Plant Tissue [Edited Version]
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Plant Tissue [Edited Version]
- 1. BOTANY 103 Introduction To Plant Structure Chapter 3 Presented by: Fasama Hilton Kollie Lecturer, Department of Biology Mother Patern College of Health Sciences September 27, 2018
- 2. LESSON OUTLINE 1. Meristematic tissues 2. Basic types of plant cells 3. Tissues of vascular plants 4. An overview of vascular plants 5. An overview of plant growth and development
- 3. LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of this session, learners will be able to; 1. Define meristematic tissues 2. Identify the various types of plant tissue 3. Identify structural, locational and functional differences of these tissues 4. Discuss the process of translocation and transpiration in plant 5. State at least two significance of each plant tissue
- 4. INTRODUCTION C o a s t R e d w o o d ( s e q u o i a s e m p e r v i r e n s )
- 5. Meristematic Tissues • Derived from Greek meristos – “Divided” • Unspecialized cells that can divided indefinitely to produce new cells • Meristems is the region where meristematic cells dwell • Meristematic tissues are usually found at the apex of root and shoot
- 7. Characteristics of Meristematic tissues • They are living and have thin walled • Cells are spherical, oval or polygonal in shape • Vacuoles are few and small in size • Dense protoplasm and conspicuous nuclei A typical Meristematic Tissue
- 8. Classification of Meristem Based on: Origin Based on: Position 1. Promeristem 2. Primary meristem 3. Secondary meristem 1. Apical meristem 2. Intercalary meristem 3. Lateral meristem
- 9. Promeristem • Early embryonic meristem from which other advanced meristems are derived • Their function is to produce the cells of the primary meristems • It’s made up of Initials • It divide further to form primary meristem Leaf primordium
- 10. Primary Meristems • Derived from Promeristem • Give rise to the primary tissue systems: protoderm, ground meristem & procambium • These cells divide and form permanent tissues
- 11. Secondary Meristem • Derived from primary meristem permanent tissues that have the capacity of division • Form meristematic tissues (Cambium) →Vascular cambium →Cork cambium
- 12. Classification Based on Their Position 1. Apical Meristem 2. Intercalary Meristem 3. Lateral Meristem
- 13. Apical Meristem: • Located at the tips of root and shoots of plants • For Primary growth Shoot apical meristem
- 15. Intercalary Meristem: • Present at the base of leaves, nodes and internodes • Help in longitudinal growth of plants
- 16. Lateral Meristems: • lies on the side of the plant’s body. • Gives the plant it’s width or girth (Secondary growth) • Produces secondary tissues that function primarily in support and conduction.
- 20. Parenchyma Cells • Major plant tissue found in all types of plants • They are less spherical, oval, cubical, or elongated in shape • Have very large vacuoles and are frequently found in all roots, stems, leaves and fruits
- 21. Types of Parenchyma Cells 1. Chlorenchyma 2. Aerenchyma
- 22. Function of Parenchyma Cell • Aid in photosynthesis • Store foods and water in leaves, stems, seeds and fruits • Controls plant’s metabolism like photosynthesis, respiration
- 23. Collenchyma Cells • From Greek Kolla – “ Glue” • They are alive during the cell maturity • Cells are elongated • They have a thicker and more uneven wall than parenchyma cells
- 24. Function of Collenchyma Cell • The main function of collenchyma cells is to provide flexibility
- 25. Sclerenchyma Cells • From a greek word – skleros meaning “hard” • Thick, tough secondary cell wall normally impregnated with lignin • Most are dead at maturity • They vary in shape but are often cubical • Provide rigid structure and protection
- 26. • They provide structural strength in regions that have stopped growing in length and no longer need to be flexible • 2 main kinds: fibers and sclereids Fibers are elongated with secondary walls and impregnated with lignin They are usually in group and this enable stems to move in wind without snapping. Sclereids vary in shape but are often cubical or spherical They make structures rock-hard and inflexible
- 28. COMPLEX TISSUE • Mixture of two or more simple tissues • These simple tissues can modify into more specialized cells for transport , support, and protection. • Complex tissues are organized into three functional unit known as a Tissue System, and they are continuous throughout the plant
- 29. • The three tissue systems in vascular plants are the • Dermal tissue system • Vascular tissue system • Ground tissue system
- 31. A. The Dermal Tissue System • Dermal from Greek derma – “Skin” • The dermal tissue system is the outer protective covering of the plant. • In a typical plant the dermal tissue is made of one layer with their cells closely packed together to produce a secure boundary known as Epidermis.
- 32. The Dermal Tissue System • In plants that have more than one growing season, the epidermis of the stem and root is replaced by a protective tissue known as Periderm.
