2. Scope
• Definition
• Introduction
• Rationale for Adult Immunization (AI)
• Disease burden of VPD in USA & Scenario in India
• Recommendations for Adult Immunization in USA & India
• Adult Immunization monograph by API – 2008
• Recommended Vaccines in India
• Challenges in adult immunization
• Standards for Adult Immunization Practices
• Recommendations by CDC
• References
2/15/2013 2
3. When meditating over a disease,
I never think of finding a remedy for it,
but, instead, a means of preventing it.
Louis Pasteur
(1822-1895)
2/15/2013 3
4. Definition
• Immunization refers to the artificial
induction of immunity. It can be by
Active Immunization: the use of live
attenuated infectious agents or
inactivated toxins, or antigens obtained
by genetic recombination OR
Passive Immunization: temporary
immunity obtained by the administration
of immunoglobulins or antitoxins.
2/15/2013 Source : Dictionary of Public Health, J Kishore - 2007 4
5. What is Immunization?
Administration of all or part of micro
organism or modified product resulting in
protection against the disease.
2/15/2013 5
6. Introduction
• Certain vaccines are routinely
recommended for all infants and
children in India.
• These include BCG, Diphtheria, Pertussis
and Tetanus vaccine (DPT), Oral Polio
Vaccine (OPV),HBV, Measles .
• Vaccine against H.Influenza
(Hib), JE, Chickenpox, herpes
Zoster, Human Papilloma Virus
, Rotavirus diarrhea etc. are optional.
2/15/2013 6
8. Introduction cont…
• Smallpox eradicated in 1978 from
India
• On the verge of polio eradication.
• Infant/Childhood immunization –
one of the top public health success
stories of the 20th century
• The prevalence of
Diphtheria, Pertussis, tetanus, measl
es, mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis are
reduced.
2/15/2013 8
9. Rationale for Adult
Immunization
• Build on success of infant/childhood, adolescent
immunization program.
• Not vaccinated earlier, booster.
• New vaccines targeted at adults.
• Ageing : more susceptible.
• Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance.
• Recognition of the burden of adult vaccine-
preventable disease.
• No equivalent “Vaccines for Adults” program.
• Few settings in which vaccination is “required.”
2/15/2013 9
10. Disease BurDen of vpD’s in usa
• Influenza
>200,000 hospitalizations per year
36,000 deaths
>90% in persons 65 years and older
with comorbid conditions
• Invasive Pneumococcal Disease
Cases: 42,000 (14.0/100,000)
Deaths: 4,500 (1.5/100,000)
Rates higher in elderly
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports.spneu.
2/15/2013 10
pdf
11. Disease BurDen usa cont…
• Hepatitis B
51,000 new infections/yr; 95% in adults
2,000 – 3,000 deaths/yr
~1.25 million with chronic HBV infection
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
At least 70% of sexually active persons
acquire genital HPV infection at some
point in their lives
~20 million currently infected
6.2 million new infections/year
~ >11,000 new cervical cancer cases/year
2/15/2013 11
12. Disease BurDen usa cont…
• Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Reactivation of varicella zoster virus
Associated with normal aging and reduced
immunocompetence
Lifetime risk of 20%
~ 1 million cases/yr
• Pertussis
Of >25,000 cases reported in 2009, >7,000
were in adults
Source of infant infection often an older
child or adult
• 71% household contact
2/15/2013 12
13. scenario of vpD’s in india
Diphtheria
• Overall cases of Diphtheria reduces
• 1980 – 39231
• 2005 – 10231
• 2009 – 3480
• Study in Hyderabad shows that annual incidence
increases from 11 to 23/lakh from 2003 to 2006 in 5 –
19 years.
