5. Each domain contains specific kingdoms that are classified
according to their characteristics:
6. Scientists divide all these organisms into groups with
members that have basic similarities: the broadest
divisions are called kingdoms. Currently,
life on Earth is divided into SIX kingdoms:
7. Thesix kingdomsaregrouped accordingto five majorcategories inaddition toother major
characteristics. The categories are:
I. CELL TYPE: (kind of cell) all cells are made of the same organic material)
A. PROKARYOTIC: no organized nucleus, no internal membranes, peptidoglycan cell
wall, have ribosomes (small), bacteria and blue-green algae
B. EUKARYOTIC: organized nucleus, internal membranes, nonpeptidoglycan cell wall
II. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION:
A. NUMBER OF CELLS
1. UNICELLULAR: (single-celled) all life functions, solitary or colonial (chains or
clumps)
2. MULTICELLULAR: (many-celled)
a. hyphae body form
b. tissue differentiation (limited to advanced organisms)
B. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (Tissue Differentiation)
1. cells, 2. tissues, 3. organs, 4. organ system, 5. organism
C. CELL WALL
1. PEPTIDOGLYCAN: contain peptidoglycan, a complex web-like molecule; found
only in the Eubacteria
2. UNCOMMON LIPIDS: nonpeptidoglycan, contains uncommon lipids, found only in
Archaebacteria
3. PECTIN: contain pectin a complex polysaccharide, found in most Protista
3.CELLULOSE: contain cellulose a complex polysaccharide; found in Plantae
3.CHITIN: contain chitin, a tough material like that making up crab shells; found only in the
Fungi
8. III. MODE OF NUTRITION (how obtain energy/gets food)
A. AUTOTROPHIC: make own food, contain chlorophyll (photosynthetic),
(some without chlorophyll are chemotrophic)
B. HETEROTROPHIC: get food from other organism, no chlorophyll,
ingestion or absorption (free living, parasitic, saprophytic)
IV. Method of REPRODUCTION
A. ASEXUAL: only one parent, offspring genetically identical to parent, no
union of gametes
B. SEXUAL: two parents, offspring genetically different from parents (a
combination of the two), union of gametes
V. MOTILITY
A. MOTILE: ability to move from place to place, may only be motile in
larval stage
B. NONMOTILE: cannot move from place to place, maybe sessile
(attached to a surface)
9. Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungus Plant Animal
Cell Type prokaryotic eukaryotic
Number of Cells most unicellular
most
multicellular
Level of
Organization
cell systems
Cell Wall peptidoglycan chitin
Mode of Nutrition autotroph
Reproduction asexual
Motility some motile most nonmotile
Ecological
Importance
decomposers
algae major aquatic
oxygen & food
producers
algal bloom
major oxygen &
food source
(photosynthesis
- trophic level 1)
Other
gave rise to
eukaryote
organelles
toothpaste teeth
whiteners
invertebrates
vertebrates
Examples Streptococcus algae
10.
11. Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungus Plant Animal
Cell Type prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic
Number of Cells unicellular unicellular most unicellular most multicellular multicellular multicellular
Level of
Organization
cell cell most cell most tissue systems systems
Cell Wall peptidoglycan
contains
uncommon lipids
pectin or none
(green algae: cellulose)
chitin cellulose none
Mode of Nutrition auto/heterotroph
auto/heterotrop
h
auto/heterotroph
heterotroph
(absorption)
autotroph heterotroph
Reproduction asexual asexual sexual/asexual sexual/asexual sexual/asexual sexual/asexual
Motility some motile nonmotile motile/nonmotile most nonmotile nonmotile motile
Symbiotic
Relationship
fix nitrogen
many pathogenic
aid in human
digestion
aid in digestion
many pathogenic
(malaria, African
sleeping sickness,
amoebic dysentery)
cellulose digestion
many pathogenic
(athlete’s foot,
yeast infection,
ringworm)
lichen
epiphyte
mycorrhizae
mistletoe
parasitic worms,
barnacles,
clownfish
Ecological
Importance
fix nitrogen
decomposers
decomposers
algae major aquatic
oxygen & food
producers
algal bloom
decomposers
major oxygen &
food source
(photosynthesis -
trophic level 1)
human impact
on environment
Other
gave rise to
eukaryote
organelles
can live in
extreme
conditions
ancestors of
eukaryotes
toothpaste teeth
whiteners
fermented food
products
food source
antibiotics
can’t live
without ‘em
medicine source
invertebrates
vertebrates
Examples
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus
methanobacteria
algae, diatoms,
amoebas,
lichen, yeast,
mushrooms
trees
flowers
grass
sponges
mammals
12. Bacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in their
cells is not contained in a nucleus. Bacteria reproduce by
binary fission, a process in which one cell divides to form
two identical cells.
Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction.
. Some
bacteria are autotrophs and make their own food.
Others are heterotrophs that obtain food by consuming
autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
13. Protists are a group of all the
eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals,
or plants. As a result, it is a very diverse
group of organisms. The eukaryotes
that make up this kingdom, Kingdom
Protista, do not have much in common
besides a relatively simple organization.
Protists can look very different
from each other. Some are tiny and
unicellular, like an amoeba, and some
are large and multicellular, like
seaweed. However, multicellular
protists do not have highly specialized
tissues or organs.
14. The kingdom Fungi is vast and diverse. Members of
Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs, most feed on dead or
decaying organic matter.
They are eukaryotes and use spores to reproduce.
Fungi need moist warm places in which to grow. They
vary in size from unicellular yeasts to multicellular
mushrooms.
15. Plants are autotrophs that produce their own food. In addition, all
plants are eukaryotes that contain many cells. The process by which
plants make food is called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, a
plant uses carbon dioxide gas and water to make food and
oxygen.
Plants consist of two big groups: those which
do not have tissues to transport water and
food ( ) and those that have this
transport system ( ).
16. Liverworts, mosses and hornworts are nonvascular
plants. They are attached to the places where they live
by means of their root-like rhizoids.
25. 1 Why is light important to algae?
2 What is the danger of eating clams
when red tide occurs?
3 Give at least five uses of protists
4 Where are spores of yeasts produced?
How are yeast spores called?
5 Where are mushroom spores
produced?
