1. The International School of Vitiligo & Pigmentary Disorders
Barcelona, 2-5 November 2011
‘
‘
Linda Tognetti, MD
Division of Clinical, Preventive and Oncologic Dermatology
Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery
University of Florence (Italy)

2. THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CUTANEOUS PHOTO-DAMAGE
Photochemic reaction in the skin
UV light SKIN CROMOPHORES
φ photonbreakdown
filaggrin
> Urocanic acid
1O singlet oxygen
(high concentrations superficially in the epidermis)
2
UV
absorption > DNA changes between adjacent pyrimidine bases
Mutagenic Strand breaks +
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
lesions nucleic acids oxidation
Proteins and lipids Cell membrane damage Inflammation
peroxidation
Extracellular accumulation
PHOTO-CARCINOGENESIS
Melanoma; BCC and SCC
Dermal matrix alteration
PHOTO-AGING
wrinkles, dryness, telangiectasia,
pigmentary abnormalities
Masaki H. Role of antioxidants in the skin: anti-aging effects. J Dermatol Sci 2010;58(2):85-90.
Sander CS et al. Oxidative stress in malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2003;148(5):913-22.

3. THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF
VITILIGO
Significantly lower levels of: -
vitamins C Significantly higher levels of
- vitamin E indicators of oxidative stress:
- superoxidedismutase
- glutathione peroxidase malondialdehyde
- catalase and xanthine oxidase
- total antioxidant ativity
in the skin and blood of vitiligo patients, compared
Imbalance of ROS scavenging with controls H2O2 transfered from
system in vitiligo melanocytes keratinocytes to melanocytes
ROS cause lipid peroxidation of cellular membrane of melanocytes
ROS alter melanocytes’ specific factors to produce neo-antigens
 amplify antigen presentation
 promote autoimmune destruction of melanocytes
Koca R PV et al. Determination of oxidative stress in vitiligo by measuring superoxide dismutase and catalase levels in 406-9.
Sravani et al. Oxidant-antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in generalized vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004; 29(4): vitiliginous and non-vitiliginous
Oxidative damage is the initial pathogenic event in melanocyte degeneration
skin. Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2009;75:268–271.
Khan R et al. Circulatory levels as antioxidantsreactive oxygen species by transferring hydrogen peroxide to melanocytes. be Arch
Pelle E et al. Keratinocytesdysregulation, oxidative stress, autoimmunity, and melanocytorrhagy in vitiligo: Can they J Invest Dermatol Res 2009;
Namazi MR. Neurogenic act of a source of and lipid peroxidation in Indian patients with generalized and localized vitiligo. interconnected? Pigment
301(10):731-7
2005;124:793–797.
Cell Res 2007;20:360-3.
Haider N et al. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Vitiligo Patients.Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci 2010; 9(2): 103-8.

4. High metabolic demands
SKIN
Environmental factors Increased Depletion of
OXIDATIVE
(smoking, pollution) oxidative antioxidants reserves
DAMAGE
stress  Physiologic
antioxidant systems
are insufficient
ANTIOXIDANTS
ORAL ADMINISTRATION: TOPICAL
Diet, supplementati It may prevent Sunscreen
on creams
and/or limit
photo-damage and
vitiligo
pathogenesis?
Gonzalez S et al. A New Generation of Oral Photoprotectors. The Open Dermatology Journal 2011; 5:6-14.
Masaki H. Role of antioxidants in the skin: anti-aging effects. J Dermatol Sci 2010;58(2):85-90.

5. TOPICAL ANTIOXIDANTS
 TOPICAL AOs are a supplement to the physiological
antioxidant protection present in the skin.
 They augment photoprotection provided by
sunscreens lotions/creams.
 Direct application to the skin has the advantage of targeting a specific skin
area needing photoprotection.
 Once penetrated through the stratum corneum, they may remain active for
several days.
 Topical AOs exert their effect inside the cells: by regenerating
each other, they provide an ontioxidants’ reservoir.
Pinnell SR. Cutaneous photodamage, oxidative stress, and topical antioxidant protection. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:1-19.
Wang SQ et al. Photoprotection: a review of the current and future technologies. Dermatol Ther 2010;23(1):31-47.
Gonzalez S et al. Current Trends in Photoprotection - A New Generation of Oral Photoprotectors. Open Dermat J 2011; 5:6-14.

