1.
CHART
FOR
QUALITAT
ANALYSIS OF ACID RAIICALS
READYREFERENC
Conc. HS0,Test
Heat a
pinch
of the
s a l t
w i t h
c o n c .
H,S0,
(HCI gas
gives
w h i t e ppt. (soluble in NH,OH)wit AgNOCH
Dil. HSo, Test
DoS is evolved when mixture is heated with cone. HSO,
Treat the salt with dil. H,SO4
CO gas,
turns lime water milky -CO,
(tt) H,S gas
(smells like rotten eggs),
turns lead acetate paper black -S2
(tt)
SOg Bgas, turns acidified potassium
d i c h r o m a t e paper green-So2
(iw) NO, gas (reddish brown),
turns FeSO,
solution black -NO,.
i Br. gas
turns
s t a r c h paper yellow or orange-Br
sn ofC, Br, I, NO,", CH,CO0 and
C,0
ii) 1,
vapours
turn
s t a r c h paper blue-
(io) NO, gas
(on adding a paper pellet) turns FeSo, solution
(A
colourless,
o d o u r l e s s gas (CO,)-C,O,2
(v Colourless
vapours
with vinegar smell-CH,CO0-.
So salt does not react with dil. HSO, as well as conc.
HSO, test for
|
and PO"
Confim ation of SO
cONFIRMATORY TESTS
Confirmation ofCO,*
Try to dissolve the salt in water.
Ifthesalt dissolves soluble CO3is indicated.
i) To the solution add dil. HCI-CO, gas evolves with brisk efTervescence.
ii) To the solution add MgSO,
solution-White Ppt. confirms soluble carbonate
Ifthesalt does not dissolve in w a t e r - i n s o l u b l e carbonate is indicated.
Tothesolid sait add dil. HC-CO, gas evolves with brisk effervescence-confirm
insoluble carbonate.
Confirmation ofS
)W.E. orS.E. + acetic acid + lead acetate solution-Black ppt.
(Gi) W.E. or S.E. + Sod. nitroprusside solution-A purple or violet colouration.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS
)Barium chloride test.W.E. or S.E. + dil. HCI + BaCl, solution-White ppt.
nsoluble in dil. HCI.
Confirmation of CCF
To the salt solution add
conc. HNO, and AgNO, solution-A whit.
ble in NH,OH
solution.
t h e salt add MnO, and cone. H,S0, and heat-Cl, gas evolves.
Match stick test. Mix the salt with Na,CO. Make its paste. Fuse a
little
Paste on
the end of match stick. Dip the fused mass in sod. nitroprussidle
ohutionPurple steaks.
solu-
ii Sait +KCrO, solid
+
conc. 1, heat-Red vapours. Pass the
h NaOH solution. To the yellow solution obtained add acetie acid andonfirmation of PO
lead acetate solution-yellow ppt. confirms Cl-
vapoure
nr
Ammonium molybdate test. S.E. + conc. HNO, and boil. Now add amm.
molybdate sol. and heat-Yellow ppt.
Con firmation ofBr-
G Salt solution conc. HNO, + AgNo, solution-Pale yellow ppt. partialy
) Magnesia mxiture test. W.E. or neutral S.E. + Magnesia mixture-White
ppt.
soluble in NH,OH.
Chlorine water test. Salt solution + dil. HCl+ 1-2 ml of carbon disulphide +
chlorine water, shake-urange colour in
Cs, layer.
(ë) W.E. or S.E. + suspension of Cdco,-A yellow ppt.
Confirmation of S0,2
)W.E. or S.E. + BaCl, solution-White ppt. which dissolves with evolution of
SO, on adding dil. HCI.
(i) Salt+ a few drops ofacidified KMnO,-Pink colour of KMnO, disappears.
Con firmation of I
Salt solution + conc. HNO,+ AgNO, 5olution-Yellow ppt. insolublein NH,OH.
(i Chlorine water test. Salt solution + dil. HCI + 1-2 mL of CS, + Chlorine
water, shake-Violet colour in CS, layer.
Confirmation of NO,
)W.E. +acetic acid + FeSO,-Dark brown or black colour.
t) W.E. +2-3 drops of H,So, + KI solution + 2-3 drops of starch solution-Blue
Confirmat ion of CH,COO
G Oxalie acid test. Solid salt +Oxalic acid + 2-3 drops of water, rub-Vinegar
smell.
colouration.
