	
  to	
  the	
  
incident	
  to	
  the	
  same,	
  shall	
  be	
  paid	
  to	
  the	
  
said	
  States,	
  to	
  be	
  used	
  as	
  a	
  permanent	
  fund,	
   said	
  State,	
  to	
  be	
  used	
  as	
  a	
  permanent	
  fund,	
  
the	
  interest	
  of	
  which	
  only	
  shall	
  be	
  expended	
   the	
  interest	
  of	
  which	
  only	
  shall	
  be	
  expended	
  
for	
  the	
  support	
  of	
  the	
  common	
  schools	
  
for	
  the	
  support	
  of	
  the	
  common	
  schools	
  
within	
  said	
  States,	
  respectively.”	
  Section	
  9,	
   within	
  said	
  State.”	
  Section	
  9,	
  Utah	
  Enabling	
  
ND,	
  SD,	
  MT,	
  WA	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  February	
  22,	
   Act,	
  July	
  16,	
  1894
1889

www.AmericanLandsCouncil.org !

https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLandsCouncil
Nebraska	
  
Nevada	
  
Enabling	
  Act,	
  April	
  19,	
  1864
Enabling	
  Act,	
  March	
  21,	
  1864
22%	
  Federally	
  Controlled	
  in	
  1896
86%	
  Federally	
  Controlled	
  in	
  1896
1%	
  Federally	
  Controlled	
  Today
81%	
  Federally	
  Controlled	
  Today
“Provided,	
  That	
  the	
  constitution	
  when	
  
“Provided,	
  That	
  the	
  constitution	
  when	
  
formed	
  shall	
  be	
  republican,	
  and	
  not	
  
formed	
  shall	
  be	
  republican,	
  and	
  not	
  
repugnant	
  to	
  the	
  constitution	
  of	
  the	
  United	
   repugnant	
  to	
  the	
  constitution	
  of	
  the	
  United	
  
States	
  and	
  the	
  principles	
  of	
  the	
  Declaration	
   States	
  and	
  the	
  principles	
  of	
  the	
  Declaration	
  
of	
  Independence;	
  And	
  provided	
  further,	
  That	
  of	
  Independence;	
  And	
  provided	
  further,	
  That	
  
said	
  constitution	
  shall	
  provide,	
  by	
  an	
  
said	
  constitution	
  shall	
  provide,	
  by	
  an	
  
article	
  forever	
  irrevocable,	
  without	
  the	
   ordinance	
  irrevocable,	
  without	
  the	
  
consent	
  of	
  the	
  Congress	
  of	
  the	
  United	
  
consent	
  of	
  the	
  Congress	
  of	
  the	
  United	
  States	
  
States:”	
  Section	
  4,	
  Preamble,	
  Nebraska	
  
and	
  the	
  people	
  of	
  said	
  state:”	
  Section	
  4,	
  
Enabling	
  Act,	
  April	
  19,	
  1864
Preamble,	
  Nevada	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  March	
  21,	
  