6. ORAL ANTIOXIDANTS
 Physiologic processes related to absorption, solubility and transport of oral AOs are not
fully known, but they seem to limit the quote of oral OAs that can be delivered into the skin.
 An AO molecule is more stable when incorporated by nutrition in the skin, where it
accumulates in a mixture with different AOs molecules, compared with single topically
applied AO.
 Oral AOs increase the basal threshold of systemic AOs,
actively collaborating in refreshing skin natural AO systems.
 Toghether with Topical AOs, Oral AOs can prevent
photoaging and photocarcinogenesis, in both animal
and human models.
 Oral AOs administration helps preventing skin alterations,
(e.g., uneven skin tone and atopic dermatitis) and correlates
with a lower incidence of wrinkles.
Namazi MR, et al. Vitiligo and diet: a theoretical molecular approach with practical implications.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2009;75(2):116-8.
Epstein HA. The effect of diet and nutrition on the skin. Prime 2011;1:4 : 46-51.
Gonzalez S, et al. Current Trends in Photoprotection - A New Generation of Oral Photoprotectors. Open Dermatol Journ 2011; 5:6-14.

7. 13 Antioxidants
 VITAMIN C
 VITAMIN E
 VITAMIN A
 RESVERATROL
 QUERCETIN
Flavonoids
 TEA POLYPHENOLS
 SOY ISOFLAVONES
 Polypodium leucotomos extract
 POLYUNSATURED FATTY ACIDS
 CURCUMIN
 CAPSAICIN
 GLUTATHIONE
 MELATONIN

8.  Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid is the predominant AO in
the skin and it is an essential cofactor for collagen synthesis.
 Topical administration of L-ascorbate and its derivates (with greater SOURCES :
cutaneous penetration) augments photo-protection (sunscreen component), papaya
strawberry
improves epidermal barrier function and provides anti-aging effects orange
kale
(moisturizing creams component). lemon
melon
 Oral combination of vitamins C and E in high doses provide protection auliflower
garlic
against UV-induced erythema.
grapefruit
 Ascorbic acid plasma levels are often lowered in patients with vitiligo. raspberry
kiwi
 Oral administration of vit C, in association with vit E/ vit A/ vit B12/ mandarin
passion fruit
folic acid +/- broadband UVB, has been followed by definite spinach
lime
repigmentation without side effects in vitiligo patients. mango
blackberry
potato
Darr D et al. Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants. Acta melon
Derm Venereol 1996;76(4):264-8.
cranberry
Eberlein-Konig B et al. Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol
(vitamin E). J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:45-8. tomato
Montes LF, et al. Folic acid and vitamin B12 in vitiligo: a nutritional approach. Cutis 1992;50(1):39-42. blueberry
Don P et al.Treatment of vitiligo with broadband ultraviolet B and vitamins. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45(1):63-5. pineapple

9.  Vitamin E exists in 8 forms, 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols,
being α-tocopherol the most represented in humans.
 Topical application of α-tocopherol reduces photo-aging and
photo-carcinogenesis, and prevents UV-induced erythema, lipid
SOURCES :
peroxidation and immunosuppression. wheat germ
oil
 Oral administration of vit E combined with vit C and/or vit A
sunflower oil
demonstrated to increase protection against UV-induced damage. safflower oil
nuts, nut oils
 Oral 3 months-therapy with α-tocopherol plus ubiquinone, green leafy
vegetables
selenomethionine, methionine stopped the progression of vitiligo tomato
products
and induced repigmentation of the most recent lesions. pumpkin
sweet potato
 Oral vit E has shown to increase narrow band-UVB effectiveness rockfish
mangoes
in vitiligo patients. asparagus
broccoli
papayas
Yuen KS, et al. Alpha-tocopherol, an inhibitor of epidermal lipid peroxidation, prevents ultraviolet radiation from suppressing avocados
the skin immune system. Photochem Photobiol 1997;65:587-92.
Lin JY et al. UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003: 48: 866–874.
Picardo M et al. Antioxidant treatment in vitiligo? Pigment Cell Res 1997;10:360.
Elgoweini M et al. Response of vitiligo to narrowband ultraviolet B and oral antioxidants. J Clin Pharmacol 2009;49(7):852-5.

