2. TYPES
CATABOLISM
THE DESTRUCTIVE METABOLISM, IS THE PROCESS
THAT PRODUCE THE ENERGY REQUIRED FOR ALL
ACTIVITIES IN THE CELLS.
3. OCCURS IN THE CHLOROPLAST OF
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS
CHLOROPLAST: A MEMBRANE ENCLOSED
ORGANELLE WHICH ALLOW PLANTS TO PRODUCE
THEIR OWN ORGANIC FOOD
7. THE CYCLING OF MOLECULES BETWEEN
CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA ALLOW A
FLOW OF ENERGY FROM THE SUN THROUGH ALL
LIVIG THNGS
8. ALSO KNOWN AS CONSRUCTION METABOLISM, IS
ALL ABOUT BUILDING AND STORING
IT SUPPORTS THE GROWTH OF NEW CELLS,THE
MAINTENANCE OF BODY TISSUES AND THE
STORAGE OF ENERGY FOR USE IN THE FUTURE
9. DURING ANABOLISM, SMALL MOLECULES ARE
CHANGED INTO LARGER, MORE COMPLEX
MOLECULES OF CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN AND
FAT
10. CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS BY
WHICH THE CHEMICAL ENERGY OF “FOOD”
MOLECULES IS RELEASED AND PARTIALLY
CAPTURED IN THE FORM OF ATP
11. CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS CAN ALL
BE USED AS FUELS IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION, BUT
GLUCOSE IS MOST COMMONLY USED AS AN
EXAMPLE TO EXAMINE THE REACTIONS AND
PATHWAYS INVOLVED.
12.
13. STEP WISE RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM
MOLECULES LIE GLUCOSE, ACCOMPANIED BY THE
USE OF THIS ENERGY TO SYNTHESIS ATP
MOLECULES
MITOCHODRIA IS A MEMBRANE ENCLOSED
ORGANELLE THAT CONTAINE DNA, RIBOSOMES
AND ENZYMES, SITE OF ATP PRODUCTION
14.
15. AS THE CELL PERFORMS ITS LIFE PROCESSES AND
CONVERTS ABSORBED FOOD SUBSTANCE INTO NEW
LIVING PROTOPLASM, IT INCREASES IN SIZE.
AFTER ATTAINING A CERTAIN SIZE, IT DIVIDES
16. A.) DIRECT CELL DIVISION OR AMITOSIS-
UNICELLULAR ORGANISM UNDERGO DIRCET CELL
DIVISION, WHERIN CONSTRICTION APPEARS ON
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHICH DEEPENS AND
DIVIDES BOTH CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS
RESULTING INTO A DAUGHTER CELL
(PROKARYOTIC cell)
17.
18. B.) INDIRECT CELL DIVISION OR MITOSIS IS WHEN A
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISN UNDEGO INDIRECT
CELL DIVISION WHEREIN SEVERAL CHANGES TAKE
PLACE IN THE CELL PRIOR TO DIVISION
(EUKARYOTIC CELLS)
19. THE PROCESS OF CELLULAR DIVISION IS UNIQUE TO
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
-IN BOTH PROCESSES, DNA WITHIN THE PARENT
CELL IS DISTRIBUTED TO THHE DAUGHTER CELL
-46 CHROMOSOMES ,23 PAIRS.
20. CHROMOSOMES IS AN ORGANIZED STRUCTURE OF
DNA AND PROTEIN THAT IS FOUND IN CELLS. IT IS
A SINGLE PIECE COILED DNA CONTAINING MANY
GENES, REGULATORY ELEMENTS AND OTHER
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES
- 1 PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES –DETERMINES THE
INDIVIDUAL SEX
FEMALE- XX
MALE- XY
21.
22. PRODUCES TWO DAUGHTER CELLS, EACH WITH
DNA THAT IS IDENTICAL TO THE DNA OF PARENT
CELL
23. TIME BETWEEN CELL DIVISIONS
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CARRIED OUT
DNA FOUND AS THIN THREADS OF CHROMATIN IN
THE NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS PRESENT
DNA REPLICATED TOWARDS DIVISION TIME
24.
25. METABOLIC CHANGES PREPARE THE CELL FOR
DIVISION. AT A CERTAIN POINT-THE RESTRICTION
POINT-THE CELL IS COMMITED TO DIVISION AND
MOVES INTO THE S PHASE
NO DNA SYNTHESIS OCCURS BUT RNA AND
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DO OCCUR
EACH DAUGHTER CELL GROWS THE SIZE OF THE
LONGEST AND MOST VARIABLE PHASE OF THE
CELL CYCLE.
26. FINAL PREPARATION FOR THE CELL DIVISION
OCCURS DURING THIS PHASE
FURTHER INCREASE IN CELL VOLUME AND
SYNTHESIS OF ENZYME AND OTHER PROTEIN
METABOLIC CHANGES ASSEMBLE THE
CYTOPLASMIC MATERIALS NECESSARY FOR
MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS
27. A NUCLEAR DIVISION (MITOSIS) FOLLOWED BY A
CELL DIVISION (CYTOKINESIS)
28.
29. CHROMATIN THICKEN INTO CHROMOSOMES
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISINTEGRATES
CENTRIOLE PAIRS MOVE TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF
THE CELL
SPINDLE FIBERS BEGIN TO FORM
CHROMOSOMES COIL AND SHORTEN
CHROMOSOMES HAS A PAIR OF CHROMATIDS
CONNECTED BY CENTROMERE
30.
31. GUIDED BY THE SPINDLE FIBERS, THE
CHROMOSOME PAIRS LINE UP ALONG THE CENTER
OF THE SPINDLE STRUCTURE
CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT THE CENTER OF THE
CELL, CENTROERES DIVIDE PULLING THE
CHROMOSOMES APART
32.
33. THE CHROMOSOME PAIRS (SISTERS) BEGIN TO PULL
APART. ONCE SPERATED THEY ARE CALLED
DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES.
DUE TO PULL, MANY CHROMOSOMES BEND
GROOVE IN PLASMA MEMBRANE PRESENT
-SISTER CHROMATIDS ARE NOW TWO SEPARATE
CHROMOSOMES
34.
35. CHROMOSOMES RETURN TO CHROMATIN
SPINDLE DISINTEGRATES
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE TAKES SHAPE AGAIN
CENTRIOLES REPLICATE
MEMBRANE CONTINUED TO PINCH INWARD
36.
37. THE FINAL CELLULAR DIVISION TO FORM TWO CELLS
IN PLANTS A CELL PLATE FORMS ALONG THE LINE OF
THE METAPHASE PLATE, IN ANIMALS THERE IS A
CONSTRICTION OF THE CYTOPLASM
THE CELL THEN ENTERS INTERPHASE-THE INTERVAL
BETWEEN MITOTIC DIVISIONS
38.
39. WHEN THE PROCESS IS COMPLETE, EACH CELL
WALL WILL HAVE THE SAME GENETIC MATERIAL
THAT THE ORIGINAL CELL HAD BEFORE
REPLICATION. WHEN THE PROCESS IS COMPLETE,
EACH CELL WILL HAVE THE SAME GENETIC
MATERIAL THAT THE ORIGINAL CELL HAD BEFORE
REPLICATION. EACH OF THE DAUGHTER CELLS IS
ALSO IDENTICAL TO EAH OTHER. NOTE THAT
ONCE TELOPHASE IS COMPLETE, THE CELL
RETURNS TO INTERPHASE
Editor's Notes
Catabolism is the breaking down of large food molecules