• Study for Protective levels of antibodies in Delhi shows
121 pregnant women – 94% have protective Ab titer
(>0.125U/ml)
574 adults – 87% have protective Ab titer
2/15/2013 13
14. VPD’s in India cont…
Tetanus
• Total cases in India
1980 – 45948 cases
2007 – 7005 cases
• Study in Pondicherry for protective level of
Tetanus Ab (> 0.15U/ml)
21 - 30 years – 50.4% (105/208)
31 – 40 years – 29.4%(58/198)
> 41 years – 2.2% (5/224)
Pertusss
1987 -163000 cases
2009 – 55074 cases
Meningococcal Meningitis cases (2009) in 9 states
Cases – 6386
Deaths – 460
2/15/2013 14
15. VPD’s in India cont…
Hepatitis – A
• Study by Mall in 5 cities (Kolkota,
Cochin, Indore, Jaipur & Patna) shows
adult population was at risk of HAV as low
level of anti HAV antibodies
• Study by Dhawan et al – seroprevalance
for protective anti HAV antibodies
High socioeconomic class – 54.5%
Low socioeconomic class – 85%
• Study by Jindal in Medicos at Delhi – 66%
with low anti HAV antibodies
2/15/2013 15
16. VPD’s in India cont…
Hepatitis – B
• Hepatitis – B prevalence in India - 1-2%
(Lodha et al)
• Study by Murhekar in 2001 at Andaman in
healthy people
HBsAg +ve – 1.6% &
Anti HBs +ve – 18%
• Overall chronic HBsAg +ve rate in India is
4.7%
• Meta-analysis by Biswas D et al. shows
prevalence of Hep – B in
Non tribal – 2.4%
Tribal – 15.9%
2/15/2013 16
17. VPD’s in India cont…
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Infection
• Nearly 80% of sexually active women & men are
infected with HPV.
World – 5,00,000 new cases/year. (CaCx)
India – 1,32,000 new cases & 74,000 deaths per year
Pneumococcal
• Study by International Clinical Epidemiology
Network (INCLEN) shows case fatality rate in
south India due to
Pneumococcal Pneumonia – 19%
Pneumococcal bacterimia – 21%
Pneumococcal meningitis – 34%
• 23% of IPD patients were > 50 years
2/15/2013 17
19. 2012 ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule- Medical/Occupational
and Behavior-Based Recommendations (USA)
Pregn Immunoco HIV & Men Heart Aspleni Chro Diabete Health
having disease, c a Kidney
ancy mpromisin CD4
sex hronic includi
nic
failure, -Care
g Count lung liver
conditions with diseases,
ng ESRD, o perso
men elective dise n
excluding <200 >200 chronic
ases
nnel
cell/ cell/ (MSM) alcoholic Splenec hemodi
HIV µl µl tomy lysis
2/15/2013 19
20. ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule, Age-Based
Recommendations, INDIA
Vaccine / Age group 19-26 yrs 27-49 yrs 50-59 yrs 60-64 yrs > 65 yrs
Substitude one time dose of Tdap with Td, Td booster
Tetanus, Diptheria, Pertussis (Tdap) every 10 yrs
then booster with Td every 10 years
Human Pappiloma Vaccine 3 doses
Varicella 2 doses
Zoster 1 dose
Measles, Mumps, Rubella 1 or 2 doses 1 dose
Influenza 1 dose annually
Pnemococcal (Polysaccharide) 1 or 2 doses 1 dose
Hepatitis A 2 doses
Hepatitis B 3 doses
Meninngicoccal 1 or more doses
Recommended if some risk factor is present
All persons who meet the age criteria
2/15/2013 20
No recommendation
21. Adult Immunization based on medical and other indications (INDIA)
Immunoco Diabetes, Kidney
HIV infection heart Asplenia
mpromise failure, end Health
Indications with CD4 (excluding Chronic
d disease, stage renal care
Pregnancy count elective liver
conditions chronic disease, on professi
splenectomy disease
(Excluding <200 >200
lung hemodialysi onals
Vaccine )
HIV) cells/ µl cells/ µl disease s
Tetanus, Diptheria, Substitute one time dose of Tdap with Td, then booster with Td every 10
Td years
Pertussis (Tdap)
Human Pappiloma
3 doses for females through age 26 years
Vaccine
Varicella Contraindication 2 doses
Zoster Contraindication 1 dose
Measles, Mumps, Rubella Contraindication 1 or 2 doses
1 dose TIV
Influenza 1 dose TIV annually or LAIV
Pnemococcal
(Polysaccharide)
1 or 2 doses
Hepatitis A 2 doses
Hepatitis B 3 doses
Meninngicoccal 1 or more doses
Recommended if some risk factor is present
All persons who meet the age criteria
2/15/2013 21
Contraindication
22. Adult Immunization recommended in india
Tdap MMR
Influenza Pneumococcal
Hepatitis B Hepatitis A
Varicella HPV (cervical cancer)
Meningococcal Herpes Zoster
2/15/2013 22
23. Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
Vaccines
• Two Tdap Vaccines are available for use in those
who are more than 10 years of age.
