2. What IsMarketing
“Meeting NeedsProfitability”
Marketing is anorganizational
function
and set of processesfor
creating, communicating & delivering
value to customers
and
for managing customerrelationships
in waysthat
benefit the organization &its
stakeholders
3. What isMarketing Management
The art and Scienceof
choosing target markets
and getting, keepingand
growing customers
through creating,
delivering and
communicating superior
customer value
7. Nature OfMarketing
It is a legal processby which ownership istransferred
It is a system of interacting businessactivities
It is a managerial function of organizing and directing
businessactivities that facilitates the movement ofgoods
from producers to consumers
It is a Philosophy based on consumer orientationand
satisfaction
It hasdual objectives- Profit Makingand Consumer
Satisfaction
8. Marketers are involved with
marketing ten types of entities:
Services
Events
Experiences
Persons
Places
Properties
Organizations
Information
Ideas
Physical Goods
ScopeOf Marketing
9. Who Markets
Marketers and Prospects
Eight Demand states are possible
Negative Demand
Nonexistent Demand
Latent Demand
Declining Demand
Irregular Demand
Full Demand
Overfull Demand
Unwholesome Demand
ScopeOf Marketing
10. Study of Consumerwants andneeds
Study of BuyerBehavior
Product Planning and development
Pricing Policies
Distribution
Promotion
ConsumerSatisfaction
Marketing Control
ScopeOf Marketing
11. What isa Market
Markets includes both place
and region in which buyers
and sellers are in free
competition with eachother
12. Classificationof Markets
On the basis ofArea
On the basis of Time
On the basis of Transaction
On the basis of Regulation
On the basis of volumeof
Business
On the basis of Natureof
Goods
13. DifferenceBetweenMarketing and S
elling
Marketing Selling
Focuses on Customer Needs Focuses On SellersNeeds
Begins before Production Begins after Production
Continues After Sales Comes To an End aftersale of Product
Philosophy of Business Routine Process
Profits through customer satisfaction Profits through Sales Volume
Long Term Perspective Short Term Perspective
Customer First Product First
14. Marketing Management Tasks
Developing Marketing
Strategies and Plan
Capturing Marketing Insights
Connecting with Customers
Building Strong Brands
Shaping the Market offerings
Delivering Value
Communicating Value
Creating LongTerm Growth
17. Environmental Scanning
What is theGoal behind
Environmental Scanning
Technological Environment
Political Environment
Economic Environment
Cultural Environment
Demographic Environment
20. SWOTANALYSIS
A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) is a tool
used to provide a general or detailed snapshot of a company's health.
Think of your SWOTas a tune-up that every business needs periodically to
diagnose and fix what’s a problem, what’s on the verge of breaking
down, or what’s already broken and needs replacement--so that you can
keepthe businesshumming—even better than ithasin the past.
SWOToffers professional managers an effective evaluative technique to
aid the decision makingprocess.
It can not find the solution for you, but it will ensure that issuesare:
identified, classified and prioritized clearly, showing the problem interms
of key underlying issues.Decision makers can then seethe answer.
It's a four-part approach to analyzing a company's overall strategy or the
strategy of its businessunits. All four aspects must be considered to
implement a long-range plan ofaction.
21. SWOTANALYSIS
Another example is Dell Computer Corp., which is agreat
example of how an ITcompany canuseaSWOTanalysisto
carve out astrong businessstrategy, according toGlazer.
Dell recognized that its strength wasselling directly to
consumers and keeping its costs lower than those ofother
hardware vendors.
Asfor weaknesses,the company acknowledged that it
lacked solid dealer relationships. Identifyingopportunities
wasan easier task.
Dell looked at the marketplace and sawthatcustomers
increasingly valued convenience and one-stop shopping
and that they knew what they wanted to purchase.
22. SWOTANALYSIS
Dell also sawthe Internet asapowerful
marketing tool.
On the threats side, Dell realized that
competitors like IBM and CompaqComputer
Corp. had stronger brand names, which put
Dell in aweaker position with dealers.
Dell put together abusinessstrategy that
included masscustomization and just-in-time
manufacturing (letting customers designtheir
own computers and custom-building
systems).
Dell also stuck with its direct salesplan and
offered saleson the Internet.
23. Analyzingthe Macroenvironment
Successful companies recognize and respond profitably to unmet needs
and trends. Companies could make a fortune if they could solve any of
these problems: a cure for cancer; chemical cures for mental diseases;
desalinization of seawater; nonfattening, tasty nutritious food; practical
electric cars; and affordablehousing.
Needsand Trends
Atrend is a direction or sequence of events that has some momentum
and durability. Trends are more predictable and durable than fads. A
trend reveals the shapeof the future and provides manyopportunities.
A fad is "unpredictable, short-lived, and without social, economic, and
political significance." A company can cash in on a fad, but this is more
a matter of luck and good timing than anything else.
Megatrends have been described as "large social, economic, political
and technological changes [that] are slow to form, and once in place,
they influence us for some time— between seven and ten years, or
longer."
24. Identifying the Major Forces
Companies and their suppliers, marketing intermediaries,
customers, competitors, and publics all operate in a
macroenvironment of forces and trends that shapeopportunities
and posethreats. Theseforces represent "noncontrollables,"
which the company must monitor and to which it must respond.
In the economic arena, companies and consumers are
increasingly affected by globalforces
the steep decline of the stock market, its effect on living of
people
Within the rapidly changing global picture, the firm must monitor
six major forces: demographic, economic, social-cultural, natural,
technological, andpolitical-legal.
26. Other Major Macroenvironments
Social-Cultural Environment
Views of themselves
Views of others
Views of organizations.
Views of society
Views of nature.
Views of the universe.
HIGHPERSISENCEOFCORECUL
TURALV
ALUES
EXISTENCEOFSUBCUL
TURES
SHIFTSOFSECONDARYCUL
TURALV
ALUESTHROUGHTIME
EconomicEnvironment
IncomeDistribution
SAVINGS,DEBT,ANDCREDITAVAILABILITY
OUTSOURCINGANDFREETRADE
31. PATTERNSof MarketSegmentation:
A) HOMOGENEOUS PREFERENCES:
-A market where all the consumershave
roughly the same preferences.
-Market shows no natural segments
-We would predict that existing brands
would be similar &cluster in the centre
32. Contd…
B) DIFFUSED PREFERENCES :
- At the other extreme consumer
preferences may be scattered through
out the space.
- thatshows consumers vary greatly in
their preferences.
The first brand to enter the market is likely to
position in the centre to appeal to most of the
people.
33. Contd…
The second competitor could locate next to the first
brand &fight for marketshare
OR
It could locate in a corner to attract a customer group
that was not satisfied with the centre brand.
35. Contd…
The first firm in this market has three options:
(a
It might position itself in the centre hoping to appeal to
all the groups.
(Undifferentiated marketing).
(b
It might position itself in the largest market segment
(Concentrated marketing).
(c
It
might
develop
several
brands,
each
positioned
in
a
different segment.
( Differentiated marketing )
36. RATIONALEOFMARKETSEGMENTATION
Facilitates proper choice of target market.
Facilitates tapping of the target market
Adapting the offer to the target market.
Makes the marketing effort more efficient &
economic
Helps identify less satisfied segments &
concentrate on them
Benefits the customers aswell.
39. PSYCHOGRAPHIC
Social class: upper-upper, lower uppers,
upper middles, middle class,
working class, upper lowers,
lower lowers.
Life style : freaky, trendy, ethnic
Personality : Dominance, Authoritarian,
ambitious
40. B.ConsumerResponse Approach
. Benefit response – T aspects of efficiency, prestige,
durability, economy or resale value.
. Usage Response- Heavy, Medium, light and non-user.
. Loyalty response- Most loyal, moderately loyal,and
fickle-minded.
41. Conti…
Occasion response- regular occasion,special
occasion.
User status -
non user, ex user, potential user, first
time user, regular user
42. Target Marketing
Target market is one which the marketing efforts are
directed towards.
The factors that play significant role in the process of
targeting are:
1.Segment’s attractiveness
2.Keeping competitors at distance
3.The company objectives and resources
43. Alternative Market TargetingStrategies
Undifferentiated Marketing: Entire market servewith
one product. Example : American carmanufacturers
Differentiated Marketing: Local market with variety
of products.
Concentrated Marketing : focuses on only one or a
few
segments.
44. Strategic PlanningIn Marketing
Strategicplanningisthe formal
considerationof an organization'sfuture
course.Allstrategicplanningdealswith at
least oneof three key questions:
"What dowe do?"
"Forwhomdowe do it?"
