What’s
cooking
on
farms?
CBD
COP
11
17
Oct
2012
Domes.ca.on
of
indigenous
fruit
trees
for
sustainable
intensifica.on
Tree-­‐enriched
farms
diversified
and
intensified
Tradi2onally
and
culturally
important
tree
species
(foods/medicines)
cul2vated
and
domes2cated
for
social
and
economic
benefits
(value-­‐adding,
processing
and
trade)
Roger
Leakey
Interna.onal
Tree
Founda.on
and
ICRAF
www.interna.onaltreefounda.on.org
www.worldagroforestrycentre.org

Domes.ca.on
of
Agroforestry
Trees
in
Cameroon
100
CFA
200
CFA
100
CFA
100
CFA
100
CFA
200
CFA
100
CFA
200
CFA
250
CFA
100
CFA
200
CFA
25
CFA
50
CFA
50
CFA
Dacryodes edulis

Quan.fica.on
of
Important
Traits
Medicinal
Fruit
morphology
200 proper2es
Kernel mass
150 Shell mass
Flesh mass
Mass (g)
100
50
0
Individual trees
%a-santalol
50.0
Essen2al
oils
Edible
oils
and
12
faGy
acids
45.0
stearine (mg) oleine (mg)
40.0 10
35.0
8
30.0
Mass (mg)
% a-santalol
6
25.0
20.0
4
15.0
2
10.0
5.0
0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85
0.0
Individual trees

Nutri.onal
benefits
of
indigenous
fruits
Species Dacroydes Irvingia Maize Rice Cassava
edulis fruit gabonensis grain grain tuber
(88% dm) kernels (86% dm) (30-35%dm)
(88% dm)
Carbohydrates 14 26-39 66-76 46-59 24-31
Fats/oils 32 51-72 2-6 1-2 <1
Protein 26 7.4 5-14 4-8 1
Fibre 18 1 1-3 1-4 1-2
Data
on
micronutrients,
faGy
acids,
etc.
in
Leakey
1999,
Food
Chemistry
64,
1-­‐14.

Tree-­‐to-­‐tree
varia.on
in
Vitamin
E
and
an.-­‐nutrient
contents
Figure 10. Tocopherol content of Canarium indicum kernels from individual trees in East
New Britain, Papua New Guinea
alpha tocopherol beta tocopherol delta tocopherol gamma tocopherol
35
30
25
Tocopherol mg per g
20
15
10
5
0
Rabaul DoY 3 DoY 2 Pomio Pomio Rabaul Rabaul Rabaul Rabaul DoY 7 Rabaul DoY 8 12. Antioxidant5and Phenolic content
Figure Rabaul Rabaul DoY DoY 6 DoY 1 DoY 4 of Canarium indicum kernels from individual
3 2 1 7 1 5 4 6 2 8
trees in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Canarium
indicum
(Galip
7
Antioxidant capacity Phenolic content
Antioxidant in mg ascorbate equivalents per g
nut)
in
Papua
New
Guinea
6
Phenolics in mg catechin equivalents per g
5
Content
4
3
2
1
0
Individual trees

Cycle
of
Land
Degrada.on
and
Social
Depriva.on
POVERTY
LAND
DEGRADATION
Loss
of
crop
yield
To address the problem
we must resolve both
CGIAR Research Program CRP1.1 Dryland Systems
issues at the same time

Filling
the
Yield
Gap
(tonnes per hectare)
Solution
Crop yield
Step 2+3
Solution Yield Gap
Step 1

Filling
the
‘Yield
Gap’
Step 1: Restore soil fertility using leguminous trees that fix nitrogen
Yields can be raised from
<1 tonne/hectare to around
4-5 tonnes per hectare
This also partially restores the
ecological health of soils

Filling
the
‘Yield
Gap’
Step 2. Integrating traditionally important trees on-farm
Par.cipatory
Tree
Domes.ca.on
1
2

Par.cipatory
tree
domes.ca.on
Process
• PRA
for
priority
seTng
• Capacity
building
/
mentoring
in
communi2es
(hor2cultural
skills,
nursery
management,
agroforestry
prac2ces,
community
development,
use
of
microfinance,
business
development)
• Support
for
village
tree
nurseries
• Farmers
drive
their
own
ini2a2ves
• Benefit
flows
direct
to
farmers
• Community
empowerment
Urgent
needs
• BeGer
IPR
protec2on
of
farmer
developed
varie2es/cul2vars
• BeGer
compliance
with
Access
&
Benefit
sharing
agreements
to
protect
commercial
innova2ons

Filling
the
‘Yield
Gap’
Step 3. Commercialization, value addition and trade
Commercializa.on
of
AFTPs
–
A
vital
business
ini.a.ve
for
reduc.on
of
poverty
in
Africa
From
tradi.onal
markets
……………….
to…………….…
new
business

Filling
the
‘Yield
Gap’
Step 3. Commercialization, value addition and trade (2)
Stall-­‐fed
tree
fodder
(Embu
Kenya)
from
400m
hedge
of
Calliandra
calothyrsus
could
produce
enough
feed
for
two
cows
(90
kg
per
day)
in
the
dry
season
(3
months).
This
raised
the
milk
yield
by
over
300
litres
(=
3
kg
of
homegrown
tree
fodder
was
equivalent
to
1
kg
of
purchased
dairy
‘concentrate’).

A
Generic
Model
of
Agroforestry
–
Highly
adaptable
STEP 1
1. Rehabilita2on
Higher crop
yields and
(BNF:
Improved
fallows,
some food
intercropping,
Evergreen
Agriculture,
security
etc.)
STEP 2 Food security
Diversified
2.
Domes2ca2on
agroecosystem Income
and domestic
self sufficiency
(Diversifica2on
and
intensifica2on)
Improved
Improved tree
products
nutrition
and health
STEP 3
3.
Commercializa2on
Product Employment. Income
(Value-­‐adding
and
trade)
processing.
Entrepreneurism.
Value-adding.
Trade.
Empowerment
Market chain
development.
Delivery
of
Gender equity
Mul2func2onal
Improved
infrastructure
Agriculture
Education

Mul.func.onal
Agriculture
RRC’s
$
(Cameroon
-­‐
485
villages
/
7100
Farmers
+
Entrepreneurs,
Traders,
Microfinance)

Tree
Domes.ca.on
is
Transforming
People’s
Lives
I’m buying
Agroforestry
fertilizers
I’ve improved has and have a
I’ve decided my house and improved cow
to be a built a well our lives
nursery
man and My family
stay in my are healthier
village and going to
school
My kids are
eating fruits
and veg I’m processing
and trading
AFTPs

Living with the Trees
of Life
Towards
the
Transforma.on
of
Tropical
Agriculture
“.…
a
very
engaging
read….”
www.rogerleakey.com
by
Roger
RB
Leakey
rogerleakey@b2nternet.com
hGp://bookshop.cabi.org
www.cabi.org
Published
by
CABI
(2012)