[i] Adacel contains tetanus toxoid, diphtheria
toxoid, and five pertussis antigens;
[ii] Boostrix contains tetanus toxoid, diphtheria
toxoid, and three pertussis antigens.
• Efficacy of Tdap vaccine - 92% in a recent RCT.
Recommendations
• For adults in the age group of 18 to 64 years
Three dose series if never vaccinated at 0 and 4
weeks, the third 6-12 months after second
One dose booster of Tdap every 10 years
2/15/2013 23
24. Tdap cont…
• Health care personnel, especially those in
direct contact with the patients, who have not
received Tdap vaccine should receive a single
dose of Tdap vaccine if 2 years or more have
elapsed since the last dose of Td vaccination.
• Women planning pregnancy should receive
one dose of Tdap vaccine if they had not
received it previously.
2/15/2013 24
25. Tdap cont…
• For Pregnant Women
Last dose Recommendation
> 10 Years 1 dose in 2nd or 3rd trimester
2-10 years 1 dose immediate postpartum
Never 3 doses 0, 1, 6 months
• During outbreak if previous unimmunized or
Td before 2 years give 1 dose of Tdap
2/15/2013 25
26. Tdap cont…
Contraindications
• History of anaphylaxis to any component.
• History of encephalopathy within 7 days of
previous vaccination of Tdap.
• Moderate or severe acute illness, and those
with unstable neurologic conditions (e.g.,
stroke, acute encephalopathies)
• Tdap vaccination is to be deferred until the
acute illness resolves.
2/15/2013 26
27. Measles, Mumps And Rubella
Vaccines
• In India the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) live
attenuated vaccine is manufactured using the following
strains:
Edmonston Zagreb - Measles,
L-Zagreb - Mumps
Wistar RA27/3 strain - Rubella.
• The measles and the rubella components are produced
using human diploid cells while the mumps component
is produced from chick embryo.
• The MMR vaccine should be administered
subcutaneously into the upper arm.
2/15/2013 28
28. MMR cont…
MMR cont…
• Adults who are > 18yrs of age should
receive at least one dose of MMR if
there is no serologic proof of immunity
or documentation of a dose given on or
after the first birthday.
• Adults in high-risk groups, such as health
care workers and international
travelers, should receive two doses.
• All women of childbearing age who do
not have acceptable evidence of rubella
immunity or vaccination.
2/15/2013 29
29. MMR cont…
MMR cont…
Schedule
• One or two doses are needed 4 wks
apart.
• If a pregnant woman is found to be
rubella susceptible, administer MMR
postpartum.
2/15/2013 30
30. MMR cont…
MMR cont…
Contraindications
• Previous anaphylactic reaction to this vaccine,
or to any of its components.
• Pregnancy or possibility of pregnancy within 4
weeks (use contraception).
• Persons immunocompromised due to cancer,
leukemia, lymphoma, immunosuppressive
drug therapy, including high-dose steroids or
radiation therapy.
2/15/2013 31
31. Influenza
Vaccines
Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) and
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)
• The TIV contains
A/17/California/2009/38(H1N1),
A/Brisbane/ 10/2007 (H3N2), and
B/Brisbane/60/2008 strains.
• Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) –
Nasovac contains
A/17/California/2009/38 like strain
• Schedule
The TIV - annual, single dose of 0.5 ml IM.
The LAIV – 0.5 ml intranasal (spray 0.25 ml per
nostril)
2/15/2013 32
32. Influenza cont…
Recommendations
• People aged > 50 years
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD).
• Cardiac diseases
• Diabetes Mellitus, Cancer
• Immunodeficiency, Renal Disease
• Hemoglobinopathies
• Pregnant Women
• Health Care Providers
• Adult household contacts
• Travelers to endemic area
2/15/2013 33
33. Influenza cont…
• August - September is the optimal time to receive an
annual flu shot to maximize protection.
• Influenza vaccine may be given at any time during the
influenza season (typically October to March) or at
other times when the risk of influenza exists.
• May give with all other vaccines but as a separate
injection.
Contraindications
• Previous anaphylactic reaction to this vaccine, to any of
its components, or to eggs.
• Moderate or severe acute illness.
2/15/2013 34
34. Pneumococcal Infection
Vaccines
• The pneumococcal polysaccharide
vaccine (PPV), contains 25 μg each of purified
capsular polysaccharide from 23 serotypes of
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Schedule
A single standard dose (0.5 ml) is
administered by the intramuscular or
subcutaneous route.
This vaccine can be co-administered with live
vaccines such as the influenza vaccine.
2/15/2013 35
35. PPV cont…
• Adults who are 65yrs of age or older.
High risk people
• Anatomic asplenia • Chronic renal failure
• Sickle cell disease • Nephrotic syndrome
• Immunocompromised • Chemotherapy &
persons including HIV corticosteroids)
• Leukemia, Lymphoma • Organ or bone marrow
• Hodgkin’s disease transplant.
• Multiple myeloma • Pregnant women with
• Generalized malignancy high-risk conditions
2/15/2013 36
36. PPV cont…
• One-time revaccination is recommended 5yrs
later for people with
Rapid antibody loss (e.g., renal disease)
People >65yrs of age if the 1st dose was
given prior to age 65 and > 5yrs have
elapsed since previous dose.
2/15/2013 37
37. Hepatitis B
Vaccines
• For immunocompetent adults, 1ml (20 μg) of
recombinant vaccine is administered at 0, 1, and 6
months as an intramuscular.
• Protection (anti-HBs antibody titer of 10mIU/ml or
higher) after recombinant vaccine
After first dose - 20% to 30%
After second dose - 75% to 80%
After third doses - 90% to 95%
Recommendations
• All unvaccinated adult risk for HBV infection and
• All adults seeking protection from HBV infection
including post-exposure prophylaxis.
2/15/2013 38
38. HBV cont…
Prevaccination screening
• Prevaccination screening in general population has not been
found to be cost effective in India.
• Prevaccination screening may be cost-effective in adult
populations with a prevalence of HBV infection of >20% such
as
Household or sexual contacts of HBsAg-positive persons;
HIV infected persons
Injection drug users
Men who have sex with men
Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD)
End-stage renal disease (ESRD).
2/15/2013 39
40. HBV cont…
• Booster doses of HBV vaccine are not indicated
in persons with normal immune status .
• For CKD patients, the need for booster doses
should be assessed by annual anti-HBs antibody
titre testing.
• A booster dose should be administered when
anti-HBs levels decline to less than 10 mIU/ml &
<100 mIU/ml in patients on dialysis.
Contraindications
• Previous anaphylactic reaction to this vaccine or
to any of its components.
• Moderate or severe acute illness.
2/15/2013 41
41. Hepatitis A
Vaccines
• Inactivated-single antigen (HAV antigen) vaccines,
Havrix (GlaxoSmithKline) and
Vaqta (Merck & Co)
• Combination vaccine
Twinrix ( HAV + HBV antigens GlaxoSmithKline).
Schedule
• Two doses of 1ml at 6 month interval.