10. SOURCES :
Liver
(beef, pork,
 Vitamin A includes retinol and carotenoids (α/β/γ-carotene,
chicken, turk
lycopene and the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin). ey, fish)
carrot
broccoli leaf
 Vit A is fat-soluble and can be stored in keratinocytes as retinyl esters. sweet
potato
 Carotenoids are useful to protect against UV-induced damage: butter
kale
 Lycopene concentration in skin correlates significantly with roughness. spinach
 Daily oral β-carotene (30mg) can prevent and repair photoaging pumpkin
collard
and increases synthesis of procollagen type I. greens
cheddar
 Topical β-carotene (2mg/cm2) provides protection against ROS in the cheese
cantaloupe
human skin exposed to infra-red radiation. melon
egg
 Oral supplementation with vit A plus vit C and vit E, and minerals apricot
papaya
promoted vitiligo lesion repigmentation in the mice settings. mango
pea
broccoli
milk
Camera E et al. Astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and beta-carotene differently affect UVA-induced oxidative damage and
expression of oxidative stress-responsive enzymes. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:222–231.
Cho S et al. Differential effects of low-dose and high-dose beta-carotene supplementation on the signs of photoaging and type I
procollagen gene expression in human skin in vivo. Dermatology. 2010;221:160-71.
Darvin ME et al. Topical beta-carotene protects against infra-red-light-induced free radicals. Exp Dermatol 2011;20:125-9.
Jalel A et al. Vitiligo treatment with vitamins, minerals and polyphenol supplementation. Indian J Dermatol 2009;54(4):357-60.

11.  Quercetin is a very potent AO, member
of the flavonoids family.
 Topical quercetin has successfully inhibited UVB-
induced skin damage in rodent models. SOURCES :
apples
 Topical application of the quercetin aglycone has been shown to onions
(++red onion)
prevent UVC-induced liposome peroxidation, UVB-induced red grapes
citrus fruit
myeloperoxidase activity and glutathione depletion. tomato
broccoli
leafy green
 In vitro studies demonstrated that quercetin can efficiently contrast vegetables
keratinocytes oxidative damage induced by H2O2 exposure. raspberry
whortleberry
lingonberry
cranberry
chokeberry
rowanberry
Vicentini FT et al. Quercetin in w/o microemulsion: in vitro and in vivo skin penetration and efficacy against UVB-induced skin capers
damages evaluated in vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69(3): 948-57. lovage
Casagrande R et al. Protective effect of topical formulations containing quercetin against UVB-induced oxidative stress in roots
hairless mice. J Photochem Photobiol B 2006; 84(1): 21-7. legumes
Fahlman BM et al. UVA and UVB radiation-induced oxidation products of quercetin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2009; 97: 123-31.
Wang X, et al.Quercetin in combating H2O2 induced early cell apoptosis and mitochondrial damage to normal human keratinocytes Chin Med J
2010;123(5):532-536

12.  Green tea polyphenols definition is used to refer to several potent antioxidants
that appear in green tea leaves.
 The most abundant (60-80%) polyphenols contained in green tea leaves are
cathechins: epicatechin
epicatechin-3-gallate
epigallocatechin
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)  most important molecule
 As antioxidant, cathehins are more potent than vitamins C and E.
 Cathechins are able to regenerate oxidized vitamin E.
Harbowy ME et al. Tea chemistry. Crit Rev Plant Sci 1997;16:415-80.

13.  EGCG has photo-protective, anti-inflammatory,
anti-carcinogenic effects (promotes rapid repair of UVB-
induced DNA damage) and can inhibit collagenase activity.
 Several studies assessed that oral administration of EGCG significantly increases
the minimal erythema dose to UV, prevents disruption of the epidermal barrier
function, improves microcirculation and modulates skin properties of women.
 Topical application of EGCG inhibits carcinogenesis and selectively increases
apoptosis in UVB-induced skin tumors, in both animal and human model.
 Oral supplementation of green tea decoction in association with vit A/E/C and
minerals (selenium, zinc) has promoted vitiligo lesions repigmentation in mice.
Katiyar SK. Green tea prevents non-melanoma skin cancer by enhancing DNA repair. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011; 508: 152-158.
Jeon HY et al. Effects of oral epigallocatechin gallate supplementation on the minimal erythema dose and UV-induced skin damage. Skin Pharmacol
Physiol 22; 2009:137–141.
Heinrich U, et al. Green tea polyphenols provide photoprotection, increase microcirculation, and modulate skin properties of women. J Nutr 2011; 141:
1202-8.
Lu YP et al. Topical applications of caffeine or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibit carcinogenesis and selectively increase apoptosis in UVB-
induced skin tumors in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002: 99: 12455–60.
Camouse MM et al. Topical application of green and white tea extracts provides protection from solar-simulated ultraviolet light in human skin. Exp
Dermatol. 2009; 18: 522-526.
Jalel A et al. Vitiligo treatment with vitamins, minerals and polyphenol supplementation. Indian J Dermatol 2009;54(4):357-60.

