Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines Michael J. Moser, Markus Brandner and Hubert Zangl, Graz University of Technology

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Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 1 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines Michael J. Moser, Markus Brandner and Hubert Zangl Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 2 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion?
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 3 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks.
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 4 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks. • Why blade-mount?
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 5 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks. • Why blade-mount? - Detect icing where it is relevant.
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 6 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks. • Why blade-mount? - Detect icing where it is relevant. • Why measure, not estimate from weather conditions?
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 7 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks. • Why blade-mount? - Detect icing where it is relevant. • Why measure, not estimate from weather conditions? - Get reliable information e.g. to trigger heating.
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 8 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 State of the Art • Weather monitoring and estimation - Detection of icing e.g. by means of standard ice detectors
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 9 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 State of the Art • Weather monitoring and estimation - Detection of icing e.g. by means of standard ice detectors • Ultrasonic and microwave ice thickness measurement - Deterioration due to pollution is possible, power demand is high
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 10 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 State of the Art • Weather monitoring and estimation - Detection of icing e.g. by means of standard ice detectors • Ultrasonic and microwave thickness measurement - Deterioration due to pollution is possible, power demand is high • Indirect Detection of aerodynamical changes - Loss of power generation is an indicator, detection of vibrations
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 11 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 State of the Art • Weather monitoring and estimation - Detection of icing e.g. by means of standard ice detectors • Ultrasonic and microwave thickness measurement - Deterioration due to pollution is possible, power demand is high • Indirect Detection of aerodynamical changes - Loss of power generation is an indicator, detection of vibrations • Measurement of rotor blade weight - Averages over entire blade surface
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 12 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 13 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 14 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 15 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 16 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface • Aim #3: Low power consumption
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 17 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface • Aim #3: Low power consumption – In particular: energy harvesting is feasible -> no wires
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 18 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface • Aim #3: Low power consumption – In particular: energy harvesting is feasible -> no wires • Aim #4: No change in aerodynamics
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 19 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface • Aim #3: Low power consumption – In particular: energy harvesting is feasible -> no wires • Aim #4: No change in aerodynamics – Mounted e.g. within heating foil / on or under shell coat
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 20 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 EMT‘s Key Competences Which measurement principles are suitable?
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 21 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 EMT‘s Key Competences Which measurement principles are suitable?
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 22 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 EMT‘s Key Competences Which measurement principles are suitable?
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 23 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Sensing Evaluation of the variable capacitance of a measurement capacitor, modification of
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 24 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Sensing Evaluation of the variable capacitance of a measurement capacitor, modification of - capacitor‘s geometry
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 25 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Sensing Evaluation of the variable capacitance of a measurement capacitor, modification of - capacitor‘s geometry - permittivity of the dielectric medium
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 26 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Sensing Evaluation of the variable capacitance of a measurement capacitor, modification of - capacitor‘s geometry - permittivity of the dielectric medium Planar capacitor Dielectric medium Parallel plate capacitor
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 27 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons + -
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 28 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Temp. Range -40°C + -
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 29 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Temp. Range -40°C Wireless Low Power Thickness measurement + -
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 30 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons x Small signal changes x Large offsets High accuracy High resolution Temp. Range -40°C Wireless Low Power Thickness measurement + -
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 31 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons x Small signal changes x Large offsets x Disturbers / EMC x Ambiguities x Model needed High accuracy High resolution Temp. Range -40°C Wireless Low Power Thickness measurement + -
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 32 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Method: Capacitance Tomography (ECT)
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 33 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Icing Detection on OHTL Capacitive Icing Sensor for OHTL
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 34 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Icing Detection on OHTL Capacitive Icing Sensor for OHTL Field Test since 2009-2011
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 35 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Icing Detection on OHTL Capacitive Icing Sensor for OHTL Field Test since 2009-2011 Commercial Product since 2011
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 36 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection - Make use of optical properties of ice, water and air
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 37 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection - Make use of optical properties of ice, water and air
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 38 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection - Make use of optical properties of ice, water and air
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 39 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons + -
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 40 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution + -
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 41 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Robustness against disturbers Selectivity + -
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 42 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Robustness against disturbers Selectivity + -x more power needed x pollution effects x lifetime of optical components
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 43 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Robustness against disturbers Selectivity + -x more power needed x pollution effects x lifetime of optical components x mechanical issues x no thickness measurement
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 44 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Lab Measurement Setup
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 45 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Lab Measurement Setup
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 46 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Lab Measurement Setup
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 47 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Icing Experiment Results 0 500 1000 1500 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 x 10 4 Icing Experiment IcingIndicator(a.u.)