- 33. Features of The Epidermis • The dermal tissue can become more modified through the production of hair like extensions called Trichomes. • E.g. in specialized, stinging hairs of Urtica (Nettle) species they deliver inflammatory chemicals such as histamine
- 35. • On top of the epidermis is a thin layer of waxy cuticle made of fatty substance called cutin • The guard cell formed tiny hole on the leaves known as stoma (stomata). • The epidermis also has two highly specialized cells that contains chloroplast known as guard cells
- 36. B. The Vascular Tissue System • It’s a continuous system of tissue that conduct water, minerals, and food. • This system consist of two complex tissues namely; ‒ Xylem ‒ Phloem • Sap is the contents transported by both tissues
- 37. water & minerals sugar Vascular Tissue System
- 38. • The basic function of xylem is to transport water from roots to shoot and leaves • It also transports some nutrients • Xylem consists of a combination of Tracheids, Vessel, Parenchyma Cells, and Fibers
- 39. • Tracheids ‒ Long cells with tapered ends ‒ They are highly differentiated type of sclerenchyma cells ‒ Dead at maturity and provide functional support ‒ Tracheid secondary cell wall has thinner regions called pits Tracheids
- 40. • Vessel − These are long tubes composed of individual cells called vessel elements − Vessel elements are formed by dead cells and serve as pipeline system in plants − They transport water and minerals more rapidly than tracheids Vessel member
- 41. • Parenchyma cells − Xylem parenchyma cells like other parenchyma cells helps to store food ‒ Xylem fibers are tread like cells that provide support to the tissues as well as the plants • Fibers
- 42. Xylem
- 43. Xylem • How does the xylem transport water from the roots to the rest of the plant against gravity? • The transport is passive, its not powered by energy. • Several phenomena cause xylem sap to flow: ─ Pressure flow hypothesis ─ Transpirational pull ─ Root pressure
- 44. Xylem
- 45. II. Phloem • Phloem tissue conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant • It’s composed mostly of two types of cells without secondary walls • These are: ─ Sieve tubes member (elements) ─ Companion cell ─ Phloem parenchyma
- 46. Phloem • Companion cells: are adjacent the sieve-tube members and it gives them metabolic support • Sieve-tube: at maturity don’t have a nucleus therefore companion cell do supply them with protein
- 48. C. Ground Tissue System • Also called the fundamental tissue system • Consist of all the tissues other than the vascular and dermal tissue system • The are usually formed between the dermal and vascular tissue were they are known as the Cortex. • The ground tissues can appear on the inside of vascular tissues sometimes and here they are called Pith
- 49. PARENCHYMA COL L ENCHYMA SCL ERENCHYMA
- 50. TABLE 31-1 Characteristics of Plant Tissue systems Tissue systems Types of cells Location Function in roots Functions in stems Function in leaves Dermal tissue system Flat, living parenchyma (epidermal cells) in nonwoody parts; flat, dead parenchyma (cork cells) in wood parts Outermost layer(s) of cells Absorption, protection Gas exchange, protection Gas exchange, protection Ground tissue system Mostly parenchyma, usually with some collenchyma and fewer sclerenchyma Between dermal and vascular in nonwoody plant parts Support storage Support, storage Photosynthesis, Flexible & Rigid support Vascular tissue system Elongated cells-dead xylem and living phloem, also parenchyma and sclerenchyma (fibers) Tube throughout plant Transport, support Transport, support Transport, support
- 51. Reference • Nabor, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., Publilshing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. www.aw-bc.com
Editor's Notes
- Work on the chapter outline properly
- Cells are spherical, oval or polygonal in shape Do not store reserve food materials and are in an active state of metabolism Change the images here
- Find different image to replace the above image
- In Plants, it occupies a small area at the tip of stem and root Continuous division is the characteristic of initials
- They are present below the Promeristem at shoot and root apex
- Vascular cambium, responsible for the secondary thickening of plant organs Cork cambium, which produce the periderm which provides extra protection to plants that undergo secondary growth through the production of dermal tissues
- Apical meristem produce PRIMARY MERISTEMS; Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium The tissues produce by the above primary meristems are called PRIMARY TISSUES
- Node Internode
- The vascular cambium and cork cambium, are lateral meristems
- After cells are produced by meristems, the cells assume various shapes and sizes related to their functions as they develop and mature
- Have thin primary cell wall Serve as space-fillers and structural components
- Chlorenchyma; Provides support to plants and also stores food Contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis Aerenchyma; Provides buoyancy to the plant to help the float
- Found in leaf blades and below the stalks below epidermis In other to provide support both parenchyma and collenchyma cells must be turgid
- Lignin makes them flexible as well as strong
- such as a mixture of parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and water conducting cells.
- All of which originates from meristematic cells
- The dermal tissue begin as parenchyma cells, which are then modified to form various types of cells that protect the plant from physical damage and desiccation
- The periderm consists mainly of nonliving cork cells that protect the plants from predators and water loss
- Plants may use trichomes in order to inhibit herbivore attack via Physical and/or Chemical means.
- The function of this layer is to prevent water loss
- Xylem brings water and mineral nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. Phloem moves sugar and organic nutrients (food produced by photosynthesis) from the leaves to the rest of the plant
- They were the first water conducting cells to evolve in vascular plants They align with each other to form a continuous water- conducting system Tracheids have Pits and they are areas in which no secondary wall material has been deposited PITS are gaps or holes in the secondary cell wall PIT allow water to pass from one cell to another In some plants, the pit function in regulating the passage of water between adjacent cells Some plants have bordered pits. Bordered pits have a thick area called TORUS, in the center of the pit membrane Torus acts like a valve to control water and minerals flow b/w cells
- These are long tubes composed of individual cells called Vessel elements, that are open at each end They transport water more rapidly than tracheid. HOWEVER, if air bubble forms in a single tracheid, the flow of water is hinder only in that cell but affect the other cells water movement AIR AMBUSM
- Pressure flow hypothesis: Sugars produced in the leaves and other green tissues are kept in the phloem system, creating a solute pressure difference the xylem system carrying a far lower load of solutes- water and minerals EDUCATION GAME Divide the class into three groups and allow each group to discuss how the xylem transport water and minerals as per the phenomena assign to each group. Ask every student to have an idea of how this occur. Access the discussion for POSITIVE and NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- Phloem tissue conducts dissolved food materials (primarily sugars) produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant
- Unlike tracheids sieve-tube members remain alive at maturity, therefore making them highly differentiated parenchyma cells Stacked end-end to form sieve-tubes they conduct organic nutrients from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Sieve plates is a distinctive feature of the cell which has a cell wall with membrane line pores that allow materials to pass from one cell to another.