INTRODUCTION
ADE SUDIRMAN, M.Pd
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
MATHLA’UL ANWAR UNIVERSITY

Introduction
Linguistics level Meaning
Pragmatic
Semantic
Syntactic
Morphological
Phonology
Dealing with language in use
Dealing with meaning
Dealing with sentence-structure
Dealing with word-structure
Dealing with sound systems

WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?
 The branch of linguistics (and one of the major
components of grammar) that
studies word structures especially in terms of
morphemes. Adjective: morphological.
(http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphologyterm.
htm)
 Katamba (1993) says that Morphology is the study
of word structure.

Morpheme Definitions
 Ingo Plag (2003) says, “Morpheme is the
smallest meaningful unit.”
 Hanafi (2003) states that morpheme is the
smallest meaningful unit of an utterance.
 Morpheme is the smallest difference in the
shape of a word that correlates with the
smallest difference in a word or sentence
meaning or in grammatical structure.
(Katamba: 1993)

BOUND AND FREE
Morphemes
Bound Morphemes – cannot occur
unattached.
Free Morphemes – can stand on its own.
(root words and function words)
Ex. glasses
glass – free morpheme
-es – bound morpheme

FREE MORPHEMES
Lexical Category (content words)
• Noun
• Adverb
• Adjectives
• Verb
• Pronoun
• Conjunction
• Preposition
• Article
Grammatical Category
(function)

BOUND MORPHEMES
• Affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes,
circumfixes)
-derivational
-inflectional
DERIVATIONAL
Ex. Impossible
Im- deriv. Possible – root word

1. When the preceding sound is sibilant (horse, rose,
bush, church, and judge), the [iz] allomorph occurs.
2. Preceding sound is voiceless/produced with no
vibration of the vocal folds in the larynx (cat, rock, and
cup), the [s] allomorph accurs.
3. After a vowel or a voiced consonant ( dog, and day),
the [z] allomorph accurs.

How many morphemes?
A
A book
A green book
A thick green book

Morphological Interface
1. Morpho-Phonological Interface
1. Liberty (noun) liberties (noun plural)
2. Independence (noun) independency (noun)
2. Morpho-Syntactical Interface
1. Anis laughed at her friend.
2. They love each other.

Thank you