"Howdowe excel?“
CorporateandDivisionStrategic Planning
Definingthe corporatemission
Establishingstrategicbusiness units
Assigningresourcesto each SBU
Assessinggrowthopportunities
45. Defining Corporate Mission: Todefine its mission, a company should
address Peter Drucker's classic questions:21 What is our business?
Who is the customer? What is of value to the customer? What will
our businessbe?What should our businessbe?Thesesimple-
sounding questions are among the most difficult a company willever
have to answer.
Good mission statements have three major characteristics.First,
they focus on a limited number ofgoals.
Second,mission statements stress the company's major policies and
values. Theynarrow the range of individual discretion sothat
employees act consistently on important issues.
Third, they define the major competitive sphereswithin which the
company will operate:
46. Establishingstrategic businessunits: Companies often define their
businessesin terms of products: Theyare in the "auto business"or
the "clothing business." But Levitt argues that market definitions of a
businessare superior to productdefinitions.
Large companies normally manage quite different businesses,each
requiring its own strategy. General Electric classified its businesses
into 49 strategic businessunits (SBUs).AnSBUhasthree
characteristics:
It is a single businessor collection of related businessesthat canbe
planned separately from the rest of thecompany.
It hasits own set ofcompetitors.
It hasa manager who isresponsiblefor strategic planning andprofit
performance and who controls most of the factors affectingprofit.
47. AssigningResourcesto eachSBU:Oncethe organization defines
its SBU’sthen they must decide how to allocate resourcestoeachSBU.
GE/McKinseyclassifies eachSBU’saccording to the extend of
competitive advantage and attractiveness of theindustry
Another model the BCG’sGrowth ShareMatrix usesrelative shareand
annual rate of market growth asa criteria to make investment
decisions
Assessinggrowth opportunities: Assessinggrowth opportunities
involves planning new businesses,downsizing, or terminating older
businesses.Thecompany's plans for existing businessesallow it to project
total salesand profits. If there is a gap between future desired salesand
projected sales,corporate management will have to develop or acquire
new businessesto fill it.
48. BusinessUnit Strategic Planning
Marketing Opportunity Analysis(MOA)
Can the benefits be articulated to a target
market?
Can the target market be reached with
cost-effective media and trade channels?
Does the company have the critical
capabilities to deliver the customer
benefits?
Canthe company deliver thesebenefits
better than any actual or potential
competitors?
Will the rate of return meet the required
threshold of investment?
56. TheMarketing Process
Steps in the Planning Process
The marketing process
Analyzing Market Opportunities
Developing Marketing Strategies
Planning Marketing Programs
Managing the Marketing Effort
Annual-plan control
Profitability control
Strategic control
4-56
58. ProductPlanning:TheNature andContentsof aMarketing Plan
Contents of the Marketing Plan
Executive Summary
Current Marketing Situation
Opportunity and issue analysis
Objectives
Marketing strategy
Action programs
Financial projections
Implementation controls
59. Sample Marketing Plan: Sonic Personal Digital
Assistant
Current Marketing Situation
Opportunity and IssueAnalysis
Objectives
Action Programs
Financial Projections
ProductPlanning:TheNature andContentsof aMarketing Plan
4-59
62. INTENSIVE GROWTH Corporate management's first
course of action should be a review of opportunities for
improving existing businesses. Ansoff proposed a useful
framework for detecting new intensive growth
opportunities called a "product-market expansion grid.
The company first considers whether it could gain more
market share with its current products in their current
markets (market-penetration strategy). Next it considers
whether it can find or develop new markets for its
current products (market-development strategy). Then it
considers whether it can develop new products of
potential interest to its current markets (product-
development strategy). Later it will also review
opportunities to develop new products for new markets
(diversification strategy.
63.
64. INTEGRATIVEGROWTHbackward, forward, or horizontal
integration within its industry. For example, drug company giant
Merck hasgone beyond just developing and selling ethical
pharmaceuticals. It purchasedMedco, a mail-orderpharmaceutical
distributor in 1993, formed a joint venture with DuPont to establish
more basic research, and another joint venture with Johnson&
Johnsonto bring someof its ethical products into the over-the-
counter market.
Media companies have long reaped the benefits of integrative
growth. Hereis how one businesswriter explains the potentialthat
NBCcould reap from its merger with Vivendi Universal
Entertainment to become NBCUniversal. Admittedly a far-fetched
example, it gets acrossthe possibilities inherent in this growth
strategy
65. DIVERSIFICATIONGROWTH:Diversification growth
makes sensewhen good opportunities can be found
outside the present businesses.Agood opportunity is one
in which the industry is highly attractive and the company
hasthe right mix of businessstrengths tobe successful.
Forexample, from its origins asan animated film
producer, Walt DisneyCompany hasmoved into licensing
characters for merchandised goods, entering the
broadcast industry with its own DisneyChannel aswellas
ABCand ESPNacquisitions, and developed themeparks
and vacation and resortproperties
66. DOWNSIZINGANDDIVESTINGOLDERBUSINESSES
Companies must not only develop new businesses;they
must also carefully prune, harvest, or divest tired old
businessesin order to release needed resourcesand
reduce costs. Weak businessesrequire a disproportionate
amount of managerial attention. Managers should focus
on growth opportunities, and not fritteraway energy and
resourcestrying to salvage hemorrhagingbusinesses.
Heinzsold its 9-Livesand Kibbles 'n Bits pet food,StarKist
tuna, College Inn broth, and All-in-One baby formulas to
Del Monte in 2002 after years of stagnant sales, to allow
it to focus on its core brands in ketchup, sauces,and
frozen foods
67. Market Targeting
Once the firm has identified its market-
segment opportunities, it has to decide
how many and which ones to target.
Marketers are increasingly combining
several variables in an effort to identify
smaller, better-defined target groups.
Thus, a bank may not only identify a
group of wealthy retired adults, but
within that group distinguish several
segments depending on current income,
assets, savings, and risk preferences.
This has led some market researchers to
advocate a needs-based market
segmentation approach.
68. Effective Segmentation Criteria
Not all segmentation schemes are useful. For example, table salt buyers
could be divided into blond and brunette customers, but hair color is
undoubtedly irrelevant to the purchase of salt.
To be useful, market segments must rate favorably on five key criteria:
Measurable. The size, purchasing power, and characteristics of the
segments can bemeasured.
Substantial. The segments are large and profitable enough to serve.
A segment should be the largest possible homogeneous group worth
going after with a tailored marketing program. It would not pay, for
example, for an automobile manufacturer to develop cars for people
who are under four feettall.
Accessible. The segments can be effectively reached and served.
Differentiable. The segments are conceptually distinguishable and
respond differently to different marketing-mix elements and
programs. If married and unmarried women respond similarly to a
sale on perfume, they do not constitute separate segments.
Actionable. Effective programs can be formulated for attracting and
serving the segments
69. Evaluating and Selecting the MarketSegments
In evaluating different market segments, the firm must
look at two factors: the segment's overall attractiveness
and thecompany's objectives and resources.
After evaluating different segments, the company can
consider five patterns of target market selection:
Single-Segment Concentration
Selective Specialization
Product Specialization
MARKET SPECIALIZATION
Full market Coverage
MANAGING MULTIPLE SEGMENTS
Differentiated marketing Cost
71. SegmentbySegmentInvasionPlan
A company would be wise to enter one segment ata time.
Competitors must not know to what segment (s) the firm will
move next. Segment-by-segment invasion plans. Three firms,
A, B, and C,have specialized in adapting computer systems to
the needsof airlines, railroads, and truckingcompanies.
CompanyAmeets all the computer needsof airlines. Company
Bsells large computer systemsto all three transportation
sectors. Company Csells personal computers to trucking
companies
73. Whereshould company Cmovenext?Arrows havebeenaddedto the chart
to show the planned sequenceof segment invasions. CompanyCwill next
offer midsize computers to trucking companies. Then,to allay company B's
concernabout losing somelarge computer businesswith trucking
companies, C'snext move will beto sell personal computers torailroads.
Later, Cwill offer midsize computers to railroads. Finally, it may launch a
full-scale attack on company B'slarge computer position in trucking
companies. Of course,C'shidden planned movesare provisional in that
much dependson competitors' segment movesand responses.
Unfortunately,, too many companies fail to develop a long-term,
invasion, plan. PepsiCois an exception. It first attacked Coca-Colain the
grocery market, then in the vending-machine market, then in the fast-
food market, and soon.
