2. Government at a Glance
• Biennial publication: 2009, 2011 & 2013
• 50 indicators covering the entire
“production chain” of government activity
• Includes all 34 member countries &
partners & observers
• What is new in 2013:
– Strategic outcomes
– Quality of services from a citizen perspective
• www.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm
3. Government at a Glance framework (2013)
Contextual information: political; legal/administrative; cultural; socio-economic, etc.
Inputs
Processes
Outputs
Outcomes
• Revenues
• Expenditures
• Public
employment &
compensation
• Budgeting
• Open
Government
• Public
procurement
• Education
• Health
• Justice
• Rule of law
• Fiscal
sustainability
• Trust in govt.
Institutions
• Fairness women
• Service quality
Capacity
Efficiency/value for money
Effectiveness
4. Publication objectives
1. Provide reliable internationally comparative data on government
activities and their results in OECD member countries and
beyond ;
2. Evaluate …how pubic management practices evolve over time,
how countries’ compare with each other;
3. Promote...dialogue and exchange between countries;
4. Orient...reforms and their implementation;
5. Identify …best practices and innovations that can be shared.
4
5. Sources of data
Governance Directorate
Other OECD Directorates
ECO,STI, STD,
EDU, ELS, CTP,
EDU
Budgeting and
Public
Expenditures
External sources:
Eurostat
ILO
UN
WJP
IMF
Regulatory
Policy
Governance
Reviews and
Partnerships
Reform of the
Public Sec tor
Regional
Development
Regional
Policies for
Sustainable
Development
6. Methodological principles and production
cycle
Accuracy
•
Data collected from subject-matter experts in OECD Working
Groups; reviewed also by PGC delegates.
•
Whenever possible, responses verified with other external/additional
sources;
Transparency
•
All data available to the public for verification/review;
•
All drafts reviewed by countries prior to publication;
•
Indicators selected in consensus with countries and Steering Group;
Representativeness
•
No “super composites”;
•
Sensitivity analyses on Conflict of interests and Budget composites.
Surveys drafted
& piloted
Data collection
from govt.
officials
Data cleaning
by OECD in coll.
with govts.
Data verified
by
Working Groups
& Committees
Drafting &
Publication
7. Typology of indicators
Policy areas covered
Core indicators
Periodic indicators
Special features
Re-occurring data for time
series analysis
Alternate in editions
Timely/topical data and
issue-areas
• Public finance &
economics
• Conflict of interests
• Public employment
• Performance in selected
sectors
• Budget practices &
procedures
• Regulatory governance
• Open government
• HRM practices
•
•
Serving Citizens:
Accessibility and
quality of public
services
Central Government
ICT spending
8. Challenges
•
Accuracy/reliability of qualitative /perception data;
•
Measuring rules vs. “reality” (e.g. practice);
•
Often limited to central/federal level of government;
•
Comparability– institutional differences across countries;
•
Measurement of outputs and outcomes still complicated
(education and health sectors most advanced);
9. Government matters …
General government expenditure as a percentage of GDP (2009 & 2011)
%
of GDP
2011
2009
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source: OECD National Accounts Statistics (database). Data for the Other major economies (excluding the Russian Federation) are from the
IMF Economic Outlook (April 2013).
10. At what level of government is the money
spent?
Distribution of general government expenditures across levels of
government (2001 and 2011)
%
Central government
State government
Local government
Social security
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
2001
2011
0
NZL IRL GBR ISR EST NOR TUR AUS PRT CZE USA ISL GRC SVN HUN LUX SVK KOR SWE AUT MEX POL JPN FRA DNK ITA NLD FIN CAN BEL ESP DEU CHE OECD
Source: OECD National Accounts Statistics (database)
11. What is the money spent on?
Structure of general government expenditures by function (2011)
% of total government expenditure
Source: OECD National Accounts
12. How are government goods and services
produced?
Production costs as a percentage of GDP (2011)
%
of GDP
35
Consumption of fixed capital
Costs of goods and services used and financed by general government
Compensation of general government employees
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Source: OECD National Accounts Statistics (database).
13. How large is public procurement?
General government procurement
as a share of total general government expenditures (2011)
50
45
% of general government expenditures
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Source: OECD National Accounts Statistics (database).
