Types of technology, Management of technology portfolio by a nation and an organization, Various stages of Technology Life Cycle ... TLC

1. Types of Technology &
Its Life cycle
By
Dr. Vijay Kr Khurana

2. What are various types of
technologies?
• Generic, Basic & Key Technologies
• Embodied & Disembodied Technologies
• System & Infra Technologies
• Hybrid & Emerging Technologies
• Disruptive & Sustaining Technologies

3. What are various types of
technologies?
Disruptive & Sustaining Technologies
• Disruptive Technology – A disruptive technology or
disruptive innovation is an innovation that helps
create a new market and value network, and
eventually goes on to disrupt an existing market and
value network (over a few years or decades),
displacing an earlier technology.
• A sustaining innovation does not create new markets
or value networks but rather only evolves existing
ones with better value, allowing the firms within to
compete against each other's sustaining
improvements.

4. What are various types of
technologies?
• Disruptive Technology –
• Disruptive technologies rarely wipe older
technologies off the face of the earth, or out of
the business world altogether. But they do often
wipe out particular firms
• Often established firms will flee upmarket trying to
make up the revenues and margins lost to the
disruption rising from below. They often eventually
fail.

5. What are various types of technologies?
Example - Disruptive Technology
Digital Chemical Early digital cameras suffered
Technolog photograp from low picture quality and
y hy resolution and long shutter lag.
Quality , shutter lag and
resolution are no longer any
issue. The convenience of small
memory cards and portable
hard drives that hold hundreds
or thousands of pictures, as
well as the lack of the need to
develop these pictures, has led
to replacement of chemical
photographic camera by digital

6. What are various types of technologies?
Example … contd…
Digital Chemical It led to the sharp decline in
Technolog photograp consumer demand for common
y hy 35 mm print film which had a
deleterious effect on free-
riders such as slide and
infrared film stocks, which are
now more expensive to produce

7. What are various types of
technologies?
• Disruptive Technology –

8. What is technology portfolio?
• Products or manufacturing processes are generally
not based on single technology.
• A number of technologies are embodied /
encapsulated in most of products and manufacturing
processes.
• Thus an organization is generally required to manage
a portfolio of technologies.
• The technologies in the technology portfolio are
inter-related and influence each other.
• Portfolio may keep on changing.

9. What is technology portfolio?
• Both nation & firm are required to maintain an
appropriate technology portfolio.
• Technology portfolio decides the competitiveness
and long term economic future of both nation and
the firm.

10. Technology portfolio of a
firm
a. Technology Portfolio for Manufacture of
Passenger Car
•Steel making •Electronic
•Metal cutting engineering
•Metal body •Combustion
forming engineering
•Welding •Rubber & plastic
•Electrical technology
engineering •Glass technology
•Mechanical •Paint technology
engineering •& So-on

11. Technology portfolio of a
Nation
b. A nation is also required to manage a portfolio of
technologies. National technology policy aim at
managing national technology portfolio / technology
base with following objectives:
• The national technology portfolio should lead to
sustainable technological progress / advancement
• The national technology portfolio should provide to
long-term technological competitiveness, more
efficiency, more productivity, more value generation
and should lead to improvement in living standards
of masses.

12. Technology portfolio of a
Nation
b. … contd ….
• Focus is to seek development, acquisition,
absorption and diffusion of appropriate technologies
• The cost of technological change / improvement to
the nation should be manageable and optimal.
• Dependence on inappropriate and older technologies
should be reduced.
• There should be increased role and contribution of
renewable energy technologies.

13. Technology portfolio of a
Nation
b. … contd ….
• National technology portfolio should help in better
disaster management.
• National technology portfolio should facilitate
better law & order, internal security.
• It should help in conservation of resources,
facilitate recycling, and help in strengthening of
resources.

14. Technology portfolio of a
Nation
b. … contd ….
• It should help in better environment management;
and protection and growth of flora and fuana.
• National technology portfolio should help in creating
right and supportive economic environment and
infrastructure.

15. What is Technology Life
Cycle?
• The biological concept of a life Cycle (i.e. Birth,
Growth, Maturity & Death) can also be applied to a
technology and the product, service or process
associated with it.

16. What is Technology Life
Cycle?
• The technology life-cycle (TLC) describes the
commercial gain of a product through the expense
of research and development phase, and the
financial return during its "vital life" .
• The TLC associated with a product or technological
service is different from product life-cycle (PLC)
dealt with in product life-cycle management. PLC is
concerned with the life of a product in the market-
place in respect of timing of introduction, marketing
measures and business costs.

17. What is Technology Life
Cycle?
• The technology life cycle is concerned with the time
and cost of developing the technology, the timeline
of recovering cost and modes of making the
technology yield a profit proportionate to the costs
and risks involved.
• The TLC may, further, be protected during its cycle
with patents and trademark seeking to lengthen the
cycle and to maximize the profit from it.
• The development of a competitive product or
process can have a major effect on the lifespan of
the technology, making it shorter.

18. What is Technology Life
Cycle?
• Some technologies, such as steel, paper or cement
manufacturing, have a long lifespan (with minor
variations in technology incorporated with time)
whilst in other cases, such as electronic or
pharmaceutical products, the lifespan may be quite
short.
• The technology life cycle can be broken down into
following distinct stages / phases:

19. What is Technology Life Cycle?
Stage / Technological Features
Phase
• Stage / Phase
No
I Technology Basic Technology
Development
II Technology Technology + Applications
Application
III Application Technology + Applications + Product
Launch Launch
IV Application Technology + Applications + Rise in
Growth product sales
V Technological Technology + Applications + Fall in
Maturity product sales
VI Degraded Minimal Product sales + Loss of
Technology application + Alternative Technology

20. Example - Technology Life Cycle in
cars
• On March 8, 1866 Daimler designed world’s first
four-wheeled automobile.
• Later, Henry Ford made his first car in 1896 called
Quandricycle and later on introduced model T,
which became a success after installing assembly
lines in 1913.
• Many technological changes have taken place at very
fast pace in cars during last 140-150 years .

21. Example - Technology Life Cycle in
cars
Fuels used Types of Engine Body
•Steam •From 2 stroke •Sharp Edges to
•Coal gas engine to 4 round & smooth
stroke surfaces with
•Gunpowder
aerodynamics
•Mixture of
Hydrogen & •Manual steering
Oxygen to Power steering •From metallic
•Kerosene interiors to
•Continuous plastic based
•Petrol /
interiors
Diesel Improvement in
features based
•Electricity
Future aimonCar which can run on road and fly
•Solar : electronics

22. Types of Technology &
Its Life cycle
By
Dr. Vijay Kr Khurana