1864
“That	
  the	
  people	
  inhabiting	
  said	
  territory	
  
do	
  agree	
  and	
  declare	
  that	
  they	
  forever	
  
disclaim	
  all	
  right	
  and	
  title	
  to	
  the	
  
unappropriated	
  public	
  lands	
  lying	
  within	
  
said	
  territory,	
  and	
  that	
  the	
  same	
  shall	
  be	
  
and	
  remain	
  at	
  the	
  sole	
  and	
  entire	
  
disposition	
  of	
  the	
  United	
  States,	
  and	
  that	
  …	
  
no	
  taxes	
  shall	
  be	
  imposed	
  by	
  said	
  state	
  on	
  
lands	
  or	
  property	
  therein	
  belonging	
  to	
  or	
  
which	
  may	
  hereafter	
  be	
  purchased	
  by	
  the	
  
United	
  States.”	
  Section	
  5,	
  Third,	
  Nebraska	
  
Enabling	
  Act,	
  April	
  19,	
  1864

“That	
  the	
  people	
  inhabiting	
  said	
  territory	
  
do	
  agree	
  and	
  declare	
  that	
  they	
  forever	
  
disclaim	
  all	
  right	
  and	
  title	
  to	
  the	
  
unappropriated	
  public	
  lands	
  lying	
  within	
  
said	
  territory,	
  and	
  that	
  the	
  same	
  shall	
  be	
  
and	
  remain	
  at	
  the	
  sole	
  and	
  entire	
  
disposition	
  of	
  the	
  United	
  States,	
  and	
  that	
  …	
  
no	
  taxes	
  shall	
  be	
  imposed	
  by	
  said	
  state	
  on	
  
lands	
  or	
  property	
  therein	
  belonging	
  to	
  or	
  
which	
  may	
  hereafter	
  be	
  purchased	
  by,	
  the	
  
United	
  States.”	
  Section	
  5,	
  Third,	
  Nevada	
  
Enabling	
  Act,	
  March	
  21,	
  1864

“…	
  declaring	
  the	
  state	
  admitted	
  into	
  the	
  
“…	
  declaring	
  the	
  state	
  admitted	
  into	
  the	
  
Union	
  on	
  an	
  equal	
  footing	
  with	
  the	
  original	
   Union	
  on	
  an	
  equal	
  footing	
  with	
  the	
  original	
  
states,	
  without	
  any	
  further	
  action	
  whatever	
   states,	
  without	
  any	
  further	
  action	
  whatever	
  
on	
  the	
  part	
  of	
  congress.”	
  Section	
  5,	
  
on	
  the	
  part	
  of	
  congress.”	
  Section	
  5,	
  Nevada	
  
Nebraska	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  April	
  19,	
  1864
Enabling	
  Act,	
  March	
  21,	
  1864	
  	
  (See	
  also,	
  
Section	
  1)
“That	
  sections	
  numbered	
  sixteen	
  and	
  thirty-­ “That	
  sections	
  numbered	
  sixteen	
  and	
  thirty-­
six	
  in	
  every	
  township,	
  and	
  when	
  such	
  
six	
  in	
  every	
  township,	
  and	
  where	
  such	
  
section	
  have	
  been	
  sold	
  or	
  otherwise	
  
sections	
  have	
  been	
  sold	
  or	
  otherwise	
  
disposed	
  of	
  by	
  any	
  act	
  of	
  congress,	
  other	
  
disposed	
  of	
  by	
  any	
  act	
  of	
  congress,	
  other	
  
lands	
  equivalent	
  thereto	
  …	
  shall	
  be,	
  and	
  are	
   lands	
  equivalent	
  thereto	
  …	
  shall	
  be,	
  and	
  are	
  
hereby,	
  granted	
  to	
  said	
  state	
  for	
  the	
  support	
  hereby,	
  granted	
  to	
  said	
  state	
  for	
  the	
  support	
  
of	
  common	
  schools.”	
  Section	
  7,	
  Nebraska	
   of	
  common	
  schools.”	
  Section	
  7,	
  Nevada	
  
Enabling	
  Act,	
  April	
  19,	
  1864
Enabling	
  Act,	
  March	
  21,	
  1864

www.AmericanLandsCouncil.org !

https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLandsCouncil
“That	
  Iive	
  per	
  centum	
  of	
  the	
  proceeds	
  of	
  the	
   “That	
  Iive	
  per	
  centum	
  of	
  the	
  proceeds	
  of	
  the	
  
sales	
  of	
  all	
  public	
  lands	
  lying	
  within	
  said	
  
sales	
  of	
  all	
  public	
  lands	
  lying	
  within	
  said	
  
state,	
  which	
  have	
  been	
  or	
  shall	
  be	
  sold	
  by	
   state,	
  which	
  shall	
  be	
  sold	
  by	
  the	
  United	
  
the	
  United	
  States	
  prior	
  or	
  subsequent	
  to	
   States	
  subsequent	
  to	
  the	
  admission	
  of	
  said	
  
the	
  admission	
  of	
  said	
  state	
  into	
  the	
  Union,	
   state	
  into	
  the	
  Union,	
  after	
  deducting	
  all	
  
after	
  deducting	
  all	
  expenses	
  incident	
  to	
  the	
   expenses	
  incident	
  to	
  the	
  same,	
  shall	
  be	
  paid	
  
same,	
  shall	
  be	
  paid	
  to	
  the	
  said	
  state	
  for	
  the	
   to	
  the	
  said	
  state	
  for	
  the	
  purpose	
  of	
  
support	
  of	
  common	
  schools.”	
  Section	
  12,	
   making	
  and	
  improving	
  public	
  roads,	
  