14. Government as a significant employer
Employment in general government as a percentage of the labour force (2001 & 2011)
2011
2001
35
% of the labour force
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sources: International Labour Organization (ILO) LABORSTA (database); OECD Labour Force Statistics (database). Data for Korea
were provided by government officials.
15. At what level of government do people
work?
Distribution of general government employment across levels of
government (2011)
Central
Sub-central
Social security
Ireland
Turkey
New Zealand
Greece
Israel
Luxembourg
Portugal
Slovenia
Italy
Estonia
Czech Republic
France
Norway
Hungary
Mexico
Denmark
Netherlands
Finland
Spain
Sweden
Belgium
Japan
United States
Canada
Germany
Switzerland
South Africa
Russian Federation
Brazil
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), LABORSTA database
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
16. Compensation of employees in central/
federal governments: theoretical framework
Components of the total compensation for the public servants
Working
time
correction
Employers’ social
contributions
Gross wages and salaries
Source: 2011 OECD Compensation Survey
17. Pay relativities in central government
across OECD
Average annual compensation for selected central government positions,
OECD average (2011)
300 000
Wages and salaries
250 000
Social contributions
30990
2011 USD PPP
200 000
Working time correction
36129
150 000
16917
100 000
X 4.7
21240
14463
14431
162726
50 000
Average
earnings
of
university
graduates
86547
57535
8505
8286
32278
0
Senior manager (D1)
Middle manager (D3)
Senior professionals
Secretaries
OECD
Source: Government at a Glance 2013; 2012 OECD Compensation Survey
18. What are the key outcomes?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Trust in government
Fairness
Serving citizens
Fiscal sustainability
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Accountability and Transparency
19. Governments are losing trust
Confidence in national government in 2012 and its change since 2007
Percentage
points
% in 2012 (right axis)
Percentage point change 2007-2012 (left axis)
%
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
-10
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
Source: Gallup World Poll
20. Trust reflects leadership
Correlation between confidence in national government and leadership of the country (2012)
Approval of country leadership, %
100
90
R² = 0.89
CHE
80
LUX
70
DNK
60
CAN
OECD
50
JPN
30
20
GRC
10
CZE
AUT
ISR
ITA
ESP
SVN
USA
KOR
POL
SVK
PRT
CHL
IRL
ISL
MEX
EST
HUN
GBR
FRA
AUS
NZL
NOR
SWE
DEU BEL
40
FIN
NLD
TUR
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Confidence in national government, %
Source: Gallup World Poll.
21. Be aware of corruption
Correlation between confidence in national government and perception of
government corruption (2012)
Perception of government corruption, %
100
CZE
GRC
90
PRT
80
ITA
SVN
POL
ISL
70
JPN
60
ISR
KOR
HUN
EST
R² = 0.80
ESP
CHL
MEX
50
USA
SVK
AUT
BEL
IRL
OECD
DEU
TUR
FRA
CAN
GBR
40
30
NLD
AUS
FIN
NOR
NZL
20
DNK
10
60
CHE
SWE
50
LUX
0
0
10
20
30
40
70
80
90
100
Confidence in national government, %
Source: Gallup World Poll.
22. Government reduces income inequalities
Differences in income inequality pre- and post- tax and government transfers (2010)
Gini coefficient
0.7
After taxes and transfers
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Source: OECD Income Distribution Database.
Before taxes and transfers
23. Does government reduce gender
inequalities in employment?
Share of central government employment by occupation groups filled by women (2010)
%
Secretarial Positions
Professionals
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source: OECD 2011 Survey on Gender in Public Employment.
Middle Management
Top Management
24. Women in politics
Share of women parliamentarians and legislated gender quotas (2012 and 2002)
%
2012
2002
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) PARLINE (database), and IDEA Quota Project (database).
25. Serving citizens
The service quality framework
Access
Responsiveness
Reliability
Satisfaction
Affordability
Timeliness
Accuracy / Competence /
Customer rights
Reported satisfaction
(perception)
Geographic proximity
“Match” of service to needs
Tangibles function
(facilities, machines, etc.)
Reported confidence / Trust
(perception)
Adaptations for those with
disabilities
Customer service
(courtesy and treatment)
Consistency / Fairness
Adaptations to different
cultures
(e.g. Languages, etc.).