14. TEA POLYPHENOLS QUERCETIN VITAMIN C
Green tea extract, quercetin and vitamin C have
demonstrated strong cytoprotective effects on H202 treated
Mel-Ab melanocytes (immortalized mouse melanocyte cell
line), preventing H202-induced cell death.
Jeong Y-M et al. Cytoprotective Effect of Green Tea Extract and Quercetin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress. Arch Pharm Res
2005; 28(11):1251-56.

15. The triple combination green tea extract/quercetin/folicbe
This suggests that effective combinations of AOs may
acid prevented and cellular damage induced byoffers a a
of importance, the that co-treatment with AOs H202 in
synergistic manner.
possible means of treating vitiligo.
Jeong Y-M et al. Cytoprotective Effect of Green Tea Extract and Quercetin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress. Arch Pharm Res
2005; 28(11):1251-56.

16.  Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoalexin.
 Its benifical effects (anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer,
blood sugar-lowering) are currently a topic of numerous animal and
SOURCES :
human studies.
Grapes/wines
 Oral resveratrol can prevent UV-induced tumorigenesis, increases (red,rose,white,
cell survival and contrast cutaneous inflammatory disorders. pinot noir)
peanuts
 Topical adsorbption of resveratrol has been investigated,
mulberries
and its topical use on hairless mice before UVB irradiation
blueberries
decreased erythema, ROS production and inflammation. apples
cocoa powder
baking chocolate
Nichols JA et al. Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms.
dark chocolate
Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302(2): 71-83.
Ndiaye M et al. Ahmad N. The grape antioxidant resveratrol for skin disorders: promise, prospects, and challenges. Arch Biochem Biophys
2011;508(2):164-70.
Hung CF et al. Delivery of resveratrol, a red wine polyphenol, from solutions and hydrogels via the skin. Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(2):170-8.
Aziz MH et al. Longley BJ, Ahmad N. Chemoprevention of skin cancer by grape constituent resveratrol: relevance to human disease? Faseb J 2005;
19(9): 1193-5.

17.  Soybeans and their associated food products are a rich source of
flavonoids called isoflavones, the most abundant being genistein.
 In animal studies, oral soy or genistein protected against several SOURCES :
cancers including bladder, breast, colon, liver, lung, prostate and skin. Soy
red clover
 Oral genistein decreases UVB-induced skin photoaging, carcinogenesis,
ginkgo biloba
inflammation and immunosuppression in a rodent model.
 Topical genistein reduces erythema and histologic inflammation induced by PUVA in mice.
 Genistein has collagen-stimulating effects, by increasing collagen (COL1A2) gene expression.
 A recent study has reported an association between daily ingestion of Ginko biloba with a
significant improvement in total VASI (Vitiligo Area Scoring Index) and VETF (Vitiligo
European Task Force) staging in vitiligo patients.
Barnes S. Effect of genistein on in vitro and in vivo models of cancer. J Nutr 1995;125:S777-83.
Wei H et al. Isoflavone genistein: photoprotection and clinical implications in dermatology. J Nutr 2003; 133(11s1): 3811S-3819S.
Widyarini S, et al. Isoflavonoid compounds from red clover (Trifolium pratense) protect from inflammation and immune suppression induced by UV
radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2001: 74: 465–470.
Shyong EQ et al. Effects of the isoflavone 4 ’, 5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone (genistein) on psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA)-induced
photodamage. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:317-21.
Greenwel P et al. Tyrosine dephosphorylation of nuclear proteins mimics transforming growth factor beta-1 stimulation of alpha-2 (I) collagen gene
expression. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:6813-9.
Szczurko O. Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of vitilgo vulgaris: an open label pilot clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 2011;11:21.

