A look at some of the personalities, publications and pedagogy that changed design education in the United States, from the present to 1850.

1. ED602
Survey of
Art Education
A History
of Design
Literature
Education
Art and Design
Education from the
Present to 1850

2. ED602
Survey of
Art Education
A History
of Design
Literature
Personalities
Publications
Pedagogy
Education
Art and Design
Education from the
Present to 1850

3. ED602
Survey of
Art Education
A History
of Design
Literature
Personalities
Publications
Pedagogy
Education
Art and Design
March
Education from the Adnan
Lotia ©2012
Present to 1850

4. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Meredith Davis
Born in Pittsburgh, 1948, based in Raleigh, North Carolina
Studied at Cranbrook Academy of Art (1970s)
Taught at North Carolina State University CoD (1989)
Reinforced design process at higher education level
Design process can assist in problem solving, creativity
Founder of Graphic Design Education Association and
AIGA fellow
Contributor to Arts Education Policy Review and the
International Journal of Design
Working on college-level textbooks for graphic design
In Art Education... Principles
Elements emphasis
1970s // Art and Social Order / 1990s // Visual Culture / form balance
Interdiciplinary Art Education Neo-DBAE line harmony
Multiculturalism / DBAE 2000s // Us! shape variety
movement
1980s // Nonstudio Art color rhythm
Instruction / Museum texture proportion
space unity
Education

5. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Your Community and Secure Ladder, posters by Meredith Davis

6. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Laura Chapman
Based in Cincinatti, Ohio
Taught at Indiana University, Ohio State University,
University of Illinois, and University of Cincinnati
Introduced design fundamentals at elementary school level
Creative expression is subordinate to concepts
Methods of learning design to describe and analyze art
Behaviorist, scientific, and analytic approach
Published Discover Art (1985), and Adventures in Art (1994)
Davis Press, publishers of SchoolArts (1901)
In Art Education... 1960s // Manuel Barkan / Principles
Art as Subject Matter / Elements balance
1950s // Viktor Lowenfeld / Teacher as Guide / Visual line
Creative Expression / Child- rhythm
Literacy / Environment Design shape
proportion
centrric / Direct Creativity color
1970s // Art and Social Order / texture
pattern
Interdiciplinary Art Education space
unity
Multiculturalism / DBAE value
variety

7. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Discover Art (1985)
Adventures in Art (1994): Student’s and Teacher’s Editions

8. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
György Kepes
Born in Selyp, Hungary, 1906
Studied painting in Budapest, 1926, then turned to film
Publication, stage and exhibition designer in Berlin, 1930
Taught at The New Bauhaus, 1937, Brooklyn College, 1943
“Visual communication is universal and international”
Developed an institutional approach to design education
Created academic community of design educators
Published Language of Vision (1944) on design education
Influenced by Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, taught Saul Bass
In Art Education... 1950s // Viktor Lowenfeld / Principles
Creative Expression / Child- Elements
1930s // The Bauhaus / centric / Direct Creativity approximation
Industrial Art & Craft / Higher unity
Education / Modernism 1960s // Manuel Barkan / repetition
Art as Subject Matter / balance continuance
1940s // Sigmund Freud / Teacher as Guide / Visual
Art Therapy / Art Morality / Literacy / Environment Design rhythm closure
Social Responsibility

9. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
György Kepes
Born in Selyp, Hungary, 1906
Studied painting in Budapest, 1926, then turned to film
Publication, stage and exhibition designer in Berlin, 1930
Taught at The New Bauhaus, 1937, Brooklyn College, 1943
“Visual communication is universal and international”
Developed an institutional approach to design education
Created academic community of design educators
Published Language of Vision (1944) on design education
Influenced by Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, taught Saul Bass
In Art Education... 1950s // Viktor Lowenfeld / Principles
Creative Expression / Child- Elements
1930s // The Bauhaus / centric / Direct Creativity approximation
Industrial Art & Craft / Higher unity
Education / Modernism 1960s // Manuel Barkan / repetition
Art as Subject Matter / balance continuance
1940s // Sigmund Freud / Teacher as Guide / Visual
Art Therapy / Art Morality / Literacy / Environment Design rhythm closure
Social Responsibility

10. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Gyorgy Kepes, 1974
Saul Bass, film poster for Vertigo, 1958
Gestalt psychology optical images

11. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Victor d’Amico
Born in New York, 1905
Established Young People’s Gallery at MoMA, 1937
Became Director of Education Department at MoMA, 1939
Founded Children’s Art Carnival, 1942–1969
Professional art is the model for children’s art education
Studied at Cooper Union, Pratt and Teachers College in 1920s
Developed a creativist approach to art education
Published Creative Teaching in Art (1942)
Alumni trustee at Pratt Institute, 1957–1962
In Art Education... 1940s // Sigmund Freud / Principles
Art Therapy / Art Morality / Elements
1930s // The Bauhaus / Social Responsibility proportion
Industrial Art & Craft / Higher line emphasis
Education / Modernism 1950s // Viktor Lowenfeld / form subordination
Creative Expression / Child-
centric / Direct Creativity color harmony / unity
texture variety

12. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Victor d’Amico
Born in New York, 1905
Established Young People’s Gallery at MoMA, 1937
Became Director of Education Department at MoMA, 1939
Founded Children’s Art Carnival, 1942–1969
Professional art is the model for children’s art education
Studied at Cooper Union, Pratt and Teachers College in 1920s
Developed a creativist approach to art education
Published Creative Teaching in Art (1942)
Alumni trustee at Pratt Institute, 1957–1962
In Art Education... 1940s // Sigmund Freud / Principles
Art Therapy / Art Morality / Elements
1930s // The Bauhaus / Social Responsibility proportion
Industrial Art & Craft / Higher line emphasis
Education / Modernism 1950s // Viktor Lowenfeld / form subordination
Creative Expression / Child-
centric / Direct Creativity color harmony / unity
texture variety

13. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Victor d’Amico at Children’s Art Carnival in New Delhi, India, 1963
Motivational activities at the Children’s Art Carnival, 1956

14. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Franz Cižek
Born in Bohemia (now Czech Republic), 1865
Inspired by the artwork of a carpenter’s children, 1885
Started the Juvenile Art Class in Vienna, 1897
Exhibitions of Children’s Art in London, 1934 and 1935
Self-directed, strongly differentiated art education
Child-centric learning, child-friendly environment
Discovered linocut to enable printmaking for children
Influenced by Seccessionists Otto Wagner and Gustav Klimt
Trained artist / educator Erika Giovanna Klien
In Art Education... Principles
Elements
1920s // John Dewey / USA Art in Daily Living / unity
Progressive Education / Social Consciousness line subordination
Differented Learning 1930s // The Bauhaus /
opposition
1930s // Melvin Haggerty / Industrial Art & Craft / Higher mass balance
rhythm
Owatonna Art Project / Education / Modernism
color symmetry

15. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Franz Cižek
Born in Bohemia (now Czech Republic), 1865
Inspired by the artwork of a carpenter’s children, 1885
Started the Juvenile Art Class in Vienna, 1897
Exhibitions of Children’s Art in London, 1934 and 1935
Self-directed, strongly differentiated art education
Child-centric learning, child-friendly environment
Discovered linocut to enable printmaking for children
Influenced by Seccessionists Otto Wagner and Gustav Klimt
Trained artist / educator Erika Giovanna Klien
In Art Education... Principles
Elements
1920s // John Dewey / USA Art in Daily Living / unity
Progressive Education / Social Consciousness line subordination
Differented Learning 1930s // The Bauhaus /
opposition
1930s // Melvin Haggerty / Industrial Art & Craft / Higher mass balance
rhythm
Owatonna Art Project / Education / Modernism
color symmetry

16. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Artwork by students age 14 from Cizek's Juvenile Art Class

17. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Denman Ross
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1853
Studied political economy at Harvard University, 1880
Started teaching design and art theory at Harvard, 1889
Becomes trustee at Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, 1895
Traveled the world, studying the art of many cultures, 1910s
Developed an academic approach to design education
Published design manual, A Theory of Pure Design (1907)
Knew John Singer Sargent and Joseph Lindon Smith
Taught Jack Levine and Hyman Bloom
In Art Education... 1880s // John Dewey / USA Values
Progressive Education / Elements white
1870s // Walter Smith / Integrated Study high light
English / Boston harmony light
1900s // Henry Turner Bailey low light
Industrial Drawing / midvalue
Systematic Instruction SchoolArts Magazine / balance high dark
Pictorial Drawing / Ornament dark
low dark
Art Nouveau rhythm black

18. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Denman Ross
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1853
Studied political economy at Harvard University, 1880
Started teaching design and art theory at Harvard, 1889
Becomes trustee at Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, 1895
Traveled the world, studying the art of many cultures, 1910s
Developed an academic approach to design education
Published design manual, A Theory of Pure Design (1907)
Knew John Singer Sargent and Joseph Lindon Smith
Taught Jack Levine and Hyman Bloom
In Art Education... 1880s // John Dewey / USA Values
Progressive Education / Elements white
1870s // Walter Smith / Integrated Study high light
English / Boston harmony light
1900s // Henry Turner Bailey low light
Industrial Drawing / midvalue
Systematic Instruction SchoolArts Magazine / balance high dark
Pictorial Drawing / Ornament dark
low dark
Art Nouveau rhythm black

19. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Denman Ross, Allen Parker (1930)
Hyman Bloom, Rabbi with Torah (1955)
Jack Levine, The Last Waltz (1962)

20. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Arthur Wesley Dow
Born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, 1857
Studied painting at the Academie Julian in Paris, 1884
Started a summer arts and crafts school in Ipswich, 1891
Taught at Pratt Institute (1895) and Teachers College (1904)
Heavily influenced by Japanese art, particularly woodblock
Traveled the world, studying the art of many cultures, 1906
Developed an institutional approach to art education
Published Composition (1899), highly influencing the field
Influenced by William Morris, taught Georgia O’Keeffe
In Art Education... 1880s // John Dewey / USA Principles
Progressive Education / Elements
1870s // Walter Smith / Integrated Study opposition
English / Boston line transition
Industrial Drawing / 1900s // Henry Turner Bailey subordination
Systematic Instruction SchoolArts Magazine / notan repetition
Pictorial Drawing / Ornament
Art Nouveau color symmetry

21. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
Arthur Wesley Dow
Born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, 1857
Studied painting at the Academie Julian in Paris, 1884
Started a summer arts and crafts school in Ipswich, 1891
Taught at Pratt Institute (1895) and Teachers College (1904)
Heavily influenced by Japanese art, particularly woodblock
Traveled the world, studying the art of many cultures, 1906
Developed an institutional approach to art education
Published Composition (1899), highly influencing the field
Influenced by William Morris, taught Georgia O’Keeffe
In Art Education... 1880s // John Dewey / USA Principles
Progressive Education / Elements
1870s // Walter Smith / Integrated Study opposition
English / Boston line transition
Industrial Drawing / 1900s // Henry Turner Bailey subordination
Systematic Instruction SchoolArts Magazine / notan repetition
Pictorial Drawing / Ornament
Art Nouveau color symmetry

22. 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 7 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0
The Long Road (1898) and August Moon (1905), woodcuts by Arthur Wesley Dow

23. Sources
Hamblen, K. A. 1985. An Art Education
Chronology: A Process of Selection and
Interpretation, in Studies in Art Education
26(2), pp. 111–120.
Kim, N. 2006. A History of Design Theory
in Art Education, in Journal of Aesthetic
Education 40(2), pp. 12–28.
Thank
You