3. Etic Approach
• What westernization does with the Quechua
according to their…
– Socio-political structure?
– Social subsistence methods?
– Religious beliefs?
– Education system?
• Language?
– Social relationships? (kinship, gender…).
4. Effects in Quechua Socio-Political
Structure
• Assimilation of Western
model of political
administration.
– Assignation of communal
mayors.
• Ayllu representative
(imitiating curaca role).
– Insertion in regional
governments.
5. Effects in Social Subsistence Methods
• Traditional:
– Self subsistence economical production (Kalman, 1994).
• Kinship-based.
– Families.
• Use of traditional techniques.
– Pastoralism
– Horticulture
– Reciprocity:
• Exchange of goods (Parker,1997)
• Flowed between generalized and balanced.
• Also kinship based
– Generalized: Intrafamiliar.
– Balanced: Interfamiliar.
• Changes:
– Assimilation of Western economic models:
• Use of nation-state currency.
• Exportation of goods product of pastoralism and horticulture.
– Insertion in nation-state capitalist market.
6. Effects in Quechua’s Religious Beliefs
• Given by historical reasons:
– Repression of Andean beliefs by Spaniards.
– Migration from villages to cities (Cumbira University, 2007).
– Decentralization of religion.
• Pre-Columbian-Catholic syncretism (Advameg, 2007).
– Assimilation of Catholic beliefs and moral principles.
• Hanan Pacha/Ukhu Pacha (Heaven and Hell).
• Apu/Catholic saint syncretism.
– Syncretism of traditional forms of celebration with and Catholic
holidays.
• Carnavales (patronal festivals).
• Takanakuy: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKjSyZhIIiw (Morton, 2012).
– Preservation of Andean beliefs from pre-Columbian eras.
• Dualism.
• Division of the World (Pachas).
• Ceremonies.
7.
8. Effects in Education
• Key component: Quechua Language.
– Loss of Quechua-speaking people (Safley, 2011).
• Only 19, 25 and 23% of total population speak Quechua
in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia respectively (Cerron-
Palomino, 1987).
– Quechua-Spanish cross-linguistic influence
(Manley, 2012).
• Creation of Spanish jargon by insertion of Quechua
words.
– Pucho, Chomba, Concho.
9. Effects in Education
• Assimilation of Western models of formal
education.
– Dependency on public schools.
– Aim towards seeking superior education in public
universities in cities.
• Centralization of education.
– Enculturation of Spanish by formal educational
system.
• Quechua language enculturation by families.
10. Effects in Social Relationships
• Gender
– Workforce balance.
• Migration due to economical and educational centralization.
– Decrease in feminine subordination
• Primary authoritarian figure for children in family.
• Kinship
– Family
• Predominance of patrilineal descent.
• Incorporation of surname of women in their offspring.
– Marriage, Sex, Love
• Acculturation of Western ideals of romantic love.
• Dependence on religious ideals.
• “Madonna-whore” complex incorporation.
12. • Pejorative framing of Quechua people.
– Clash of interests with transnational corporations.
• Seemed as “retrograde” people.
• “Go against the progress of the nation state”
– Conga case in Cajamarca, Peru.
• Conflictive.
– Depicted as submissive, compliant people.
• Due to compliance of Inca forefathers to Spaniard control.
• Beneficial framing from tourist media.
(Erkenbrack, 2011).
– “People rich in culture”.
– “Hospitable people”.
– Rather seen as victims of nation-state conflicts than
perpetrators.
• Peruvian Civil War 1980’s.
13. References
• Jermyn, Leslie
Peru
Milwaukee, Wisc.: Gareth Stevens, 1998.
• Prayer. SIM
Go Serve. 2013
http://www.sim.org/index.php/content/quechua (accessed
March 9, 2013).
• Kalman, Bobbie
Peru: The People and Culture
New York: Crabtree Publishing Company, 1994.
• Parker, Edward.
Peru
Austin, Tex.: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1997.
14. References
• Safley, Mike
«The Quechua People: An Abandoned Race.» Northwest
Alpacas. 2011
http://www.alpacas.com/AlpacaLibrary/QuechuaAbandonedRac
e.as px (accessed March 11, 2013).
• Advameg, Inc.
Countries and Their Cultures: Quechua. February 4, 2007.
http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-to-
Russia/Quechua.html (accessed March 11, 2013).
• Cumbria University
The Religion of the Quechua. January 23, 2013.
http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/latam/quech.html
(accessed March 11, 2013).
• . Performed by Thomas Morton
Fist Fighting on Christmas: A Peruvian Tradition.
Directed by Vice.2012.
15. References
• Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo
(1987) Lingüística Quechua
Cuzco, Peru: Centro Bartolomé de las Casas.
• Manley, Marilyn S
Cross-Linguistic Influence of the Cuzco Quechua Epistemic
System on Andean Spanish
Electronic essay, Rowan: Rowan University,
2012.
• Erkenbrack, Elizabeth
The Mobilization of Quechua as an Ethnocommodity
Electronic essay, Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania, 2011.
