The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider located at CERN near Geneva. Protons are accelerated and collided at energies of 7 TeV in the 27 km circular tunnel. Four detectors - ATLAS, CMS, ALICE, and LHCb - study the particles produced in the collisions to address fundamental questions in physics such as the discovery of the Higgs boson and exploration of dark matter and extra dimensions. The LHC began operations in 2008 but was halted that year due to an incident. It resumed collisions in 2009 and made its first major discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012.

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SULTANPUR(U.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF physics
SESSION: 2016-17
Submitted to:
Dr. S.K. SRIVASTAVA
H.O.D PHYSICS
KNIPSS SULTANPUR
Submitted By:
VIVEK VISHWAKARMA
M.Sc. PRE. PHYSICS
KNIPSS SULTANPUR
Under super vision of:
Mr. VIPIN SHARMA

2. Large Hadrons Collider
Introduction :-
The large hadrons collider (LHC) is the world's largest and
highest- energy particle accelerator. It was built by the European
organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) from 1998 to 2008,
with the aim of following physicists to test the predictions of
different of different theories of partial physics and high energy
physics, and particularly that of the existence of the
hypothesized Higgs boson and of the large family of new
particles predicted by super symmetric theories.
The L.H.C is expected to address some of the most fundamental
questions of physics, advancing human understanding of the
deepest laws of nature.

3. The Large Hadron Collider
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LHC is located at CERN
CERN is located near Geneva
Part of CERN is in France
The LHC collides protons
Center of Mass E=14 TeV ~7X Fermilab
Very high luminosity ~100X Fermilab
Goal: discover Higgs+SUSY+???

4. The Large Hadron Collider
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ATLAS site
~4.3km
main lab

5. Etymology:-
Hadrons:-
The term hadrons refers to composite particles
composed of quarks help together by the strong force (as atoms
and molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force).
The best – known hadrons are protons and neutrons; hadrons
also includes mesons a such as pion and kaon, which were
discovered during cosmic ray experiments in the late 1940,s and
early 1950,s.
Collider:-
A collider is a type of a particle accelerator with directed beams
of elementary particles. In particle physics colliders are used as a
research teal: they accelerate particles to very high kinetic
energies and let them interact other particles.

6. Design:-
The L.H.C is the worlds largest and highest – energy particle
accelerator.
The collider is contained in a circular tunnel with a
circumference of 27 kilometers (17mile) as deep as 175 meter
underground it crosses the border b/w Switzerland and France
at four paints, with most of it in France.
The collider tunnel contains two adjacent parallel beam lines
corbeam pipes that intersect at four points each containing a
proton beam, which travel in opposite directions around the
ring.
It was built by 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100
countries, as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.

7. The Large Hadron Collider
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Magnetic field at 7 TeV: 8.33 Tesla
Operating temperature: 1.9 K
Number of magnets: ~9300
Number of main dipoles: 1232
Number of quadrupoles: ~858
Number of correcting magnets: ~6208
Number of RF cavities: 8 per beam;
Field strength at top energy ≈ 5.5 MV/m
Power consumption: ~120 MW

8. How Do We Get 7 TeV Protons?
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~1 GeV
~2 GeV
~450 GeV
~1011 protons/beam
~7 TeV final beam energy
~25 GeV
LINACPSBPSSPSLHC

9. Detectors:-
Atlas:- One of two general purpose detectors. Atlas will be used to look for
sings of new physics, including the origins of mass and extra dimensions.
CMS:- Hunt for higgs boson and look for clues to the nature of Clark
matter.
ALICE:- Alice is studying a “fluid” form of matter called quark- gluon
plasma that exited shortly after the Big-bang.
LHC:- Equal amount of matter and antimatter were created in the Big-
Bang LHCB will try to investigate. What happened to the “missing”
antimatter.

10. The Large Hadron Collider
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50-175m

11. Questions that may be explored using high energy
particle collisions:-
What is the nature of the dark matter that appears to account
for 235 of the mass-energy of the universe?
Why is the fourth fundamental force gravity so many orders
of magnitude weaker than the other three fundamental forces?
Are there additional sources of quark flour mixing, beyond
those already predicated with in the standard model?
What are the nature and properties of quark-gluon plasma.

12. Operational History:-
The first beam was circulated through the collider on the
morning of 10 September 2008. the proton beams were
successfully circulated in the main ring of the L.H.C for first time.
But 9 days later operations were halted due to a magnet quench
incident resulting from an electrical fault the ensuring helium
gas explosion damaged over superconducting magnets.
On 20 November 2009 proton beams were successfully
circulated again with the first recorded proton- proton collisions
occurring 3 days later at the injection energy of 450 Gev beam.
On 30 march 2010 the first collisions took place b/w 3.5 tev
beams, setting the current world record for the highest energy
man made particle collision,

13. TIME LINE OF OPERATIONS
Date Event
10 Sep 2008:- CERN successfully fired the first protons around the entire
tunnel ckt in stages.
19 Sep 2008:- Magnetic quench occurred in about 100 bending magnets in
sec 3 and 4 causing a loss of approximately 6 tones of liquid helium.
6 Oct 2008:- CERN released a preliminary analysis of the accident.
20 Nov 2009:- low energy beams circulated in all four detectors at 450 Gev.
23 Nov 2009:- First particle collisions in all four detectors at 450 Gev.
30 Nov 2009:- L.H.C becomes the world's highest energy particle accelerator
aching 1.18 Tev/beam.

14. 24 May 2011:- Quark – gluon plasma achieved.
22 Dec 2011:- First new particle discovery the xb (3p) bottomonium state.
5 Apr 2012:- First collision with stable beams in 2012 after the winter
shutdown. The energy in increased to $ Tev/ beam (8 Tev in collisions).
4 July 2012:- Second new particle discovery, a new boson observed that is
“consistent with” the theorized Higgs boson.

15. The total operating budget of the LHC runs to about $1
billion per year . Taking all of those costs into
consideration ,the total cost of finding the Higgs boson
ran about $13.25 billion.
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16. Purpose:-
Physicists hope the L.H.C will help answer some of the
fundamental open questions in physics, concerning the basic
laws governing the interactions and forces among the
elementary objects, the deep structure of space and time, and in
particular and in particular the interrelation b/w quantum
mechanics and general relativity where current theories and
knowledge are unclear or break down altogether.