• Immune status for hepatitis A should be checked
2/15/2013 42
42. Hepatitis A cont…
Recommendations
• The Expert Group felt that universal immunization
for hepatitis A is not recommended as yet.
• Not only is the vaccine costly, more epidemiological
data are required to ascertain its benefits.
• Adults at risk for acquiring hepatitis A, and adults
who are negative for anti-HAV antibodies are likely
to benefit most in view of changing epidemiology.
2/15/2013 43
43. Hepatitis A cont…
Adults high risk for acquiring hepatitis A:
People who travel to endemic area of Hep A
Persons who work with HAV-infected
primates or with HAV in a laboratory
Who receive clotting factor concentrates
Persons infected with other hepatitis viruses
Chronic liver disease not immune to HAV
Received, or are awaiting a liver transplant
Men who have sex with men
2/15/2013 44
45. Hepatitis A cont…
Contraindications
• Previous anaphylactic reaction to this vaccine
or to any of its components.
• Moderate or severe acute illness.
• Safety during pregnancy has not been
determined, so benefits must be weighed
against potential risk.
2/15/2013 46
46. Varicella (Var) (Chickenpox)
Vaccines
• Two Live attenuated VZV (Oka strain)
vaccines for varicella virus are currently
available in India.
– Varilrix (GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium) and
– Okavax (Pasteur Mérieux, France).
Schedule
– < 13 years - 1 dose - 0.5ml SC
– > 13 years - 2 doses are recommended.
– Interval between 2 doses should be 4–
8wks.
2/15/2013 47
47. Varicella cont…
Recommendations
• All susceptible adults and adolescents should
be vaccinated.
• It is especially important to susceptible
persons
– Health care workers
– Family contacts of immunocompromised persons
– High risk of exposure (e.g., teachers, day care
employees, military personnel, and international
travelers).
2/15/2013 48
48. Varicella cont…
• People with reliable histories of chickenpox
(such as self or parental report of disease) can
be assumed to be immune.
• For adults who have no reliable
history, serologic testing may be cost effective
since most adults with a negative or uncertain
history of varicella are immune.
2/15/2013 49
49. Varicella cont…
Contraindications
• Previous anaphylactic reaction to this vaccine or to any
of its components.
• Pregnancy, or possibility of pregnancy within 1 month.
• Immunocompromised persons due to malignancies and
primary or acquired cellular immunodeficiency including
HIV/AIDS.
• Salicylates to be avoided for 6wks after receiving
varicella vaccine because of a risk of Reye’s syndrome.
2/15/2013 50
50. Human Papilloma Virus
• Papilloma virus infection is precursor to cervical
cancer
Types 16, 18 account for 70% of cervical
cancers
Vaccines
• Two types HPV vaccines are available.
Gardasil (Merck, USA), a quadrivalent vaccine
containing HPV virus L1 protein like particles of
HPV 6,11,16, and 18
Cervarix (GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium) is a
bivalent vaccine containing L1 VLPs of HPV
16,18.
2/15/2013 51
51. HPV cont…
Schedule
• Gardasil vaccine, 3 doses- 0.5ml IM at
0, 2, and 6 months.
• Cervarix vaccine, 3 doses - 0.5 ml IM at 0, 1
and 6 months
2/15/2013 52
52. HPV cont…
Recommendations
• The vaccine has to be delivered prior to
exposure to the HPV virus. Therefore, the
immunization must precede the sexual debut.
• Age for initiation for vaccination to be 10 - 12
years.
• Catch-up vaccination can be advised up to the
age of 26 years for Gardasil vaccine and 45
years for Cervarix vaccine.
2/15/2013 53
53. HPV cont…
Contraindications
• Pregnancy
• Patients with hypersensitivity to any of the
vaccine components.
Special situations
• The HPV vaccine is not contraindicated during
lactation.
• The vaccine can be administered to
immunosuppressed individuals.