Acompany's invasion plans canbethwarted when it confronts blocked
markets. Theproblem of entering blocked markets calls for a
megamarketing approach. Megamarketing is the strategic coordination of
economic,psychological, political, and public relations skills, to gain the
cooperation of a number of parties in order to enter or operate in a given
market. Pepsiusedmegamarketing to enter the Indianmarket.
74.
75. Consumer behavior is the study
of how individuals, groups,and
organizations select, buy, use,
and dispose of goods, services,
ideas, or experiencesto satisfy
their needsandwants.
Studying consumers provides
cluesfor improving or
introducing products or services,
setting prices, devisingchannels,
crafting messages,and
developing other marketing
activities.
79. FactorsAffectingConsumerBehavior: Culture
Subculture
•
Groupsof people withshared
value systems based on
common life experiences.
•
Hispanic Consumers
•
African American Consumers
•
AsianAmerican Consumers
•
Mature Consumers
Culture is the Most BasicCauseof aPerson'sWants
and Behavior.
The fundamental determinant of
a person’s wants and behaviors
acquired through socialization
processes with family and other
key institutions.
80. SocialClass
•
Society’s relatively permanent & ordered
divisions whose members share similar values,
interests, andbehavior.
•
MeasuredbyaCombination of:Occupation,
Income, Education, Wealth and Other
Variables.
FactorsAffectingConsumerBehavior: Culture
83. Characteristicsof SocialClasses
Within aclass,people tend to behavealike.
S
ocial class conveys perceptions of inferior or
superior position.
Class may be indicated by a cluster of
variables (occupation, income, wealth).
Classdesignation is mobile over time.
Upper uppers, Lower uppers, Upper middles, Middle
class, Upper lowers, Lower lowers, Working class
86. ReferenceGroups
Membership: groups having direct influence onperson
Primary: withwhom interaction is fairly continuously &
informally e.g. family,friend
Secondary: with whom interaction is formal &requires
less continuous
interaction
Aspirational: the group which person hopes tojoin
Dissociative: the group which personrejects
89. Problem Recognition (awareness of need)--
The buying processstarts when the buyer recognizes a
problem or need. Theneed can be triggered by internal or
external stimuli. With an internal stimulus, one of the
person's normal needs—hunger, thirst, sex—rises to a
threshold level and becomes a drive; or a need can be
aroused by an external stimulus difference between the
desired state and the actual condition. Deficit inassortment
of products. Hunger--Food. Hunger stimulates your need to
eat.
Canbe stimulated by the marketer through product
information--did not know you were deficient? I.E.,seea
commercial for a new pair ofshoes,stimulates your
recognition that you need a new pair ofshoes.
90. Information search--
Anaroused consumerwill beinclined to searchfor moreinformation.
Wecan distinguish between two levels of arousal. Themilder search
state is called heightened attention. At this level a personsimply
becomesmore receptive to information about aproduct
Internal search,memory.
External searchif you need more information. Friendsand relatives
(word of mouth). Marketer dominated sources;comparisonshopping;
public sourcesetc.
A successfulinformation search leavesa buyer withpossible
alternatives, the evokedset.
Hungry, want to go out and eat,evoked set is
chinese food
Turkish food
KFC,PizzaHut etc
91. Evaluation of Alternatives—
How doesthe consumerprocesscompetitive brand information and
make a final value judgment? No single processis usedby all
consumersor by one consumer in all buying situations. Thereare
several processes,the most current models of which seethe processas
cognitively oriented. That is, they seethe consumerasforming
judgments largely on a consciousand rational basis.
Needto establish criteria for evaluation, features the buyer wants or
doesnot want. Rank/weight alternatives or resumesearch.Maydecide
that you want to eat something spicy, Indian gets highest rank etc.
If not satisfied with your choice then return to the searchphase.Can
you think of another restaurant? Lookin theyellow pagesetc.
Information from different sourcesmay be treateddifferently.
Marketers try to influence by "framing"alternatives.
93. Post-PurchaseEvaluation—
After the purchase, the consumer might experience dissonancethat
stems from noticing certain disquieting features or hearing favorable
things about other brands, and will be alert to information that
supports his or her decision. Marketing communications should supply
beliefs and evaluations that reinforce the consumer'schoice and help
him or her feel good about thebrand.
Outcome: Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction.
CognitiveDissonance,have you made the right decision. Thiscan be
reduced by warranties, after salescommunication etc.
After eating an indian meal, may think that really you wanted a chinese
meal instead.
94. ProductMix
Theproduct mix is the set of all
products offered for sale by a
company.
Bajaj Electricals a household name
in India, hasalmost ninety products
in its portfolio ranging from low
value items like bulbs to high priced
consumer durables like mixers and
luminaries and lighting projects .The
number of products carried by a
firm at a given point of time is called
its product mix.
95. Constituentsof AProductMix
Product Line: A set of related products sold by a single
company.
Depth : measures the number of products that are
offered within each product line. Satisfies several
consumer segments for the same product, maximizes
shelf space, discourages competitors, covers a rangeof
prices and sustains dealer support. High cost in
inventory etc.
Width : measures the number of product lines a
company offers. Enables a firm to diversify products,
appeals to different consumer needs and encourages one
stop shopping.
Length :It refers to the total number of Items Produced
by a company in all the product lines.
96. ProductLineDecision
Factors on which the decision to change a
product depends are:
Changes in Market Demands: Populationgrowth,
Increase in purchasing power.
Competition: Firm may need to counter Competition by
adding a new product
Marketing Influences: Product may be added to Increase
sales (New Market or expanding present ones) second, to
better use of resources i.e. salesmen, warehouse or
branch office.
Product influence: Increase Capacity will leadto
reduction in NET PRODUCTION COST.
Financial Influences: May Add or Drop a product
because of Financial Condition of a company.
97. ProductLineStrategies
Expansion Of Product Mix: Increasing the number of
lines or adding depth to a existing line can help
expansion of product mix.
Contracting or Dropping a product: Dropping a
product is difficult, even if pruning of the product the
product fails the a company may drop a product.
Alteration of Existing products: Alteration in design,
shape, color, flavor, texture or packaging may infuse a
life in theproduct. e.g. SX4 Diesel.
Development of New Uses of Existing Products: e.g.
AMWAYproducts used for different purposes.
99. PerceptualMapping (Product Positioning)
This is Marketing research
technique in which
consumer's views about a
product are traced orplotted
(mapped) on achart.
Respondents are asked
questions about their
experience with the product
in terms of itsperformance,
packaging, price, size, etc.
Theses qualitative answers
are transferred to a chart
(called a perceptual map)
using a suitable scale(such
as theLikert scale), and the
results are employed in
improving the product orin
developing a new one
100. ProductBenefit (ProductPositioning)
Benefits of a product facilitateconsumers
in decision making and reduce the
uncertainty in their minds. They
encapsulate its identity, origin, specificity
and guarantee.
Product Benefit can be converted to brand
benefits to gain the following strategic
relevance in marketing:
Brand aims to segment the market
Brand helps in brandbuilding
Brand helps in innovations
101. Segmentation(Product Positioning)
An Understanding of market dimensions to
the marketing manager is an importantfactor
in product management. In market
segmentation, consumersare grouped in
terms of the market dimensions and then the
firm attempts to match the needsof different
consumer group through compatible market
inputs encompassingPRODUCTPRICEPLACE
ANDPROMOTION
102. ProductCategories(Product Positioning)
The nature of a product is found tohave considerable impact
on the method of productpositioning.
Consumer Goods:Products that are purchasedfor consumption
by the average consumer.Alternatively called final goods,
consumer goods are the end result of production and
manufacturing and are what a consumer will seeon the store
shelf. Clothing, food, automobiles and jewelry are all examples
of consumer goods. Basicmaterials suchascopper are not
considered consumer goods becausethey must be transformed
into usableproducts.
Industrial goods: products or servicespurchased for usein the
production of other goods or services, in the operation of a
business,or for resale to other consumers. Industrial products
include heavy machinery, raw materials, typewriters, tools,and
cashregisters
103. ProductMarket Mix Strategy
- Ansoff drew up a growth vector matrix, describing a combination of a
firm’s activities in current and new market, with existing and new products.
Theproduct-market mix strategy is illustrated in diagrambelow:
104. Current productsandcurrent market: market penetration
Market penetration: the firmseeksto:
Maintain or increaseits shareof the current market with current
products.
Securedominance of growth markets.
Restructure a mature market by driving outcompetitors.
Increaseusageby existing customer.
Presentproductsandnew markets:market development
New geographical areas and export markets
Different package sizesfor food and other domestic itemssothat
those who buy in bulk and small quantities are cateredfor.
New distribution channels to attractnew customers (e.g. organic
foods sold in supermarkets not just specialistshops)
Differential pricing policies to attract different types of customer and
create new market segments.