18.  Curcumin, a low-molecular-weight polyphenol derived from
Curcuma longa, is an active ingredient in the spice tumeric,
to which curcumin gives the yellow color.
 Curcumin has anti-oxidant (induction of glutathione S-
transferase enzymes), anti-proliferative,
anti-inflammatory (inhibition on cytokines and  Phototoxic dermatitis
 Melanoma
prostaglandines synthesis),
 Vitiligo
antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties.  Psoriasis
 Morphea
 It reduces wound-healing time, improves collagen deposition  Chronic inflammatory
and increases fibroblast and vascular density in wounds. diseases
 Primary cutaneous T-cell
 Potentially, curcumin could be employed in treatment lymphoma
of different skin diseases.  NM skin cancer
 Cosmetics
Rowe DL, et al. Modulation of the BRCA1 Protein and Induction of Apoptosis in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines by the Polyphenolic
Compound Curcumin. Breast Cancer: Basic and Clinical Research 2009; 3: 61–75.
Cho JW et al.. Curcumin attenuates the expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha as well as cyclin E in TNF-alpha-treated HaCaT cells; NF-kappaB
and MAPKs as potential upstream targets. Int J Mol Med 2007; 19: 469-474.
Koeberte A, et al Curcumin blocks prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis through direct inhibition of the microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1.
Molecul Cancer Therapeut 2009; 8:2348-2355

19. Phototoxic dermatitis
It has been showed that topical pretreatment with curcumin
significantly inhibited the pro-inflammatory effect of topically-applied tumor
promoter 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in combination with UVA .
Melanoma
Curcumin at higher doses induces apoptosis in relatively resistant malignant human
melanoma cell lines, and its combination with tamoxifen provides a non-toxic option for
combinatorial chemotherapy.
Vitiligo
A recent clinical trial has demonstrated that the association with topical
tetrahydrocurcuminoid cream increases the effectiveness of targeted narrowband
UVB phototherapy for induction of repigmentation in vitiligo patients.
Ishizaki C et al. Enhancing effect of ultraviolet A on ornithine decarboxylase induction and dermatitis evoked by 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-
acetate and its inhibition by curcumin in mouse skin.Dermatol 1996; 193: 311-317.
Chatterjee S et al. Chemo-resistant melanoma sensitized by tamoxifen to low dose Curcumin treatment through induction of apoptosis and autophagy.
Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11: 216-228.
Asawanonda P, Klahan S. Tetrahydrocurcuminoid cream plus targeted narrowband UVB phototherapy for vitiligo: a preliminary randomized controlled
study. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 28: 679-684.

20. Vitiligo
• A recent in vitro study has evaluated the protective effects of
combinatorial therapy with curcumin and capsaicin supplementation in
cultured cells from lesional, perilesional and healthy skin of selected
vitiligo patients.
• Total antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial membran depolarization has
markers of scavenging activity and mitochondrial integrity have been
considered.
• The supplement of curcumin and capsaicin can improve the resistance of
cultured cells to oxidative stress.
Becatti M, Prignano F, et al. The involvment of Smac/DIABLO, p53, NF-kB, and MAPK pathways in apoptosis of keratinocytes from perilesional vitiligo
skin: Protective effects of curcumin and capsaicin. Antiox Redox Signal 2010;13(1309-1321.

21.  Capsaicin is a natural irritant of the vanilloid family, and represents
the main capsaicinoid of chilli peppers and other capsicum
preparations (chilli, cayenne pepper, red pepper) obtained
from the fruits of the Solanaceae plants, of the genus Capsicum.
 Capsaicin is a potent anti-inflammatory agent which has been used for :
 pain and itch relief, because of its desensitization property (it produces a
long-lasting refractory period after the initial excitation of sensory neurons);
 cancer prevention; cardiovascular diseases; weight reduction.
 High antioxidant and anti-apoptotic potential of capsaicin have been recently described.
 Pre-treatment with capsaicin inhibits keratinocytes apoptosis in peri-lesional
vitiligo skin, increases cellular total antioxidant capacity, contrasts ROS generation and
lipid peroxidation and improves mitochondrial activity and cell metabolism.
Oyagbemi AA et al. Capsaicin: A novel chemopreventive molecule and its underlying molecular mechanisms of action.
Indian J Cancer 2010;47(1):53-8
Becatti M et al. The involvement of Smac/DIABLO, p53, NF-kB, and MAPK pathways in apoptosis of keratinocytes form
perilesional vitiligo skin: protective effects of curcumin and capsaicin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010;13(9):1309-21.