2/15/2013 54
54. HPV cont…
• Several mild self limiting problems may
occur with HPV vaccine:
Pain at the injection site ( 8 people in 10)
Redness or swelling at the injection site
(1 in 4)
Mild fever (100 oF) (1 in 10)
Itching at the injection site (1in 30)
Moderate fever (102 oF) (1 in 65)
2/15/2013 55
55. HPV cont…
Natural History of HPV Infection and
Potential Progression to Cervical Cancer
0–1 Year 0–5 Years 1–20 Years
Continuing CIN Invasive
Infection 2/3 Cervical
Cancer
Initial
HPV
Infection
CIN 1
Cleared HPV Infection (~80%)
2/15/2013 AP, Crum CP. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2000;43:352–362.
1. Pinto 56
56. Meningococcal Meningitis
Vaccines
• Types
Polysaccharide vaccines
• Bivalent (A&C)
• Quadrivalent (A,C,Y & W135)
Conjugate vaccines.
• The vaccine does not induce herd immunity
and has no effect on nasopharyngeal
carriage.
• Containing 50 μg of polysaccharide per dose.
• After reconstitution use within 8-12 hours.
2/15/2013 57
57. Meningococcal cont…
Schedule
• A single dose of 0.5 ml SC in deltoid region.
• In children between 3 months and 2 years of
age, two doses at an interval of 3 months are
indicated.
2/15/2013 58
58. Meningococcal cont…
Recommendations
• The meningococcal vaccine can be used in
selected populations in certain
situations, such as
During an outbreak (HCW, Lab.
worker, Close contacts )
During inter-epidemic period
To travelers, pilgrims(Quadrivalent), people
attending fairs and festivals(bivalent 10-14
days prior).
2/15/2013 59
59. Meningococcal cont…
• Mass vaccination may be considered
depending on the age-specific attack rate,
geographical distribution of cases, and the
availability of vaccine.
• During the inter-epidemic period, to
personnel living in dormitories; military
recruits; jail inmates; immunocompromised
individuals.
• Adults with anatomic or functional asplenia,
or terminal complement component
deficiencies.
2/15/2013 60
60. Herpes zoster (shingles)
• Shingles is caused by a reawakening
of the chickenpox virus
• Symptoms – rash usually along
nerve pathways
• Very painful and debilitating
• 20-30 % people can expect to get
shingles in their lifetime
2/15/2013 61
61. Herpes Zoster cont…
Vaccines
• Zostavax - lyophilized preparation of the Oka
strain of live, attenuated varicella zoster virus
(VZV).
Schedule
• Single 0.65 ml dose subcutaneously in the upper
arm.
• Each 0.65 ml dose contains a minimum of 19,400
plaque-forming units [PFU].
• The vaccine must be used within 30 minutes after
reconstitution.
2/15/2013 62
62. Herpes Zoster cont…
Recommendations
• Recommended for persons > 60 years.
• High risk for developing recurrent herpes
zoster, such as
Patients with chronic medical conditions
(CKD, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and
chronic pulmonary disease);
Persons who are likely to have severe
immunosuppression in near future.
2/15/2013 63
63. Recommended Vaccines for Healthcare
Workers
• Healthcare workers should maintain an
immunization history for:
Hepatitis B
Influenza *
MMR
Varicella (chickenpox)
Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
Meningococcal**
* Receive annually
** For specific healthcare personnel
2/15/2013 64
64. Recommended vaccines for travelers to
India
CDC recommends the vaccines according
to duration of stay in India.
• Tetanus-Diphtheria
• Hepatitis A
• Yellow Fever < 1 month
• Polio
• Japanese Encephalitis
• Rabies 1- 5 month
• Typhoid
• Hepatitis B
• Tuberculosis > 6 month
• Meningitis
2/15/2013 65
Source : CDC
65. Adult Immunization Challenges
• Inadequate funding for vaccines and
administration in public programs
• Lack of knowledge – both patients
and providers
• Poor public health and private
infrastructure for vaccine delivery.
• Lack of availability of vaccine.
• High cost of vaccine.