Integrated services
(across delivery channels)
Security
(confidentiality, safety)
Access to electronic services
(digital divide)
•
Availability and quality of data
•
In consultation with other Directorates
26. Serving citizens: Timeliness
Processing time of personal tax returns where a tax refund is expected (2011)
Days
100
Paper returns
e-filed returns
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source: OECD (2013), Tax Administration 2013: Comparative Information on OECD and other Advanced and Emerging Economies.
27. Citizens increasingly use the Internet to
interact with public authorities
Citizens using the Internet to interact with public authorities by type of activity (2012)
%
100
Interaction with public authorities (last 12 months)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source: OECD ICT Database, and Eurostat Information Society Statistics (database).
Sending filled forms (last 12 months)
28. Citizens are satisfied with public
services
Confidence and satisfaction across government institutions (2012)
Source: Gallup World Poll
29. Fiscal sustainability
Total consolidation requirements between 2012 and 2030
in order to reduce government gross financial liabilities to 60% of GDP
Required change in the underlying primary balance, as a % of potential GDP
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Source: OECD calculations; OECD (2013), “OECD Economic Outlook No. 93”, OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections
(database), May 2013.
30. Public sector efficiency: example of tax
administrations
Cost of collection ratios (administrative costs/net revenue collection) (2008 & 2011)
%
2011
2008
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Source: OECD (2013), Tax Administration 2013: Comparative Information on OECD and other Advanced and Emerging Economies.
31. Cost effectiveness: why is worthwhile to
invest in education?
Public net present value for a male obtaining upper or post-secondary non-tertiary education and tertiary education
(2009 or latest available year)
OECD average
Tertiary education
Total Benefits
144 226
Total Costs
39 489
Upper or post-secondary nontertiary education
Net present value
104 737
Total Benefits
65 994
Total Costs
28 010
Net present value
37 984
0
20 000
40 000
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2012. See Annex 3 for notes
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
In equivalent USD converted using PPPs for GDP
32. Accountability and Transparency
Budgeting practices
• Performance
budgeting
• Medium term
expenditure
framework (MTEF)
• Budget Transparency
• Independent Fiscal
Institutions (IFIs)
Open Government
• Conflict of interests
• Open data
33. Performance Budgeting
Use of performance budgeting practices at the central level of government (2011)
Composite index
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Source: OECD 2011 Survey on Performance Budgeting.
34. Budget Transparency
Use of citizens budgets in OECD countries (2012)
Countries without
citizens' budgets
(18)
United Kingdom
Countries with
citizens' budgets
(16)
Source: 2012 OECD Survey on Budgeting Practices and Procedures
35. Use of a medium term perspective in
the budget
Use of a medium term perspective in the budget
process (2011)
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Source: OECD 2011 Survey on Performance Budgeting
36. Almost half of OECD countries have
Independent Fiscal Institutions (IFI)
Existence of Independent Fiscal Institutions (2013)
Countries with IFI (16)
Source: OECD (2013 forthcoming), Principles for Independent Fiscal Institutions and Country Notes.
Countries without IFI (17)
37. Tools for promoting transparency are
unevenly applied
HIGH LEVEL
Level of disclosure of private interests and public availability of information (2012)
100
90
80
MEDIUM
LLEVEL
70
60
50
40
30
20
LOW
LEVEL
10
0
Source: 2012 OECD Survey on Managing Conflict of Interest
38. Governments are increasingly sharing
their data
Number of datasets in centralised "one-stop shop" open government data portal (2013)
Number of datasets
10 000
188 921
9 782
8 000
6 000
4 385
4 000
3 783
3 317
2 323
2 000
1 948
0
Source: 2013 OECD Survey on Open Government Data.
1 338
944
849
694
568
540
486
347
185
119
359
39. Other G@G products
Country fact sheets:
• Individual country data in relation to OECD average
• Selection of 22 indicators
40. Regional Government at a Glance
Latin American Government at a Glance
• To be launched in June 2014
• 32 indicators:
-Public Finance and Economics
-Public Employment and Pay
- Budgeting Practices and Procedures
- Public Procurement
•
2 special features:
Non-renewable resources as a source of revenues
Sustainable Procurement