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 48 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible.
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 49 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible. • Capacitance Tomography methods can be applied to estimate ice layer thickness and quality.
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 50 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible. • Capacitance Tomography methods can be applied to estimate ice layer thickness and quality. • Water (melting ice layers, rain and drying) can be clearly distinguished from any other state.
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 51 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible. • Capacitance Tomography methods can be applied to estimate ice layer thickness and quality. • Water (melting ice layers, rain and drying) can be clearly distinguished from any other state. • Ice layers can be watched while growing, thickness can be determined.
Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 52 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible. • Capacitance Tomography methods can be applied to estimate ice layer thickness and quality. • Water (melting ice layers, rain and drying) can be clearly distinguished from any other state. • Ice layers can be watched while growing, thickness can be determined. • Sensor Fusion approach: Optical icing detection can eliminate ambiguities in capacitive measurement (improved ice/water discrimination)
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Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines Michael J. Moser, Markus Brandner and Hubert Zangl, Graz University of Technology

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Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines Michael J. Moser, Markus Brandner and Hubert Zangl, Graz University of Technology

  • 1. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 1 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines Michael J. Moser, Markus Brandner and Hubert Zangl Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
  • 2. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 2 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion?
  • 3. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 3 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks.
  • 4. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 4 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks. • Why blade-mount?
  • 5. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 5 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks. • Why blade-mount? - Detect icing where it is relevant.
  • 6. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 6 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks. • Why blade-mount? - Detect icing where it is relevant. • Why measure, not estimate from weather conditions?
  • 7. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 7 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Motivation • Why fusion? - Both capacitive and optical icing detectors have shown to work but might have drawbacks. • Why blade-mount? - Detect icing where it is relevant. • Why measure, not estimate from weather conditions? - Get reliable information e.g. to trigger heating.
  • 8. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 8 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 State of the Art • Weather monitoring and estimation - Detection of icing e.g. by means of standard ice detectors
  • 9. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 9 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 State of the Art • Weather monitoring and estimation - Detection of icing e.g. by means of standard ice detectors • Ultrasonic and microwave ice thickness measurement - Deterioration due to pollution is possible, power demand is high
  • 10. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 10 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 State of the Art • Weather monitoring and estimation - Detection of icing e.g. by means of standard ice detectors • Ultrasonic and microwave thickness measurement - Deterioration due to pollution is possible, power demand is high • Indirect Detection of aerodynamical changes - Loss of power generation is an indicator, detection of vibrations
  • 11. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 11 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 State of the Art • Weather monitoring and estimation - Detection of icing e.g. by means of standard ice detectors • Ultrasonic and microwave thickness measurement - Deterioration due to pollution is possible, power demand is high • Indirect Detection of aerodynamical changes - Loss of power generation is an indicator, detection of vibrations • Measurement of rotor blade weight - Averages over entire blade surface
  • 12. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 12 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement
  • 13. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 13 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface
  • 14. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 14 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability
  • 15. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 15 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface
  • 16. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 16 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface • Aim #3: Low power consumption
  • 17. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 17 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface • Aim #3: Low power consumption – In particular: energy harvesting is feasible -> no wires
  • 18. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 18 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface • Aim #3: Low power consumption – In particular: energy harvesting is feasible -> no wires • Aim #4: No change in aerodynamics
  • 19. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 19 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 New Approach • Aim #1: „Direct“ measurement – Measurement of icing on multiple points on the rotor blade surface • Aim #2: Scalability – In principle, applicable to any surface • Aim #3: Low power consumption – In particular: energy harvesting is feasible -> no wires • Aim #4: No change in aerodynamics – Mounted e.g. within heating foil / on or under shell coat
  • 20. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 20 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 EMT‘s Key Competences Which measurement principles are suitable?