2/15/2013 66
66. Reasons -Aware but not receiving vaccine
Source: Johnson et al, Barriers to Adult Immunization, The American Journal of
2/15/2013 67
Medicine, Vol 121, No 7B, July 2008
67. Reasons -Aware but not receiving vaccine
Source: Johnson et al, Barriers to Adult Immunization, The American Journal of
2/15/2013 68
Medicine, Vol 121, No 7B, July 2008
68. Reasons -Aware but not receiving vaccine
Source: Johnson et al, Barriers to Adult Immunization, The American Journal of Medicine,
2/15/2013 69
Vol 121, No 7B, July 2008
69. Screening Patients for Vaccines
• Screen every patient regardless of reason for
visit
• Utilize screening tools; H-A-L-O
Health condition
Age
Lifestyle
Occupation
2/15/2013 70
70. Documentation
• Provide copy of Vaccine
Information Statement (VIS)to
patient
• Documents to be maintained
Date vaccination & next dose
Vaccine manufacturer
Lot number
Dose & site of vaccine
Vaccinator’s initials
2/15/2013 71
71. Vaccine Administration
• Health care personnel should get proper
training before administrating vaccine.
• Always prepare and check the following for
every vaccination you give:
Right Patient
Right Drug (vaccine)
Right Dose
Right Route (intramuscular, SC,intradermal)
Right Time (is scheduling correct)
2/15/2013 72
72. Standards for Adult Immunization
Practices
• Make immunizations available
Adult immunization services are readily available
Barriers to receiving vaccines are identified and minimized
Patient “out-of-pocket” immunization costs are minimized
• Assess patients’ immunization status
Health care professionals routinely review the
immunization status of patients
Health care professionals assess for valid contraindications
• Communicate effectively with patients
Patients are educated about risks and benefits of
immunization in easy-to-understand language
2/15/2013 73
73. Standards for AI cont….
• Administer and document immunizations properly
Persons who administer vaccines are properly trained
Simultaneous administration of indicated vaccine doses
Immunization records for patients should be accurate
All personnel who have contact with patients are
appropriately vaccinated
2/15/2013 74
74. Standards for AI cont….
• Implement strategies to improve immunization rates.
Systems are developed and used to remind patients and
health care professionals when immunizations are due and
to re-call patients who are overdue
Standing orders for immunizations are employed
Regular assessments of immunization coverage levels are
conducted in a provider’s practice
• Patient oriented and community based
Source : Poland GA, Shefer AM, McCauley M, et al. Standards for adult
immunization practices. Am J Prev Med 2003
2/15/2013 75
75. Recommendations (CDC)
Finances
Research on barriers
Public and Provider Education
Standards of Care
Improved vaccines (immunogenicity, safety)
Supply of Vaccines
Support for programs and partners
Legislative and regulatory strategies
2/15/2013 76
76. References
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommended
adult immunization schedule—United States, 2012. MMWR Morb
Mortal Wkly Rep Feb 2012.
• Poland GA, Shefer AM, McCauley M, et al. Standards for adult
immunization practices. Am J Prev Med 2003;25:144–50.
• Guthrie S. Birkhead & Julie Morita, NY, A Pathway to Leadership for
Adult Immunization: Recommendations of the National Vaccine
Advisory Committee, on June 14, 2011.
• World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF global estimates for
Immunization 2010, May 2012.
• K.Park-Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine,21st
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77. References
• Draft global vaccine action plan for 2010 -2020 by the Secretariat, 65th
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, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Weekly by CDC / Vol. 61 / No. 19
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• www.who.int/topics/immunization.com
• www.cdc.gov/vaccines.com.
• www.google.co.in/vaccines/images/index.id
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Here is the first figure of the Schedule, listing vaccines down the left side, with age groups across the top. Changes for 2012 are circled in red, and include:Vaccination of adults 65 years and older with Tdap recommendedIf they have contact with infants <12 months of ageIs permitted for all other older adultsHPV recommendations are separated by gender, and now state the vaccine is recommended, in addition to females, for Males through 21 yearsMales may be vaccinated if 22-26 years of age