105. New productsto presentmarkets:productdevelopment
Advantage –Product developmentforcescompetition to innovate, new
comersto the market might bediscouraged.
Thedrawbacks include the expenseand the risk.
New productsandnewmarkets: diversification
occurs when a company decides to make new products for new markets. It
has to have a clear idea of what it hopes to gain from diversification. There
are two types of diversification, related and unrelateddiversification.
Growth- new products and new markets should be selected which offer
prospects for growth, which theexisting product market mix doesnot.
Investingsurplus– funds not required for other expansion needs: but thefunds
could be returned to shareholders.
Thefirmsstrengthsmatchesthe opportunityif – outstanding new products
have beendeveloped by the company’s research and development department.
Theprofit opportunities from diversification arehigh.
106. Relateddiversification
Horizontal integration refers to ‘development intoactivities which are
competitive with or directly complementary to a company’s present
activities.’ Sonywith its play station started to compete in computer
games.
Vertical integration occurswhena companybecomesitsown;
.a
supplier of raw materials, components or services(backward
vertical integration)
.b
Distributor or salesagent (forward vertical integration), for example:
where a manufacturer of synthetic yarn begins toproduce shirts from the
yarn instead of selling it to other shirt manufacturers.
Advantageof vertical integration
a. Tosecuresupply of components or raw materials with more control. Supplier
bargaining power isreduced.
.b
Strengthen the relationships and contacts of the manufacturer with the final
consumer of the product.
.c
Win a share of the higherprofits.
.d
Pursuea differentiation strategy moreeffectively.
.e
Raisebarriers to entry.
107. Disadvantagesof vertical integration
a. Over-concentration - Acompany places too many bets on ‘a same
end-market product’
b. Thefirm fails to benefit from any economiesof scaleor technical
advancesin the industry to which it has diversified. This is why in the
publishing industry most printing is subcontracted to the specialist
printing firms, who can work machinery to capacity by doing work
for manyfirms.
Unrelated diversification - conglomeratediversification
Unrelated diversification or conglomerate diversification is
very unfashionable now – but it has been a key strategy for
many companies in Asia.
108. Advantagesof conglomerate diversification
a. Riskspreading – entering new products into new markets offers
protection against failure of current products andmarkets.
b.High profit opportunities –Ability to move into high growth profitable
industries especially important if current industry is indecline.
c. Escape– from the present businessif competition is toohot!
d. Better accessto capital markets.
e.No other way to grow – expansion in the existing industry might lead to
monopoly and governmentinvestigation
f. Usesurplus cash
g. Exploit under-utilized resources
h. Obtain cashor other financialadvantages
i. Usea company’s image reputation in one market to buildproducts and
servicesin another market.
109. Disadvantages of conglomeratediversification
a. Thedilution of shareholders earnings if diversification is intogrowth
industries with high P/Eratios.
b.Lackof a common identity and purpose in a conglomerate
organization. Aconglomerate will besuccessfulonly if it hashigh
quality of management and financial ability at head office where
diverse operations are brought together.
c. Failure in one businesswill drag down therest.
d. Lackof managementexperience
e.Nogood for shareholders – shareholders can spread risk by buying
sharesin companiesin different industries.
111. Marketing Mix Determination
PRODUCT
WHAT SIZE SHAPE ANDTHE
FEATURE’s SHOULD THE
PRODUCT HAVE.
HOW SHOULD ITBE PACKAGED
WHAT ASPECT OF SERVICEIS
MOST IMPORTANT TO
CONSUMERS
HOW IT IS TO BE DESIGNED
117. Packagingisdefined asall the activities of designingand
producingthe container for a product
Primary Package
S
econdary
Package
Shipping Package
FactorsContributing to
growing useof packaging:
SELFSERVICE
CONSUMERAFFLUENCE
COMPANY& BRANDIMAGE
INNOVATIONOPPURTUNITY
118. labeling
Label identifies the product
or brand
Grade the Product
Promote- Through
attractive graphics
Describe the product
119. Warranties and Guarantees
Warranties are formal statements of
expected product performance by the
manufacturer
Extended warranties
Guarantee:Apromiseor an
assurance,especiallyonegivenin
writing, that attests to the qualityor
durability of a productor service
Apledge that somethingwill be
performed in a specifiedmanner
120.
121. Themeaningof a product
121
A product is a set of tangible and intangible attributes,
which may include packaging, color, price, quality and
brand, plusthe seller’sreputation and services.
Consumers are buying want-satisfaction in the form of the
benefits they expectto receivefrom the product.
122. Contd…
Anything that canbe offered to amarket for attention,
acquisition, useor consumption and which createsutility
Physical
objects,
services,
events,
persons,
places,
organizations, ideas or mixes of all theseentities
Ex.Acar, aDVDplayer, avacation, Coffee, investment
servicesetc.
122
124. LEVELSOFPRODUCT
124
Corebenefit:
What consumerreally wantsto buy
expectations of the customer
Actualbenefit:
the corebenefit turned into product.
features, design,packaging,quality level, brand
name…(allare carefullycombinedto deliver the core
benefit)
125. Augmentedproduct:
125
Delivery and credit, Installation, Warranty, After-sale
service offering additional consumer services and
benefits.
consumers see product as complex bundles of
benefits that satisfy their needs. When developing
products, marketers first must identify the core
consumer needs the product will satisfy. They must
then design the actual product and find ways to
augment it in order to create the bundle of benefits
that will provide the most satisfying customer
experience…
127. Consumer products:
Bought by the final consumer forpersonal
consumption.
Industrial product:
Bought by the individuals or organizations forthe
further processing or for usein conducting a
business.
…adeskpurchased by aperson for personal useis a
consumer product, the samebought by an
entrepreneur for his industry is an industrialproduct,
….
127
128. Consumer products
Convenienceproducts
Frequently purchased products. Low customer
involvement. Low price more outlets. Masspromotion from
producer
Ex.detergent, toothpaste, magazinesetc.
b)
Shopping products
Lessfrequently purchased . Much planning andshopping
effort,
comparison of brands on price quality andstyle.
Higher price fewer outlets. Advertising andpersonnel
selling by both producer andreseller.
Ex.Television, fridge etc.
128
129. c) Specialtyproducts
Strong brand preference and loyalty , special purchase
effort, little comparison. Low price sensitive. High price,one
or afew outlets in alocality only. Carefully targeted
promotion by both producer andreseller.
ex. Luxury goods like Rolexwatches, BMW carsetc
d) Unsought products
Little product awareness,(if aware, negative
interest or little) Price and distribution varies.Aggressive
advertising and personal selling by producer andreseller.
ex. Life insurance etc.
129
130. Industrial Products
Materials andparts:
Rawmaterials (farm and natural): wheat, cotton,,fish
petroleum etc.
Manufactured parts &materials: iron, yarn, wires, cement,
tires, castingsetc.
b)
Capital items:
Industrial items that aid in buyers productions or
operations. Major purchases suchasbuildings & fixed
equipment (generators, super computers). Accessories like
hand tools, fax machines, desks,computersetc.
130
131. a) Supplies and services:
Operating supplies: lubricants, coal, paper, pencil
Repair and maintenance items: paint, nail,brooms.
Supplies are the convenience products of industrial
field.
b) Services:
Maintenance and repair services: window cleaning,
computer repair etc
Advisory services: Legal,Management consulting,,
advertising.
Servicesare supplied under contract
131
132. New ProductDevelopment Process
Role
Product Mix Matches the
changing environmental
conditions.
CompareNew and
DevelopingSegmentsof the
Market
Fillingexcesscapacity
AchievingLongterm growth
and profit.
133. New ProductDevelopment Process
Idea Generation
SalesPersonnel
Marketing Personnel
R& D Team
TopManagement
executives
Production department
EmployeeSuggestions
134. Idea Screening
Theobjectisto eliminate unsound
conceptsprior to devotingresourcesto
them.
Thescreenersshouldaskseveral
questions:
Will the customerin the target market
benefit from the product?
What isthe sizeandgrowth forecastsof
the market segment/targetmarket?
What are the industrysalesandmarket
trends(idea isbased on)?
Isit technicallyfeasibleto manufacture
the product?
Will the productbeprofitable when
manufacturedanddeliveredto the
customerat the target price?
135. ConceptDevelopmentand Testing
Developthe marketing andengineering details
Investigateintellectual property issuesandsearchpatent
data bases
Whoisthe target market andwhoisthe decisionmaker in
the purchasingprocess?
What productfeatures mustthe product incorporate?
What benefitswill the productprovide?
Howwill consumersreact to the product?
Howwill the productbeproducedmostcost effectively?
Provefeasibility throughvirtual computeraidedrendering,
andrapid prototyping
What will it costto produceit?
Testingthe Conceptbyaskinga sampleof prospective
customerswhat they thinkof the idea.
137. Beta TestingandMarket Testing
Producea physicalprototype or mock-
up
Testthe product(and its packaging)in
typical usagesituations
Conductfocusgroupcustomer
interviewsor introduceat trade show
Make adjustmentswherenecessary
Producean initial runof the product
andsellit in a test market area to
determine customeracceptance
138. TechnicalImplementation
New program initiation
FinalizeQuality management system
Resourceestimation
Requirement publication
Publishtechnicalcommunicationssuchas
data sheets
Engineeringoperations planning
Department scheduling
Suppliercollaboration
Logisticsplan
Resourceplan publication
Program review and monitoring
Contingencies- what-if planning
141. AdoptionProcess
FiveStages
Awareness-Theconsumerbecomesaware of the innovationbut lacks
information about it.
Interest-Theconsumerisstimulated to seekinformation aboutthe
innovation.
Evaluation-Theconsumerconsiderswhether to try the innovation.
Trial-Theconsumertries the innovationto improvehisorherestimate of
itsvalue.
Adoption-Theconsumerdecidesto makefull andregularuseof the
innovation.
142. ProductLife Cycle
Productlife cyclemanagement (or PLCM)is
the successionof strategies usedby
businessmanagement asa productgoes
through its life cycle.Theconditionsin
whicha productissold(advertising,
saturation) changesovertime andmustbe
managedasit movesthrough its succession
of stages.
143. Market introduction
stage costs are veryhigh
slow sales volumes to
start
little or no competition
demand has tobe created
customers have to be
prompted to try the
product
makes no money at this
stage
144. Growth stage costs reduceddue
to economies ofscale
sales volume increases
significantly
profitability begins to rise
public awareness increases
competition begins to increase
with a few new players in
establishing market
increased competition leads to
price decreases
145. Maturity stage costs are lowered
asa result of productionvolumes
increasing and experience curve
effects
•
salesvolume peaksandmarket
saturation isreached
•
increasein competitorsentering
the market
•
pricestend to drop duetothe
proliferation of competing
products
•
brand differentiation andfeature
diversification is emphasized to
maintain or increase marketshare
Industrial profits godown
146. Saturation anddecline
stage costs become
counter-optimal
salesvolume decline
or stabilize
prices, profitability
diminish
profit becomesmore
a challenge of
147. Branding
What isa Brand
“Aname, term, sign,symbol,or
designor a combinationof these,
intendedto identifythe
goods& servicesof oneselleror
groupof
sellers& to differentiate themfrom
thoseof
the competitors.”
Givesa visualidentificationinthe
mindsof customers.
148. Abrandcandeliver upto
four levelsof meaning:
Attributes. Abrandfirst bringsto mind
certain productattributes. e.g. Mercedes
Benefits. Customersdonot buyattributes,
they buybenefits.
Values. Abrandalsosayssomethingabout
the buyers' values.ThusMercedesbuyers
value highperformance, safety and prestige.
Personality. Abrandalsoprojectsa
personality. Motivation researchers
sometimesask,'If this brandwere a person,
what kindof personwould it be?
149. BrandEquity
Brandsvary in the amount of power and
value they havein the marketplace
Somebrandscommanda highdegreeof
brand loyalty.
The world's top brandsincludesuch
superpowersasMcDonald's, Coca-Cola,
Disney,Kodak,SonyandMercedes-Benz
Brand equity refersto the marketing effects
andoutcomesthat accrueto a productwith
its brand name comparedwith thosethat
would accrueif the sameproductdidnot
havethe brand name
Thissuggeststhat marketing strategy should
focusonextendingloyal customer lifetime
-value, with brand managementservingas
an essentialmarketing tool.
151. BrandingDecision
Fourgeneral strategies are often used
Individual Names: Procter& Gamble(INDIA) hasseveral
individual brandsin different productcategories,Vicks,Ariel
andtide, Head& ShouldersandPampers.KingfisherAirlines,
after acquiringAir Deccan,a low – costairline, modifiedthe
brand nameto SimpliflyDeccan,andretained it asa separate
brand, partly to protect the equity ofkingfisher.
Blanket Familynames: Thispolicyisfollowed byTata. The
blanket family salt, tea, coffee, automobiles, andsteel.
Developmentcostare lower with blanket names because
there’snoneedto run“name”researchor spendheavilyon
advertising to create recognition. Salesof the new product
are likely to bestrongif the manufacturer’s name isgood.
Corporate– Image.
152. BrandingDecision
Fourgeneral strategies are often used
Separate family names for the product : TheAditya Birla Group in
India follows this policy to a great extent. It usesseparate family
names for its various products. Hindalco for aluminum. UltraTechfor
cement, Grasim for suitings.
Corporate names combined with individual product names: Kellogg
combines corporate and individual names in Kellogg’s RiceKrispies,
Kellogg’s Raisin Bran, and Kellogg’s CornFlakes,asdo Honda, Sony
and Hewlett – Packard for their products. Thecompany name
legitimizes, and the individual name individualizes, the newproduct.
154. PromotionMix
Advertising:Anypaid form of non-personalpresentation and
promotionof ideas,goodsor servicesbyan identified sponsor
Personalselling.Oral presentationina conversationwith oneor
moreprospectivepurchasersfor the purposeof makingsalesand
buildingcustomer relationships.
Salespromotion.Short-term incentivesto encouragethe purchaseor
saleof a productor service.
Publicrelations. Buildinggoodrelationsbydoingfavorable
publicity,buildingupa goodcorporate image, andhandlingor
headingoff unfavorablerumors,storiesand events.
155. AdvantagesandDisadvantagesof Each Element
of the Promotional Mix
Mix Element
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advertising
•
Good for building awareness
•
Wide reach
•
Repetition of main brandand
product positioning helpsbuild
customer trust
•
Impersonal - cannot answer alla
customer's questions
•
Not goodat getting customersto
make afinal purchasingdecision
PersonalSelling
•
Highly interactive
•
Excellent for communicating
complex / detailed product
information andfeatures
•
Relationships canbe built up
•
Costly- employing asales
force hasmany hidden costsin
addition to wages
•
Not suitable if there are
thousands of importantbuyers
SalesPromotion
•
Canstimulate quick increasesin
salesby targeting promotional
incentives on particularproducts
•
Good short term tacticaltool
•
If used over the long-term,
customers may get used to the
effect
•
Toomuch promotion maydamage
the brandimage
PublicRelations
•
Often seenasmore "credible" -
since the messageseemsto be
coming from athird party (e.g.
magazine, newspaper)
•
Cheapway of reachingmany
customers
•
Riskof losing control -cannot
always control what other
people write orsayabout your
160. Settingthe Price
Step 1: Selecting the pricingobjective
Survival
Maximize current profits
Maximize their marketshare
Market-penetration pricing
Best when:
Market is highly price-sensitive, and alow price
stimulates market growth,
Production and distribution costs fallwithin
accumulated production experience,and
Low price discourages actual andpotential
competition
162. Settingthe Price
Tom Nagle offers this list of factorsassociated
with lower pricesensitivity
Theproduct is more distinctive
Buyers are lessaware of substitutes
Buyers cannot easily compare the quality ofsubstitutes
Theexpenditure is asmaller part of the buyer’s totalincome
Theexpenditure issmallcomparedto the total costof the
end product
Part of thecost is borne by another party
Theproduct isusedin conjunction with assetspreviously
bought
Theproduct isassumedto havemore quality, prestige,or
exclusiveness
Buyers cannot store the product
168. Settingthe Price
Value Pricing
Everyday low pricing(EDLP)
High-low pricing
Going-Rate Pricing
Auction-Type Pricing
English auctions (ascending bids)
Dutch auctions (descendingbids)
Sealed-bid auctions
Group Pricing
169. Settingthe Price
Step 6: Selecting the FinalPrice
Psychological Pricing
Referenceprice
Gain-and-Risk-Sharing Pricing
Influence of the Other MarketingElements
Brands
with
average
relative
quality but
high
relative
advertising budgets charged premium prices
Brands with high relative quality and high relative
advertising budgets obtained the highestprices
Thepositive relationship between high advertising budgets
and high prices held most strongly in the later stages of the
product life cycle for marketleaders
170. Settingthe Price
Brands with average relative quality but high relative
advertising budgets charged premium prices
Brands with high relative quality and high relative
advertising budgets obtained the highestprices
The positive relationship between high advertising
budgets and high prices held most strongly in the later
stages of the product life cycle for market leaders
Company Pricing Policies
Impact of Price on OtherParties
172. PriceDiscountsand Allowances
Cash Discount: A price reduction to buyers who pay bills
promptly. A typical example is “2/10, net 30,”
which means that payment is due within 30
days and that the buyer can deduct 2 percent
by paying the bill within 10 days.
