1. Flying 737-800 with VATSIM Session 2 Basic Aeronautical Knowledge and Introduction to 737-800 Yuuji Izumo , Gary Law VATSIM Hong KongStanding Committee on Aviation Resource and Education Development http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770 VATSIM Hong Kong

2. Objectives: At the end of training, trainees should to: - Have some understanding on basic aeronautical knowledge - Have some basic knowledge on the structure of 737-800 12/25/2009 MTR Corporation VATSIM Hong Kong VATSIM Hong Kong

3. Website : http://hk.vatsea.net E-mail: vatsim-hk@live.hk VATSIM Hong Kong 12/25/2009 MTR Corporation http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

5. Understand how control surfaces working http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770 VATSIM Hong Kong

7. Understand how control surfaces working http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770 VATSIM Hong Kong

9. Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag.

10. In Boeing 737, thrust component (from Engine) is slightly lower than Drag line (Wing and Fuselage)Increase Power? NOSE UP!http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

11. VATSIM Hong Kong 3 Axis and Moments - Three axis of flight: Pitch, Roll and Yaw - They are controlled by Elevator, Aileron and Rudder respectively. - Pitching moments is twisting force caused by lift and thrust and drag. - Rolling moments is twisting force caused by uneven lift from the wings. - Yawing moment is twisting forcecaused by airflow over the horizontal stabilizer. http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

13. Lift is generated perpendicular to the flight path

14. Weight is always pointingto the ground

15. So we have to increase lift to compensate the Load factor.http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

16. VATSIM Hong Kong Bank Angle 30° 45° 60° 90° Weight 65t 65t 65t 65t Lift 75.1t 91.9t 130t 0t Load Factor 1.15 1.41 2 Indefinite Load Factor on Turning http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

17. VATSIM Hong Kong Aerofoil Section - Air is separated in the leading edge - Air travelling above and below merges at the same time - Pressure above the wing reduced due to increased speed of air molecule. - Pressure below the wing also reduced but not as much as that above the wing. - So Lift is generated! http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

19. VATSIM Hong Kong Angle of Attack (AOA) - Angle between the chord line and the relative airflow - Chord line : straight line from the leading edge to the trailing edge - As AOA increase, lift increase until Critical AOA(16°) is reached - When AOA exceed C. AOA, - Airflow detached from the wing and become turbulent STALL! http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

20. VATSIM Hong Kong Accelerated Stall - When aircraft is turning/ pulling up from a dive,the load factor will be higher than 1G (as in what we have calculated.) - The stall speed will be higher than normal stall speed (which refers to 1G) - If we are turning 60° bank, the stall speed will be: 135 X sqrt(2) = 191 kts! http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

21. http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770 VATSIM Hong Kong Unit

22. VATSIM Hong Kong IAS, TAS and GS IAS = Indicated Air Speed - Is the "speed" which the instrument told you - Is important to flight performances (Lift, Stall, etc.) - May not be equal to the speed of the aircraft relative to the air TAS = True Air Speed - Is the speed of the aircraft relative to the air GS = Ground Speed - Is the speed of the aircraft relative to the ground at sea level http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

23. VATSIM Hong Kong IAS and TAS IAS - Is measured by Pitot tube, which is obtained by - Measuring the differences between dynamic (air ramming from the front) and static pressure (pressure in still air) Dynamic pressure: - So, for the same IAS, higher the altitude, less the air density and thus higher the TAS =air density =speed of the air molecules, i.e.(TAS) http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

24. VATSIM Hong Kong IAS and TAS High Altitude, Low Air Density IAS = 100kts P= 0.5 , TAS =141kts Low Altitude, High Air Density IAS = 100kts P = 1, TAS=100kts http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

25. VATSIM Hong Kong IAS and TAS Rules of Thumb: Increase your IAS at from MSL by 2% (or 1.8%) per 1000ft increase to obtain the Gross TAS: http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

26. VATSIM Hong Kong TAS and GS TAS=200kts Wind=0 Ground Speed =200kts Tailwind=20 Ground Speed =220kts TAS=200kts Headwind=20 TAS=200kts Ground Speed =180kts http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

28. QFE

29. QNE http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

31. Altimeter can use aerodrome elevation as reference (QFE)http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

33. QNE = 1013mb / 29.92 in

34. When aircraft passed Transition Level, local QNH will be used againhttp://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

35. VATSIM Hong Kong GMT -Full name: Greenwich Mean Time - Mean solar time at The Royal Observatory Greenwich - It is commonly used in practice to refer to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) when this is viewed as a time zone - Now, GMT was replaced as the international time reference by Coordinated Universal Time http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

36. VATSIM Hong Kong UTC - Full name: Universal Time, Coordinated - Based on Time Standard (International Atomic Time) with leap second added at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth ‘s slowing rotation - Denoted by letter “Z” - Does not change with a change of seasons - UT1 at The Royal Observatory Greenwich - 1 UTC day = 86,400 SI seco http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

37. VATSIM Hong Kong Time zone - Time zone is a region of the earth that has uniform standard time. - Time Zone is usually differ from UTC by an integral number time of hours. - Some Time Zones are differ by an integer number of half hours or quarter-hours. Example : Hong Kong : UTC+8 Iran : UTC+3:30 http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

38. http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770 VATSIM Hong Kong Time zone

41. Avoid confusion when flying between time zoneshttp://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

42. VATSIM Hong Kong Cloud Sky were divided to 8 parts to mention how many clouds on it 0/8 – Clear 1/8 - Few 2/8 - Few 3/8 - Scattered 4/8 - Scattered 5/8 - Broken 6/8 - Broken 7/9 - Broken 8/8 - Overcast http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

43. VATSIM Hong Kong Weather Report (METAR) - METAR - METeorological Aerodrome Report - A Format of weather information - Initially introduced at 1, January 1968 - Provided by weather observatory or automatic generated Main information provided: http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

44. VATSIM Hong Kong METAR Meaning Decoding VHHH ICAO airport code Hong Kong Airport 231830Z Date / Hour / Minute (UTC) Day of 2318:30Zulu time 06008KT Wind Direction / Speed (Knots) Wind heading 060 at 8 knots 7000 Visibility The visibility was 7000 meters FEW010 Few cloud Few cloud layer at 1000 ft SCT022 Scattered cloud Scatter cloud layer at 2200ft 20/17 Temperature / Dew Point 20oC / 17oC Q1017 Atmospheric pressure 1017 HPa NOSIG TREND Forecast No significant changes METAR meaning METAR VHHH 231830Z 06008KT 7000 FEW010SCT022 20/17 Q1017 NOSIG http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

45. VATSIM Hong Kong Air Frame Structure - Vertical Stabilizer - Horizontal Stabilizer - Wing - Body http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

47. Roll and Pitch

48. Rudder

49. Yaw

50. Flaps and Slats

51. Enhance lift force

52. Increase drag

53. Speed Brake

54. Increase Drag

55. Decrease Lift force http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

57. Helping pilot to performance yaw motion

58. Elevators controls pitch motion

59. However pilots can hold the elevator degree by moving pitch trim, but they were separated http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

61. Both of them are measuring essential performance reading

62. Two separated sets of tube are for Cap + F/O readinghttp://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

63. VATSIM Hong Kong Pitot Tubes and Static Ports - Pitot Tubes Measure Dynamic Pressure (Air ramming from the front) Airspeed reading increase while air being inserted into probes. - Static Ports Measures Static Pressure (Pressure of still air) - Alt. reading increase while pressure decrease - Airspeed is calculated by measuring the differential pressure from Pitot and Static. http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

64. VATSIM Hong Kong Pitot Tubes - Essential performance reading Speed and Altitude located under or near cockpit windows - Probes include Pitot Probes, Angle of attack probes, Total air temperature probes -Must be heated to prevent icing and Instrument failure http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

66. all lift are generated by wings

67. adding winglet can increase wingspan

68. Distance of Wright Brothers first flight are equals to Boeing 747-400 wingspanhttp://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

70. Winglets guided and “collected” wake turbulence to the edge of winglet rather than letting them flowing around

71. Thay can reduce drag to save fuel and minimize takeoff separation http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

74. Wires are directly connected between control yoke to control surfaces on small planes, however pilots are not able to control them because of great air pressure and weight on control surfaces.

75. Only Pitch Trim is powered by electrical http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

78. Unlike other aircraft, engine nacelles of Boeing 737NG are oval shape because of ground clearance.http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

80. Air will be compressed by the engine. Fuel burning inside the jet engine will heat and enlarge air inside the engine.

81. Finally these air will push forward the plane, thrust created. http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

82. http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770 VATSIM Hong Kong