22.  P. leucotomos (PL) extract is obtained from the fern P. leucotomos.
 Topical application of PL showed to inhibit UVB- and PUVA therapy-
induced erythema, in vivo, and to contrast photocarinogenesis.
 Oral administration provides photoprotection and significantly decreases
Langerhans cells depletion.
 PL prevents oxidative DNA damage by accelerateing repair of thymine dimers and
inhibiting trans-urocanic acid photoinduced isomerization and inactivation.
 PL can potentiate the endogenous antioxidant response and inhibits photo-
immunosupression.
Gonzalez S et al. Topical or oral administration with an extract of Polypodium leucotomos prevents acute sunburn and psolaren-induced
phototoxic reactions as well as depletion of Langerhans cells in human skin. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol Photomed 1997; 13: 50-60.
Middelkamp-Hup MA et al. Orally administered Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases psoralen-UVA-induced phototoxicity, pigmentation, and
damage of human skin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2004; 50(1): 41-49.
Capote R et al. Polypodium leucotomos extract inhibits trans-urocanic acid photoisomerization and photodecomposition. J Photochem Photobiol B
2006; 82(3): 173-9.
Brieva A, et al. Immunomodulatory properties of an hydrophilic extract of Polypodium leucotomos. Inflammopharmacol 2002;9:361-71.

23.  Ω -3 polyunsatured fatty acids (PFA) are well-documented antioxidants
and inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g.,TNF-α) and free radicals.
 Ω-3 PFA in the presence of AOs supplement appears to exert protection
against auto-immunity by enhancing antioxidant enzymes.
 The enrichment of cell membranes with Ω-3 PFA has been reported to
increase the glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity. SOURCES:
cold water
 High doses of Ω-3 PFA have been shown to decrease UVB-induced oily fish
(salmon,
erythema and flogsis. herring,
mackerel,
 Moreover, Ω-3 PFA seem to favorably influence the vulnerability and
anchovies,
outcome in depressive disorders, that affect many patients with vitiligo. sardines)
fish oil,
 The diet of vitiligo patients should include large use of Ω-3 PFA. flaxseeds,
nuts,
eggs,
Brussel
Fernandez G. Dietary lipids and risk of autoimmune disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994;72:193-7. sprouts,
Joulain C . Increased glutathione peroxidase activity in human blood mononuclear cells upon in vitro incubation with n-3 black
fatty acids. Biochem Pharmacol 1994;47:1315-23. raspberry,
Rhodes LE et al. Dietary fishoil supplementation in humans reduces UVB-erythemal sensitivity but increases epidermal lipid cowberry
peroxidation. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 103(2): 151-4.
Logan AC. Omega-3 fatty acids and major depression: A primer for the mental health professional. Lipids Health Dis 2004;3:25.
Namazi MR et al. Vitiligo and diet: A theoretical molecular approach with practical implications. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol
2009;75:116-8

24.  Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide ( γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine)
and represents one of the major contributor to the functional
vitality and morphological integrity of cells, where it controls redox-equilibrium.
 GSH provides efficient protection against UVB-rays damages, by inactivating different
ROS and regulating several genes involved in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation.
 Suprabasal keratinocytes employ high GSH quotes to absorb and neutralize UVB radiation, and
paracrine GSH secretion might mediate basal cells protection.
 GSH paracrine stimulation of basal keratinocytes decreases the rate of cyclobutane dimers formation
and p53-positive cells.
 A severe GSH depletion has been documented inside keratinocytes after UV irradiation.
 The rationale of GSH supplementation is providing intrinsic wide-spectrum photo protection,
cancer prevention and anti-aging effect.
Schäfer M et al. Nrf2 establishes a glutathione-mediated gradient of UVB cytoprotection in the epidermis. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1045-58.
Zhu M et al. Molecular mechanisms for UV-B irradiation-induced glutathione depletion in cultured human keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 80:
191-6.
Steenvoorden DP et al.The use of endogenous antioxidants to improve photoprotection. J Photochem Photobiol 1997; 41:1-10.
Sekhar RV et al. Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine
supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2011