Quantity Discount: A price reduction to those who buy large
volumes. A typical example is “$10 per unit for
less than 100 units; $9 per unit for 100 or more
units.” Quantity discounts must be offered
equally to all customers and must not exceed
the cost savings to the seller. They can be
offered on each order placed or on the number
of units ordered over a given period.
182. TheCommunication Process
Fiske and Hartley have outlined factors
that influencecommunication:
The greater the influence of the
communication source, the greater the
effect on therecipient
Communication
effects
when
they
are
in
line
are
greatest
with
existing
opinions, beliefs, anddispositions
183. TheCommunication Process
Communication can produce the most effective shifts
on unfamiliar, lightly felt, peripheral issues that do not
lie at the core of the recipient’s value system.
Communication is more likely to be effective if the
source is believed to have expertise, high status,
objectivity, or likeability, but particularly if the source
haspower and can be identified with.
The social context, group, or reflective group will
mediate the communication and influence whether or
not the communication isaccepted.
185. DevelopingEffective Communications
Identify the TargetAudience
Image analysis
Familiarity scale
Favorability scale
Never
Heardof
Heardof
Only
Knowa
LittleBit
Knowa Fair
Amount
KnowVery
Well
Very
Unfavorable
Somewhat
Unfavorable
Indifferent Somewhat
Favorable
Very
favorable
186. Decidingonthe Marketing CommunicationsMix
The Promotional tools
Advertising
GeneralQualities:
Public presentation
Pervasiveness
Amplified expressiveness
Impersonality
SalesPromotion
Benefits:
Communication
Incentive
Invitation
187. Decidingonthe Marketing Communications Mix
Public Relations and Publicity
Distinctive qualities:
High credibility
Ability to catch buyers offguard
Dramatization
Personal Selling
Distinctive qualities:
Personal confrontation
Cultivation
Response
189. Decidingonthe Marketing Communications Mix
Factors in setting the MarketingCommunications
Mix
Type of ProductMarket
Advertising’s role in businessmarkets:
Advertising can provide an introduction to the
company and its products
If the product embodies newfeatures,
advertising can explain them
Reminder advertising is more economicalthan
sales calls
190. Decidingonthe Marketing Communi
cationsMix
Advertisements offering brochures andcarrying
the company’s phone number are an effective
way to generate leads for salesrepresentatives.
Sales representatives can use tear sheets of the
company’s ads to legitimize their company and
products.
Advertising can remind customers of how touse
the product and reassure them about their
purchase.
191. Decidingonthe Marketing Communications Mix
Levitt found that:
Corporate advertising that can build upthe
company’s reputation will help the sales
representatives
Salesrepresentatives from well-known firms
have an edge, but ahighly effective
presentation from alesser knowncompany’s
rep can overcome that edge
Company reputation helps most whenthe
product iscomplex
192. Decidingonthe Marketing Communications Mix
Gary Lilien found that:
The average industrial company sets its marketing
budget at 7 percent ofsales
Industrial companies spent a higher-than-average
amount on advertising if their products had higher
quality, uniqueness, or purchase frequency, or if
there was customer growth
Industrial companies set a higher-than-average
marketing budget when their customers were more
dispersed or the customer growth ratewas higher
193. Decidingonthe Marketing Communications Mix
Effectively trained consumer salesforcecan
make four important contributions:
Increased stock position
Enthusiasm building
Missionary selling
Key account management
Buyer-Readiness Stage
195. Managing the SalesForce
Theoriginal and oldestform of direct
marketing isthe field sales call.
U.S. firmsspendovera trillion dollars
annuallyonsalesforcesandsalesforce
materials— morethan they spendon
anyother promotional method.
companiesare trying to increasethe
productivityof the salesforcethrough
better selection,training, supervision,
motivation, and compensation.
196. Theterm salesrepresentative coversa broadrange of positions.
Sixcanbe distinguished:
1.Deliverer-Asalespersonwhose major task is the delivery ofa
product (water, fuel,oil).
2.Ordertaker -Asalespersonwho acts predominantly asan
inside order taker or outside ordertaker.
3.Missionary-Asalespersonwho is not expected or permitted
to take an order but whose major task is to build goodwill or to
educate the actual or potentialuser.
4.Technician- Asalespersonwith a high level of technical
knowledge.
5. Demandcreator -Asalespersonwho relies on creative
methods for selling tangible products (vacuumcleaners,
cleaning brushes, household products) or intangibles
(insurance, advertising services,or education).
6.Solution vendor - A salesperson whose expertise is in the solving of a
customer's problem, often with a system of the company's products and
services(for example, computer and communicationssystems).
197. SalesForceObjectivesandStrategy
SpecificTasksPerformedbySalesForce
Prospecting. Searchingfor prospects, or leads.
Targeting. Deciding how to allocate theirtime
among prospects and customers.
Communicating. Communicating information
about the company's products andservices.
Selling.Approaching, presenting, answering
questions, overcoming objections, andclosing
sales.
Servicing. Providing various servicesto the
customers—consulting on problems,
rendering technical assistance, arranging
financing, expeditingdelivery.
Information gathering. Conductingmarket
research and doing intelligence work.
Allocating. Deciding which customers will get
scarceproducts during product shortages.
198. RecruitingandSelecting Representatives
One survey revealed that the top 27
percent of the sales force brought in
over 52 percent of the sales.
The average annual turnover rate for
all industries is almost 20percent.
Sales force turnover leads to lost
sales, costs of finding and training
replacements, and often a strainon
existing salespeople to pick up the
slack
What is the Challenge?
Right Person for the Right Job!!!!
Test is taken interview is taken,
personality tests are done, past
history is checked
199. SalesRepProductivity
How many calls should a company make on aparticular
account each year?
Someresearch hassuggested that today's salesreps are
spending too much time selling to smaller, lessprofitable
accounts when they should be focusing more of their
efforts on selling to larger, more profitableaccounts.
NORMSFORPROSPECTCALLS
25 percent of their time prospecting and to stop
calling on a prospect after three unsuccessfulcalls
Using SalesTime Efficiently
Tocut costs, reduce time demands on their outside
sales force, and take advantage of computerand
telecommunications innovations, many companies
have increased the sizeand responsibilities of their
inside sales force
Inside salespeople are of threetypes
Technical support people
Salesassistants
Telemarketers
200. Motivating SalesRepresentatives
Salesmanagers must be able to convince
salespeople that they can sell more by
working harder or by being trained towork
smarter.
Salesmanagers must be able to convince
salespeople that the rewards for better
performance are worth the extraeffort.
marketers reinforce intrinsic andextrinsic
rewards of all types
Oneresearch study that measured the
importance of different rewards found that
the reward with the highest value was pay,
followed by promotion, personal growth,and
senseof accomplishment
Theleast-valued rewards were liking and
respect, security, and recognition.
201. EvaluatingSalesRepresentatives
SOURCESOFINFORMATION
Salesreports
Personal observation
Salesperson self-reports
Customer letters and complaints
Customersurveys,and conversationswith othersales
representatives.
Thesereports provide raw data from which sales
managers canextract keyindicators of sales
performance: (1) average number of salescalls per
salespersonper day, (2) average salescall time per
contact, (3) average revenueper salescall, (4) average
cost per salescall, (5) entertainment cost per salescall,
(6) percentage of orders per hundred salescalls,(7)
number of new customers per period, (8) number of
lost customers per period, and (9) salesforce cost asa
percentage of total sales.
203. Viral Marketing
Marketing phenomenon that facilitates
and encourages people to pass along a
marketing message.
Viral marketing describes any strategy
that encourages individuals to pass on
a marketing message to others,
creating the potential for exponential
growth in the message's exposure and
influence
It can be delivered by word of mouth or
enhanced by the network effects of the
internet. Viral promotions may take the
form of video clips, interactive flash
games, brandable Software, images, or
text messages
204. History
There is debate on the origination and the
popularization of the term viral marketing, though some
of the earliest uses of the current term are attributed to
the Harvard Business School graduate Tim Draper and
faculty member JeffryRayport.