  • 21. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 21 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 EMT‘s Key Competences Which measurement principles are suitable?
  • 22. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 22 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 EMT‘s Key Competences Which measurement principles are suitable?
  • 23. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 23 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Sensing Evaluation of the variable capacitance of a measurement capacitor, modification of
  • 24. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 24 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Sensing Evaluation of the variable capacitance of a measurement capacitor, modification of - capacitor‘s geometry
  • 25. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 25 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Sensing Evaluation of the variable capacitance of a measurement capacitor, modification of - capacitor‘s geometry - permittivity of the dielectric medium
  • 26. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 26 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Sensing Evaluation of the variable capacitance of a measurement capacitor, modification of - capacitor‘s geometry - permittivity of the dielectric medium Planar capacitor Dielectric medium Parallel plate capacitor
  • 27. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 27 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons + -
  • 28. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 28 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Temp. Range -40°C + -
  • 29. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 29 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Temp. Range -40°C Wireless Low Power Thickness measurement + -
  • 30. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 30 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons x Small signal changes x Large offsets High accuracy High resolution Temp. Range -40°C Wireless Low Power Thickness measurement + -
  • 31. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 31 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive: Pros and Cons x Small signal changes x Large offsets x Disturbers / EMC x Ambiguities x Model needed High accuracy High resolution Temp. Range -40°C Wireless Low Power Thickness measurement + -
  • 32. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 32 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Method: Capacitance Tomography (ECT)
  • 33. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 33 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Icing Detection on OHTL Capacitive Icing Sensor for OHTL
  • 34. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 34 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Icing Detection on OHTL Capacitive Icing Sensor for OHTL Field Test since 2009-2011
  • 35. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 35 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Capacitive Icing Detection on OHTL Capacitive Icing Sensor for OHTL Field Test since 2009-2011 Commercial Product since 2011
  • 36. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 36 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection - Make use of optical properties of ice, water and air
  • 37. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 37 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection - Make use of optical properties of ice, water and air
  • 38. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 38 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection - Make use of optical properties of ice, water and air
  • 39. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 39 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons + -
  • 40. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 40 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution + -
  • 41. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 41 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Robustness against disturbers Selectivity + -
  • 42. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 42 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Robustness against disturbers Selectivity + -x more power needed x pollution effects x lifetime of optical components
  • 43. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 43 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Optical Icing Detection: Pros and Cons High accuracy High resolution Robustness against disturbers Selectivity + -x more power needed x pollution effects x lifetime of optical components x mechanical issues x no thickness measurement
  • 44. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 44 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Lab Measurement Setup
  • 45. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 45 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Lab Measurement Setup
  • 46. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 46 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Lab Measurement Setup
  • 47. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 47 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Icing Experiment Results 0 500 1000 1500 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 x 10 4 Icing Experiment IcingIndicator(a.u.)
  • 48. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 48 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible.
  • 49. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 49 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible. • Capacitance Tomography methods can be applied to estimate ice layer thickness and quality.
  • 50. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 50 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible. • Capacitance Tomography methods can be applied to estimate ice layer thickness and quality. • Water (melting ice layers, rain and drying) can be clearly distinguished from any other state.
  • 51. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 51 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible. • Capacitance Tomography methods can be applied to estimate ice layer thickness and quality. • Water (melting ice layers, rain and drying) can be clearly distinguished from any other state. • Ice layers can be watched while growing, thickness can be determined.
  • 52. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 52 Sensor fusion for a blade surface-mount icing detector for wind turbines – Winterwind 2012, Skellefteå, Sweden – 7./8.2.2012 Summary • A capacitive measurement principle for the detection of rotor blade icing is feasible. • Capacitance Tomography methods can be applied to estimate ice layer thickness and quality. • Water (melting ice layers, rain and drying) can be clearly distinguished from any other state. • Ice layers can be watched while growing, thickness can be determined. • Sensor Fusion approach: Optical icing detection can eliminate ambiguities in capacitive measurement (improved ice/water discrimination)