25.  Various studies assessed low levels of glutathione peroxidase activity
and total antioxidant status in vitiligo patients with or without
diabetes and thyreopathy.
 It has been demonstrated that this depletion in antioxidant processes is involved
in vitiligo pathogenesis.
 Reduced erythrocytic or systemic GSH levels constitute a distinctive feature in vitiligo
patients regardless of disease activity.
 Anti-oxidant supplementation with GSH-precursor may be helpful in vitiligo treatment.
 Consuming high protein foods, rich in sulphur-containing amino acids can help boost
glutathione levels.
Jalel A, et al. Study of total antioxidant status and glutathione peroxidase activity in Tunisian vitiligo patients. Indian J Dermatol 2009;54(1):13-6.
Haider N et al. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Vitiligo Patients.Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci 2010; 9(2): 103-8.
Shin JW et al. Erythrocyte malondialdehyde and glutathione levels in vitiligo patients. Ann Dermatol 2010;22(3):279-83.
Khan R et al. Circulatory levels of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in Indian patients with generalized and localized vitiligo. Arch Dermatol Res 2009;
301(10):731-7
Lu SC. Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Mol Aspects Med 2009; 30: 42-59.

26.  Melatonin (MN) is one of the most ancient and phylogenetically
conserved hormones, occurring in unicellular, plants and animals.
 MN is a potent scavenger of oxygen (OH, O2−), and NO radicals:
 it has an higher reduction potential than Vitamin C Direct antioxidant
 It is fivefold better than glutathione at neutralizing hydroxyl radicals, and twofold more effective
than vitamin E at inactivating peroxyl radicals
 MN enhances gene expression of the main antioxidants enzymes:
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase
Indirect antioxidant
 MN contributes to the preservation of the epidermal barrier
contrasts solar radiation and other physico-chemical stressors
activates the pigmentary system to further prevent solar damage
stimulates fibroblasts and endoteliocytes to maintain a functional dermis structure
enhances immune system response against pathogens.
Tan DX et al.Chemical and physical properties and potential mechanisms: melatonin as a broad spectrum antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Curr
Top Med Chem 2002; 2: 181-97.
Fischer TW et al. Melatonin as a major skin protectant: from free radical scavenging to DNA damage repair. Exp Dermatol 2008;17:713-30.
Dreher F et al. Topical melatonin in combination with vitamins E and C protects skin from ultraviolet-induced erythema: a human study in vivo. Br J
Dermatol 1998;139:332-9.
Bonnefont-Rousselot D et al. Melatonin: action as antioxidant and potential applications in human disease and aging. Toxicology 2010; 278:55-67.

27.  In the skin, MN controls the dispersion and aggregation of melanin
throughout melanocytes, causing the skin to change color
(these variations follow MN circadian secretion cycle).
 In the past, overactive melatonin receptor was thought melatonin administration
Skin disorders which could benefit from to have a key role in vitiligo
pathogenesis. • Melanoma/carcinoma
 Recent evidences on the prominent antioxidative actions of MN have then suggested a
• Aging • Psoriasis vulgaris
revision of that hypothesis.
• Alopecia • Radioprotection
 According to these evidences, an insufficient intracutaneous synthesis and buffering of MN
• Atopic eczema • Sarcoidosis
would lead to development of vitiligo when oxidative stress, cellular ⁄ subcellular or DNA
• Diabetic foot syndrome
damages occur because of insufficient scavenging erythema
• Solar and ⁄ or buffering activity.
• Hair greying • Vitiligo
• Itching • Wound healing
Fischer T et al. Melatonin in dermatology. Experimental and clinical aspects. Hautarzt 1999;50:5-11.
Slominski A et al. Hypothesis: possible role for the melaton'in- receptor in vitiligo: discussion paper. J Royal Soc Med 1989: 82:
539–541.
Slominski A et al. View point 4: melatonin hypothesis on the vitiligo pathogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17: 149-52

28. Take home
message
 Benefical effects of AOs molecules have been
investigated during last two decades.
 Large part of these studies have used in
vitro models or animal models (mouse setting).
 Few studies have been performed
on human beings, almost all based on limited
study group and without adequate controls.
 Further investigations on human model, including randomized double-blind trials
on large population groups, are necessary :
> to obtain statistically significant data
> to test different treatment modalities (oral vs topical,
alone vs combined) of the various AOs molecules.
 AOs represents a natural tool for contrasting photo-damage
(photo-aging and photo-carcinogenesis) and vitiligo patogenesis.

29. Thank you for the
attention.