Among the first to write about viral marketing on the
Internet was the Media critic Douglas Rushkoff. The
assumption is that if such an advertisement reaches a
"susceptible"
user,
accepts
the
idea)
that
user
becomes
"infected"
(i.e., and
shares
the
idea
with
others
"infecting them," in the viral analogy's terms
205. Notable Examples
Popularized in the 1960s and '70s is essentially a form of viral
marketing inwhich representatives gain income through marketing
products through their circle of influence and give their friends a
chanceto market productssimilarly
The ClassicHotmail.com Example
Theclassicexample of viral marketing is Hotmail.com, one of the firstfree
Web-basede-mail services.Thestrategy is simple:
Giveaway free e-mail addressesand services,
Attach a simple tag at the bottom of every free message sent out: "Get
your private, free email at http://www.hotmail.com"and,
Thenstand back while people e-mail to their own network offriends and
associates,
Who seethe message,
Signup for their own free e-mail service,andthen
Propel the messagestill wider to their ownever-increasing circles of
friends and associates.
Liketiny wavesspreading ever farther from a single pebble dropped into
a pond, a carefully designedviral marketing strategy ripples outward
extremely rapidly.
206. Typesof Viral Marketing
Pass-along: A message which encourages the user to send the message to
others. The crudest form of this is chain letters where a message at the
bottom of the e-mail prompts the reader to forward the message
Incentivized viral: A reward is offered for either passing a message along
or providing someone else's address. This can dramatically increase
referrals. However, this is most effective when the offer requires another
person to take action.
Undercover: A viral message presented as a cool or unusual page,
activity, or piece of news, without obvious incitements to link or pass
along. In Undercover Marketing, it is not immediately apparent that
anything is being marketed.
"Edgy Gossip/Buzz marketing" ads or messages that create controversy
by challenging the borders of taste or appropriateness. Discussion of the
resulting controversy can be considered to generate buzz and word of
mouth advertising. Prior to releasing a movie, some Hollywood movie
stars get married, get divorced, or get arrested, or become involved in
some controversy that directs conversational attention to them.
User-managed database: Users create and manage their own lists of
contacts using a database provided by an online service provider. By
inviting other members to participate in their community, users create a
viral, self-propagating chain of contacts that naturally grows and
encourages others to sign up as well.
207. Network Marketing
Thesimplest explanation of
network marketing is thatit
is a method of marketing
that utilizes independent
representatives to reach
potential customers that a
company otherwise would
not reach with traditional
online or offline marketing
methods.
208. Howdidnetwork marketin gstart?
Network marketing hasbeenaround for nearly
fifty years. It started in the US,and the first
major modern network marketing businesswas
formed in 1959. Thiscompany was created by
businesspartners RichDeVosand JayVanAndel,
originally with just one single product and a
new and unique businessvision. Theyregarded
conventional salesjobs asunfair - being paid
only oncefor the work that they did evenwhen
the company continued to make a profit from
their labors for many yearsafterwards.
209. SoDeVosand VanAndel broke away
and formed their own company,
returning a few years later with
enough money to buy out theiroriginal
employers and incorporate the vitamin
business into their growing
corporation. Their company is now a
multi-billion dollar business operating
in virtually every developed country in
the world. Within a few short years,
many more companies followed in
their footsteps and now network
marketing is responsible for a turnover
of tens of billions of dollars in the US
alone.
210. Word-of-mouthcommunication
Most influential for consumer decisionmaking
Comesfrom an independent source
Often based on experience
Canbe negative and positive
But, how can marketers act onit?
Until now, it was difficult to ascertain who is talking to who?
Onecould not easily reach “opinion leaders”.
Onecould act on w.o.m. only on the aggregate usingbroad
proxies to identify opinionleaders
Psychographics
Demographics
Etc.
211. What haschanged?
We have refined data on consumercommunities.
Social network data: people designate friends(e.g.
MySpace.com)
Telecom data: people talk to friends,people designate
preferred contacts (e.g.Skype)
We have new technology to analyze thedata
Hardware
Software
We can act on the data (viralmarketing)
Sendmessagesto key people in the network
Avoid marketing “noise” (blanket SMSpromotion)
212. What network marketersdo?
Find communities in complex networks(Skype,
Myspace, Telecom traffic data)
to target withbrands/content
to discriminate w.r.t.price/advertising
Find “key people” who (i)connect communities, (ii)
hold communitiestogether
to initiate new product/servicediffusion
toensure best return on direct (viral) marketing
to refine CRMtechniques
216. CASE: East European socialnetwork
site
•
Problem: How existing membersinfluence
new onesjoining the site?
•
What was done: Describedpeople’s
adoption behavior asa function of
their personal networks anddemographics
•
Keyinsight: Fastadopters are people with
densenetworks (not large
networks
217. CASE: Middle-Easterntelecomcompany
(10 million customers)
•
Problem: Identify highlyConnected/
influential customers to be targeted
by direct marketing for cross-selling
another service
•
What was done: Identified thetop
10,000 targets
•
Insights: Toptargets may not bethe
oneswho have most connections
218. EventMarketing
The activity of designing or
developing a themed activity,
occasion, display, or exhibit (such asa
sporting event, music festival, fair, or
concert) to promote a product,cause,
or organization. Also called event
creation.
219. EventMarketing Planning
Plan Event Planning
Concept
Objectives
Strategies
Execution
Evaluation and
Measurement
Advertising
and PR
Strategy
221. EventObjectives
Objectives are essential in order to justify investment.
Some possible objectives include:
• Size of audience reached
• Ability to reach target
• Sponsor recognition levels
• Potential sales
• Economic Impact
Objectives are included in an event proposal along
with organizational details and a timeline.
222. EventMarketing Strategies
An event is much like a product so the marketing
strategies are similar.
•
Define the product (the event)
•
Establish price
•
Distribution (of tickets)
•
Marketing Communications
224. EventMarketing Execution
Delineating all of the details associated with the event.
• Site Selection
• Staging
• Catering andAccommodations
• Staffing
• Operations and Logistics
• Safety and Security
225. Followingthem canensurea c
ost effective
implementation of the eventmarketing.
If the event is meant to market a certain product, then it is necessary to
ensure that the purchase decision-maker attends the event.
Make sure you get participant contact information before the event as
well as after. Other value-added benefits that can be expected from the
show organizer include
Before the event is undertaken, the cost effectiveness of promoting the
product through the event should be questioned by asking yourself
event qualifying questions around the “who" instead of the “how many”
The giveaways at the event should be relevant to the business being
promoted through the event. And make sure you don't give something
away for free just for the heck of it.
The location chosen for the event is perhaps the most important aspect.
Make sure you don't purchase a cheap booth at a popular exhibition
because there are strong chances that no one will be visiting you, since
your booth will be tucked away hidden from all eyes
226. DirectMarketing
Direct marketing is the useof
consumer-direct (CD)channels to
reach and deliver goods and
servicesto customers without
using marketing middlemen.
Thesechannels include direct
mail, catalogs, telemarketing,
interactive TV,kiosks, Web sites,
and mobile devices.
229. Direct mail - material distributed via the postal service
to a recipient’s home or businessto promote a
product/service.
Direct response advertising - standard broadcastand
print media designed to generate a directresponse,
e.g an order or personalvisit.
Telemarketing - a direct personal, verbal approachvia
somekind of written or visualmethod.
Mail order - the purchase ofproducts featured in
advertising or selected from acatalogue.
Teleshopping - home basedshopping.
230. Direct-mail marketing haspassedthrougha numberof stages:
E "Carpet bombing." Direct mailers gather or buy as many names
as possible and send out a mass mailing. Usually the response rate
is very low.
Database marketing. Direct marketers mine the database to
identifyprospects who would have the most interest in an offer.
a Interactive marketing. Direct marketers include a telephone
number and Web address, and offer to print coupons from the
Web site. Recipients can contact the company with questions.
The company usesthe interaction as an opportunity to up-sell,
cross-sell, and deepen the relationship.
BReal-time personalized marketing. Direct marketers know
enough about each customer to customize and personalizethe
offer andmessage.
231. Generate leads.
Screenleads before follow up.
Arrange opportunities for representatives.
Direct sales.
Encourage cross/ upselling.
Dealer support.
Account servicing.
Market research.
Test marketing.
Applications of telemarketing
235. CatalogMarketing
In catalog marketing, companies maysend
full-line merchandise catalogs, specialty
consumer catalogs, and businesscatalogs,
usually in print form but also sometimes as
CDs,videos, oronline.
Catalogs are a huge business—about 71
percent of Americans shopfrom homeusing
catalogs by phone, mail, andInternet.
236. Other Media for Direct-ResponseMarketing
TELEVISION: is usedby direct marketers in severalways:
Direct-response advertising -Somecompanies prepare 30-
and 60-minute infomercials that attempt to combine the
sell of commercials with the draw of educational
information and entertainment. Infomercials can be seenas
a crossbetween a sales call and a television ad and cost
roughly $250,000 to $500,000 tomake.
At-home shopping channels - Sometelevision channels are
dedicated to selling goods andservices.
Videotext and interactive TV-Theconsumer's TVset is
linked with a seller's catalog by cable or telephone lines.
Consumerscan place orders via a special keyboard device
connected to thesystem.
237. KIOSKMARKETING
Akiosk is a small building or structure thatmight
housea selling or information unit. Thename
describesnewsstands, refreshment stands, and
free-standing carts whose vendors sell watches,
costume jewelry, and other items. Thecarts
appear in busand rail stations and along aisles in
a mall. Theterm also coverscomputer-linked
vending machines and "customer-order-placing
machines" in stores, airports, and otherlocations.
238. Interactive Marketing
Interactive Marketing refers to the evolving trendin
marketing whereby marketing hasmoved from a
transaction-based effort to aconversation.
The Internet provides marketers and consumerswith
opportunities for much greater interaction and
individualization. Companies in the past would send
standard media—magazines, newsletters, ads—to
everyone. Todaythese companies can sendindividualized
content and consumersthemselves can further
individualize the content. Todaycompanies can interact
and dialogue with much larger groups than ever in the
past
239. TheBenefitsof Interactive Marketing
It is highly accountable and its effects can beeasily
traced.
TheWeb offers the advantage of "contextual
placements." Marketers can buy adsfrom sitesthat
are related to their offerings, aswell asplace
advertising basedon contextual keywords from
online searchoutfits likeGoogle.
Web can reach people when they have actually
started the buyingprocess
240. Designingan Attractive Web Site
A keychallenge isdesigninga site that isattractive onfirst viewing
and interesting enoughto encouragerepeat visits.
Rayport and Jaworskihaveproposedthat effective Web sites
feature sevendesignelements that they call the 7Cs
Context.Layoutand design.
Content.Text, pictures,sound,andvideothe site contains.
Community.Howthe siteenablesuser-to-user communication.
Customization.Site'sability to tailor itself to different usersorto
allow usersto personalizethe site.
ECommunication.Howthe siteenablessite-to-user, user-to-site, or
two-way communication.
Connection.Degreethat the siteislinkedto other sites.
Commerce.Site'scapabilitiesto enablecommercial transactions.
241. GreenMarketing
According to the American
Marketing Association “green
marketingis the marketing of
products that are presumed tobe
environmentally safe”.
Thusgreen marketing incorporates a
broad range of activities, including
product modification, changes to the
production process, packaging
changes, aswell asmodifying
advertising
242. The green marketing has evolved over a period of time.
According
to
Peattie
(2001),
the
evolution
of
green
marketing
has three phases.
•
First phase as Ecologic : and during this period all marketing
activities
were
concerned
to
help
environment problems and provide remedies for environmental
problems.
•
Second phase was "Environmental" green marketing and the
focus shifted on clean technology that involved designing of
innovative new products, which take care of pollution and
waste issues.
•
Third phase was "Sustainable" green marketing. It came into
prominence in the late 1990s and early 2000.
Evolution of Green Marketing
243. As resources are limited and human wants are unlimited, it
is important for the marketers to utilize the resources
efficiently without waste as well as to achieve the
organization's objective. So green marketing is inevitable.
There is growing interest among the consumers all over the
world regarding protection of environment. Worldwide
evidence indicates people are concerned about the
environment and are changing their behavior. As a result of
this, green marketing has emerged
Why Green Market ing?
244. Companies that develop new and improved products
and services with environment inputs in mind give
themselves access to new markets, increase their profit
sustainability, and enjoy a competitive advantage over
the companies which are not concerned for the
environment.
Benefitsof Green Marketing
245. Green Marketing Mix
The 4 P's of green marketing are that of a conventional marketing but the
challenge before marketers is to use 4 P's in an innovative manner.
Product
The ecological objectives in planning products are to reduce resource consumption and
pollution and to increase conservation of scarce resources (Keller man, 1978).
Price
Price is a critical and important factor of green marketing mix. Most consumers will only
be prepared to pay additional value if there is a perception of extra product value. This
value may be improved performance, function, design, visual appeal, or taste. Green
marketing should take all these facts into consideration while charging a premium price.
Promotion
There are three types of green advertising: -
Ads that address a relationship between a product/service and the biophysical
environment
Those that promote a green lifestyle by highlighting a product or service
Ads that present a corporate image of environmental responsibility
Place
The choice of where and when to make a product available will have significant impact
on the customers. Very few customers will go out of their way to buy green products.
247. TheRoleof Marketing Channelsi
nM
arketingStrategy
Channels provide the meansby which the firm
movesthe goods and servicesit produces to ultimate
users
Facilitate the exchange processby cutting the
number of contactsnecessary
Adjust for discrepancies in the market’s
assortment of goods and servicesviasorting
Standardize exchange transactions
Facilitate searchesby both buyers andsellers
250. ChannelStrategy Decisions
Selection of a MarketingChannel
Factors which impact
the selection of a
marketing channelinclude:
Marketfactors
Customer Preference
Geography
Competitors
Productfactors
Life cycle
Product Complexity
Product Sizeand Weight
Producer/Manufacturerfactor
Company Objective
Company Resources
Desire Of control
251. DeterminingDistribution Intensity
Intensivedistribution:
channel policy in which
a manufacturer of a convenienceproduct
attempts to saturate themarket
Selective distribution: channel policy in which
a firm chooses only a limited number of retailers
to handle its productline
Exclusivedistribution:
channel policy in which
a firm grants exclusive rights to a single
wholesaler or retailer to sell its products in a
particular geographicarea
252. CausesOfChannelConflict
Goal Incompatibility
Unclear Rolesand Rights
Differences In perception
Intermediaries dependency on manufacturer
TypesOf Conflict
Vertical Channel Conflict e.g. General Motors vs.Dealers
Horizontal Channel Conflict e.g. PizzaInn franchisee
complaint on substandard productsused.
Multichannel conflict ( sameproduct sold bydifferent
channels )
CONFLICT
13-252
253. AchievingChannelCooperation
Channel Cooperation, achieved
via effective cooperation among
channel members, is the desired
antidote to channelconflict
It is Best achieved when all
channel members regard
themselves ascomponents of the
same organization
13-253
254. Vertical Marketing Systems
Vertical marketing system(VMS): planned channel system
designed to improve distribution efficiency and cost
effectiveness by integrating various functions throughout the
distribution chain
Administered marketing system: VMS that achieves
channel coordination when a dominant channel member
exercises its power e.g. Kodak,Gillette
Corporate marketing system: a VMS in which a single
owner operates at each stage in its marketing channel
Contractual marketing system: VMS thatcoordinates
channel activities through formal agreements among
channel members like:
Wholesaler-Sponsored Voluntary Chains
Retail Cooperatives ( Grocery Store, Hardware)
Franchises
13-254
255. Making ChannelManagement Decisions
Channel management decisions can greatly affect the
successor failure of a business,becausethe partnersthat
you decide to work with and the effort you put into
managing them will determine how your businesscomes
acrossto the public. There are certain trade offs when
you chooseto utilize channel salesto market and
distribute your product. Of course, channel salesare
usually cost-effective, which is why businessesrely on
salespartners to sell their product. Thelossof complete
control over how your product is marketed is the
drawback, but with a good partner management
program you can make sure your company is represented
the way you want itto be.
257. Marketing Logistics
Planning, implementing, and controlling the physical
flows of materials and final goods from points of origin to
points of use.
•
Nature of MarketLogistics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Supplychain - manage activities - salesforecasting
Planning
Inventory management
Packaging
Warehousing
Shipping
Transportation
Warehousing
258. •
•
•
•
•
Major - 30-40%of total costs
Breakout - transportation37%
Inventory 22%
Warehousing21%
Other 20%
Market LogisticsObjective
Right
good at right place at right time for least cost
M =T+FW+VW+ S
where M= total market logisticscost
T=total freight cost
FW=total fixed warehouse cost
VW=total variable warehousecost
S=total costs of lostsales
Costsof MarketLogistics
259. •
Order processing
•
order to remittance cycle- elapsedtime betweenan
order placement andpayment
•
Warehousing
•
Storage
•
distribution
•
automated
•
Inventory
•
service increases - inventory costsincreases
•
re-order point
•
how much: order processing costsvs.inventory carrying
costs
just in time productionmethods
Market LogisticsDecisions