Nebraska	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  April	
  19,	
  1864
constructing	
  ditches	
  or	
  canals,	
  to	
  effect	
  a 	
  
general	
  system	
  of	
  irrigation	
  of	
  the	
  
agricultural	
  land	
  in	
  the	
  state,	
  as	
  the	
  
legislature	
  shall	
  direct.”	
  Section	
  12,	
  
Nevada	
  Enabling	
  Act,	
  March	
  21,	
  1864

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Hawaii Enabling Act Promises Same Public Land Transfer

  • 1. The  Promises  are  the  Same! Hawaii  –  the  last  and  Western-­‐most  State  “…  the  United  States  grants  to  the  State  of  Hawaii,   effective  upon  its  admission  into  the  Union,  the  United  States’  title  to  all  the  public  lands  and   other  public  property  within  the  boundaries  of  the  State  of  Hawaii,  title  to  which  is  held  by  the   United  States  immediately  prior  to  its  admission  into  the  Union.”  Hawaii  Enabling  Act,  March   18,  1959 Some  say  that  western  states  gave  up  (“forever  disclaimed”)  their  lands  at  statehood.    This   doesn’t  make  sense!  The  statehood  contracts  (“enabling  acts”)  for  the  transfer  of  public   lands  are  largely  the  same  for  states  east  and  west  of  Colorado.      Here  is  a  side-­‐by-­‐side   comparison  of  the  enabling  acts  of  Utah  vs.  North  Dakota  and  Nevada  vs.  Nebraska.    The   enabling  acts  of  other  western  states  are  nearly  identical.    The  performance  of  the  federal   government  IS  NOT!    Here  are  links  to  a  Legal  Analysis  of  Transfer  of  Public  Lands   Legislation  commissioned  by  the  Federalist  Society  and  an  Executive  Summary. North  Dakota   Utah   Enabling  Act,  February  22,  1889 Enabling  Act,  March  21,  1864 49.4%  Federally  controlled  in  1896 86%  Federally  Controlled  in  1896 3%  Federally  Controlled  Today 67%  Federally  Controlled  Today “The  constitution  shall  be  republican  in   “The  constitution  shall  be  republican  in   form,  …  and  not  be  repugnant  to  the   form,  …  and  not  to  be  repugnant  to  the   Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the   Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the   principles  of  the  Declaration  of   principles  of  the  Declaration  of   Independence.  And  said  conventions  shall   Independence.  And  said  convention  shall   provide,  by  ordinances  irrevocable  without   provide,  by  ordinance  irrevocable  without   the  consent  of  the  United  States  and  the   the  consent  of  the  United  States  and  the   people  of  said  States:-­”  Section  4,  Preamble,  people  of  said  State-­-­”  Section  3,  Preamble,   ND,  SD,  MT,  WA  Enabling  Act,  February  22,   Utah  Enabling  Act,  July  16,  1894 1889 “That  the  people  inhabiting  said  proposed   “That  the  people  inhabiting  said  proposed   States  do  agree  and  declare  that  they   State  do  agree  and  declare  that  they  forever   forever  disclaim  all  right  and  title  to  the   disclaim  all  right  and  title  to  the   unappropriated  public  lands  lying  within   unappropriated  public  lands  lying  within   the  boundaries  thereof,  …  and  that  until  the   the  boundaries  thereof;  …  and  that  until  the   title  thereto  shall  have  been  extinguished  by  title  thereto  shall  have  been  extinguished  by   the  United  States,  the  same  shall  be  and   the  United  States,  the  same  shall  be  and   remain  subject  to  the  disposition  of  the   remain  subject  to  the  disposition  of  the   United  States,  and  …  no  taxes  shall  be   United  States,  and  …  no  taxes  shall  be   imposed  by  the  States  on  lands  or  property   imposed  by  the  State  on  lands  or  property   therein  belonging  to  or  which  may  hereafter  therein  belonging  to  or  which  may  hereafter   be  purchased  by  the  United  States  or   be  purchased  by  the  United  States  or   reserved  for  its  use;”  Section  4,  Second,  ND,  reserved  for  its  use;”  Section  3,  Second,   SD,  MT,  WA  Enabling  Act,  February  22,   Utah  Enabling  Act,  July  16,  1894 1889 www.AmericanLandsCouncil.org ! https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLandsCouncil
  • 2. “And  if  the  constitutions  and  governments   “And  if  the  constitution  and  government  of   of  said  proposed  States  are  republican  in   said  proposed  State  are  republican  in  form,   form,  and  if  all  the  provisions  of  this  Act   and  if  all  the  provisions  of  this  Act  have  been   have  been  complied  with  in  the  formation   complied  with  in  the  formation  thereof,  is   thereof,  is  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President   shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President  of  the   of  the  United  States  to  issue  his   United  States  to  issue  his  proclamation   proclamation  announcing  the  result  of  said   announcing  the  result  of  said  election,  and   election  in  each,  and  thereupon  the   thereupon  the  proposed  State  of  Utah  shall   proposed  States  which  have  adopted   be  deemed  admitted  by  Congress  into  the   constitutions  and  formed  State   Union,  under  and  by  virtue  of  this  Act,  on  an   governments  as  herein  provided  shall  be   equal  footing  with  the  original  States,  from   deemed  admitted  by  Congress  into  the   and  after  the  date  of  said  proclamation.”   Union  under  and  by  virtue  of  this  act  on  an   Section  4,  Utah  Enabling  Act,  July  16,  1894 equal  footing  with  the  original  States  from   and  after  the  date  of  said  proclamation.”   Section  8,  ND,  SD,  MT,  WA  Enabling  Act,   February  22,  1889 “That  upon  admission  of  each  of  said   “That  upon  admission  of  said  State  into  the   States  into  the  Union  sections  numbered   Union,  sections  numbered  two,  sixteen,   sixteen,  and  thirty-­six  in  every  township  of   thirty-­two,  and  thirty-­six  in  every  township   said  proposed  States,  and  where  such   of  said  proposed  State,  and  where  such   sections,  or  any  parts  thereof,  have  been   sections  or  any  parts  thereof  have  been  sold   sold  or  otherwise  disposed  of  by  or  under   or  otherwise  disposed  of  by  or  under  any  Act   any  act  of  Congress,  other  lands  equivalent   of  Congress  other  lands  equivalent  thereto   thereto  …  are  hereby,  granted  to  said  States   …  are  hereby,  granted  to  said  State  for  the   for  the  support  of  common  schools,  …”   support  of  common  schools,  …”  Section  6,   Section  10,  ND,  SD,  MT,  WA  Enabling  Act,   Utah  Enabling  Act,  July  16,  1894 February  22,  1889 “That  Iive  per  centum  of  the  proceeds  of  the   “That  Iive  per  centum  of  the  proceeds  of  the   sales  of  public  lands  lying  within  said  States   sales  of  public  lands  lying  within  said  State,   which  shall  be  sold  by  the  United  States   which  shall  be  sold  by  the  United  States   subsequent  to  the  admission  of  said  States   subsequent  to  the  admission  of  said  State   into  the  Union,  after  deducting  all  expenses   into  the  Union,  after  deducting  all  expenses   incident  to  the  same,  shall  be  paid  to  the   incident  to  the  same,  shall  be  paid  to  the   said  States,  to  be  used  as  a  permanent  fund,   said  State,  to  be  used  as  a  permanent  fund,   the  interest  of  which  only  shall  be  expended   the  interest  of  which  only  shall  be  expended   for  the  support  of  the  common  schools   for  the  support  of  the  common  schools   within  said  States,  respectively.”  Section  9,   within  said  State.”  Section  9,  Utah  Enabling   ND,  SD,  MT,  WA  Enabling  Act,  February  22,   Act,  July  16,  1894 1889 www.AmericanLandsCouncil.org ! https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLandsCouncil
  • 3. Nebraska   Nevada   Enabling  Act,  April  19,  1864 Enabling  Act,  March  21,  1864 22%  Federally  Controlled  in  1896 86%  Federally  Controlled  in  1896 1%  Federally  Controlled  Today 81%  Federally  Controlled  Today “Provided,  That  the  constitution  when   “Provided,  That  the  constitution  when   formed  shall  be  republican,  and  not   formed  shall  be  republican,  and  not   repugnant  to  the  constitution  of  the  United   repugnant  to  the  constitution  of  the  United   States  and  the  principles  of  the  Declaration   States  and  the  principles  of  the  Declaration   of  Independence;  And  provided  further,  That  of  Independence;  And  provided  further,  That   said  constitution  shall  provide,  by  an   said  constitution  shall  provide,  by  an   article  forever  irrevocable,  without  the   ordinance  irrevocable,  without  the   consent  of  the  Congress  of  the  United   consent  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States   States:”  Section  4,  Preamble,  Nebraska   and  the  people  of  said  state:”  Section  4,   Enabling  Act,  April  19,  1864 Preamble,  Nevada  Enabling  Act,  March  21,   1864 “That  the  people  inhabiting  said  territory   do  agree  and  declare  that  they  forever   disclaim  all  right  and  title  to  the   unappropriated  public  lands  lying  within   said  territory,  and  that  the  same  shall  be   and  remain  at  the  sole  and  entire   disposition  of  the  United  States,  and  that  …   no  taxes  shall  be  imposed  by  said  state  on   lands  or  property  therein  belonging  to  or   which  may  hereafter  be  purchased  by  the   United  States.”  Section  5,  Third,  Nebraska   Enabling  Act,  April  19,  1864 “That  the  people  inhabiting  said  territory   do  agree  and  declare  that  they  forever   disclaim  all  right  and  title  to  the   unappropriated  public  lands  lying  within   said  territory,  and  that  the  same  shall  be   and  remain  at  the  sole  and  entire   disposition  of  the  United  States,  and  that  …   no  taxes  shall  be  imposed  by  said  state  on   lands  or  property  therein  belonging  to  or   which  may  hereafter  be  purchased  by,  the   United  States.”  Section  5,  Third,  Nevada   Enabling  Act,  March  21,  1864 “…  declaring  the  state  admitted  into  the   “…  declaring  the  state  admitted  into  the   Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original   Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original   states,  without  any  further  action  whatever   states,  without  any  further  action  whatever   on  the  part  of  congress.”  Section  5,   on  the  part  of  congress.”  Section  5,  Nevada   Nebraska  Enabling  Act,  April  19,  1864 Enabling  Act,  March  21,  1864    (See  also,   Section  1) “That  sections  numbered  sixteen  and  thirty-­ “That  sections  numbered  sixteen  and  thirty-­ six  in  every  township,  and  when  such   six  in  every  township,  and  where  such   section  have  been  sold  or  otherwise   sections  have  been  sold  or  otherwise   disposed  of  by  any  act  of  congress,  other   disposed  of  by  any  act  of  congress,  other   lands  equivalent  thereto  …  shall  be,  and  are   lands  equivalent  thereto  …  shall  be,  and  are   hereby,  granted  to  said  state  for  the  support  hereby,  granted  to  said  state  for  the  support   of  common  schools.”  Section  7,  Nebraska   of  common  schools.”  Section  7,  Nevada   Enabling  Act,  April  19,  1864 Enabling  Act,  March  21,  1864 www.AmericanLandsCouncil.org ! https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLandsCouncil
  • 4. “That  Iive  per  centum  of  the  proceeds  of  the   “That  Iive  per  centum  of  the  proceeds  of  the   sales  of  all  public  lands  lying  within  said   sales  of  all  public  lands  lying  within  said   state,  which  have  been  or  shall  be  sold  by   state,  which  shall  be  sold  by  the  United   the  United  States  prior  or  subsequent  to   States  subsequent  to  the  admission  of  said   the  admission  of  said  state  into  the  Union,   state  into  the  Union,  after  deducting  all   after  deducting  all  expenses  incident  to  the   expenses  incident  to  the  same,  shall  be  paid   same,  shall  be  paid  to  the  said  state  for  the   to  the  said  state  for  the  purpose  of   support  of  common  schools.”  Section  12,   making  and  improving  public  roads,   Nebraska  Enabling  Act,  April  19,  1864 constructing  ditches  or  canals,  to  effect  a   general  system  of  irrigation  of  the   agricultural  land  in  the  state,  as  the   legislature  shall  direct.”  Section  12,   Nevada  Enabling  Act,  March  21,  1864 www.AmericanLandsCouncil.org ! https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLandsCouncil