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China low-temperature wind turbine
design and its application
- Qiying Zhang Guodian United Power China
- Professor He Dexin, CWEA
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China low-temperature wind turbine
design and its application
• Status of Wind Power Development
• Cold Climate in China
• Technical solutions , effect and problems
• Further actions
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3.
Status of Wind Power Development
- In order to cope with climate change and reduce GHG emissions, the
Chinese government put forward the strategic objective that “Non-
fossil energy will represent 15% of the energy by 2020.”
-The government also has the target to reduce carbon emissions “40%
to 45% by 2020 per GDP compared to the level of 2005.”
-To achieve the goals, Chinese government began implementing “The
Renewable Energy Law “ in 2005
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4.
Status of Wind Power Development
By 2010, the newly installed capacity is 18.9 GW. The total installed
capacity is 44.7GW. China has ranked on top in the world.
By the end of 2011, the installed capacity is above 60GW. The newly
grid-connected wind power in 2011 is 15.85GW and accumulated
amount is 47GW.
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5.
Status of Wind Power Development
50000 200%
40000
150%
30000
100%
20000
50%
10000
0 0%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Newly Installed Capacity 42 66 98 197 507 1288 3311 6154 13803 18928
Total Installed Capacity 381 448 546 743 1250 2537 5848 12002 25805 44733
Increasing Rate of NIC -46% 59% 48% 100% 158% 154% 157% 86% 124% 37%
Increasing Rate of TIC 12% 17% 22% 36% 68% 103% 131% 105% 115% 73%
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6.
Status of Wind Power Development
2010 Annual Installed Market Share
by Capacity
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7.
Status of Wind Power Development
United Power
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8.
Status of Wind Power Development
Multi-MW wind turbines
Sinovel 6MW Guodian United Power 6MW Goldwind 2.5MW
At present, the main WEC type is 1.5-3MW，some 6MW machines has
been produced for prototype, and the even bigger wind turbine is under
development.
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9.
Status of Wind Power Development
Pressure from Price
Unit: Yuan RMB/kW
Trend of WEC Price
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10.
Status of Wind Power Development
The ground test platform of WEC components
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Status of Wind Power Development
WEC should support the grid!
Low voltage ride-through (LVRT)
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Source: China Electric Power Research Institute

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Status of Wind Power Development
0.6
Basic Research(973 and 863 0.5
Program) 0.4
“Aerodynamics Basic Cp 0.3
Research for Large Scale 0.2
FVM
WEC” 0.1 CFD
EXP
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Tip speed ratio
4mX3m 8mX6m/12 mX16m Φ3.2m Numerical simulation
wind tunnel wind tunnel wind tunnel
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13.
Cold Climate in China
Most area of North China is Cold
Climate for wind turbine!
http://www.cma.gov.cn/tqyb/v2/product/product2011.php http://news.86516.com/tupian/h005/h77/577481.shtml 13

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Cold Climate in China
At the same time, some of these
areas is also Hot Climate for
wind turbine!
From: China Meteorological Administration
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Cold Climate in China
There are also sandstorms in
these area every year!
From: China Meteorological Administration
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Cold Climate in China
Wind Turbines will be installed
the area from the sea level from
0 to 4,000 meters!
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Technical solutions
effect and problems
The environment of the wind parks is normally the
combination of the above mentioned two factors or even
more!
Not only Cold Climate…, but...
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Cold Climate in China
North West China
- Cold Climate + Hot Climate + Sandstorm
- air density is 1.401kg/m^3 in winter, and 1.088 kg/m^3 in summer
ALaShankou(North West China) Temperature 1957-2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
50
40
Temperature ° C 30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
average high temperature average low temperature
extreme high temperature extreme low temperature
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Cold Climate in China
North China
- Cold Climate + Sandstorm
- air density is 1.102kg/m^3 in winter, and 0.902kg/m^3 in summer
HuiTengXiLe(North China) Temperature 1957-2008
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
40
30
20
Temperature ° C
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
average high temperature average low temperature
extreme high temperature extreme low temperature
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20.
Cold Climate in China
North East China
- Cold Climate
- air density is 1.349kg/m^3 in winter, and 1.065kg/m^3 in summer
HaiLaEr(North East China) Temperature 1957-2008
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
50
40
Temperature ° C 30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
average high temperature average low temperature
extreme high temperature extreme low temperature
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Technical solutions
effect and problems
The environment of the wind parks is normally the
combination of the above mentioned two factors or even
more!
The design of wind turbine suitable for all of these areas is a
great challenge for the manufacturer in China.
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Different Control
Different Control
Platform Strategy
Different Configuration
Different Configuration
Different Material
Different Material
Same structure design
Same structure design
effect and problems
Technical solutions
Cost & Quality
Cost & Quality
Plateau climate
Cold Climate
Hot Climate
Sandstorm

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Technical solutions
effect and problems
Loads
- Winter and Summer – big difference
altitude low air density high air density density
wind park
(m) temperature winter temperature summer difference
North A La
300 -30°C 1.401 40°C 1.088 129%
West China Shankou
Hui
North China 2100 -26°C 1.102 30°C 0.902 122%
TengXiLe
North
Hai LaEr 612 -30°C 1.349 35°C 1.065 127%
East China
In China the cold area is in high altitude region, this compensate
somewhat the increase of air density because of low
temperature. But it is not always the case! Capability to design
blade is very important!
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Technical solutions
effect and problems
Material
- deep cooperation wind suppliers
- deep cooperation with certification body
Bearing
Component Hub Main Frame
Housing
Normal Climate QT400-18AL Q345D QT400-18AL
QT400-18AL QT400-18AL
Cold Climate (impact test Q345E (impact test
12J at -40°C) 12J at -40°C)
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Technical solutions
effect and problems
Components
- All the components must be cold climate
- Cold climate test at the suppliers
- Gearbox cold climate start up test,
generator cold climate test
- Control System, Pitch System…
Integrated Development is the
solution, because 50% “know-how” is at
supplier!
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Technical solutions
effect and problems
Cooling System
- standard wind turbine
be afraid of hot in summer and afraid of cold
in winter.
- High altitude => low air density => lower
cooling capacity => larger air cooler or limit the power
- Sandstorm => Sealing of the Nacelle Cover => Filter System
altitude dependent specific
cooling capacity
0m 2.2 kW/K
800m 2.0 kW/K
2000m 1.6 kW/K
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Technical solutions
effect and problems
Heating System
- standard wind turbine
be afraid of hot in summer and afraid of cold in winter.
- EFFICIENT COLD START UP
=> distributed heating equipments
oil sump heating, heating jackets or hoses,
winding heating
=> Supporting fan heating
commissioning and maintenance(important)
=> good nacelle cover thermal isolation
The time for Cold Start Up has big influence on
productivity, so that it is a important parameter
for Customer Satisfaction
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Technical solutions
effect and problems
Sensors
- ICE Detecting Sensor
- Cold Climate Wind Speed Sensor and Wind Direction
Sensor
- Redundancy for wind Speed Sensor
- Plastic or Metal
- DEEP cooperation with supplier
(Technology, Cost and Quality)
Working Sensors is the
precondition for load
assumptions!
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29.
Technical solutions
effect and problems
ICE
- Expensive Task
- Experience
new blade has less ice than old one
=> smooth?
=> clean?
=> maintained?
- Ideas and Reality
solutions, some patents, less industrial use
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Technical solutions
effect and problems
Effect and problems
- newly installed wind turbines shows good availability
- cooling system works also well in summer
- cold start up works well, but time is relative long => productivity
- duty blade or sandstorm => ice on the blade
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Technical solutions
effect and problems
Effect and problems
- far from residential area => bad maintenance condition
- far from consumer => relative weak grid => grid connection
=> more cold start up
- cost pressure / technology => active de-ice system is not widely used
=> productivity
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Further Action
The Optimization should go further!
- intelligent Control (big air density difference, cold climate and hot climate)
- better maintenance
- cheaper de-ice system
- all kinds of measurement
- cooling system for hub because of also hot climate
-…
-…
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Further Action
Ice Rain: Cold Climate in Normal Climate
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Thank you for your attention!
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