W.E.+a few drops of acidified KMnO, solution-Pink colour disappears.
() Ester test. Salt + conc. H,SO, + Ethyl alcohol, heat-Fruity smell.
tfnogas is evolved when the salt is treated with dilute sulphurie acid.
AbeenceofC0,,8,SO,and NO,
Confirmation of C,0
)Salt solution + acetic acid +CaCl,solution-White ppt.
(ii) Salt + dil. HSO. warm and add 2-3 drops of KMnO, solution-Pink colour is
discharged.
Confirnation of NO
Mixture + conc. H,SO, +Cu chips. Heat-Reddish brown gas.
(ü) W.E. + FeSO, solution + conc. HsO, by the sides of the tube-Dark brown
ring.

2.
J A L I T A T I V E
A N A L Y S I S
OF BASto
water, in dil, HCl or conc. HC, cold or
hot.
Label it original son
OF BASIC RADICALS
READYREFERENCECHART K inal son (O.S.). To the O.S., add dil. HC1.
Make the solution
hegven mixture in
distilledv
White ppt.
(Pb) Suticient time after acidification with dil. HCI. Filter
group I is absent, pass H,8 gas throig
AddHOH till it smells of
ammon
If group II is absent, add solid .
If gr IV is absent, to the 0.S. add solid NH,CI, NH,OH and (NH,,CO, solution.
s Or ammonia. If a ppt. is formed, group IIl is present.
Ppt.-Group I1
Black ppt.Pb3", Cu*)
lt
group
III is absent,
through a part
or
t solution
group
IV is present.
NH,CI, 0.5 mlconc. HNO, to the 0.S. Boil and
e
Confirmation of Pb
Boil white ppt. with distilled | Yellow ppt.-As"*)
water anddivide the solution
into two parts
a) Add KI solution to one
DLAIned in group IlI pass H,S gas. If a ppt. is obtained
Reddish brown ppt.-(Fe")
White ppt.-(A*)
tity of 50% HNO, Toone par hal 1f
aConfirmation of (Fe*)
Dissolve the black ppt. in minimum qu White ppt.-(Zn*)
Black ppt.-(Ni*
and Co
in dil. HC1 and Flesh coloured ppt.-Mn
Confirmation of Zn*
solution add dil. H,S0, and aleobol l nirmation of(Fe3y White ppt. (Ba2, Sr, Ca")
part of above
solution. white ppt. is formed Pb? is indicated.in olve the brown ppt. in dil. HCl and| Flesn o
part of above solution. white ppt. is
formed ro NH.OH to
divide the solution into two parts.
If group V is absent test for Mg'
(6) To the O.S. add a pinch of NH,CI, a
few drops of NH,OH and excess of
amm.phosphatesolution-White
ppt-Mg*
(ii) Perform eharcoal cavitycobalt
nitrate test with white ppt.-A pink
Yellow Ppt.
conjirmswhite ppt. is formed, add excess
N,
Pb**.
To one part of solution add pot. | Dissolve a partofwhite ppt. in dil. HUan Disso
the
second part of the solution-Blueco HCIan Dissolve apart of white ppt. in dil. acetic
(z) Add K,CrO, solution to | oured solution indicates Cu"
the second part of the
above solution.
Yellow Confirmation of Cu*
Ppt. confirms Pb2.
acid. Boil off CO
) To one part of the above solution, add
K,CrO,solution.Yellow ppt. Con
firms Ba2
) If Ba2* is absent, then to the second
part of above solution add amm. sul
phate solution. A white ppt. con Test for NH,
firms Sr
ii) IfbothBa and Sr2 are absent, then To the saltandsodium hydroxide solu-
o the third part ofthe above solution tion and heat. If ammonia gas evolves
addammonium oxlate solution. A| NH, is present.
white ppt.confirms Ca2.
Terrocyanide solution. A pruSsion divide the solution
.on add pot
blue colour orjPpt. (0) To one part of solution
add pot.
Terrocyanide solution-Bluish white
Ppt.
() To second part of solution add
pot.
() Add exoess of NH,OH solutionto
original solution. Deep blue
solution.
sulphocyanide solution. A blood
red colouration.
() To second part ofsolution add NaOH
solution. White ppt.
soluble in
ex
mass.
() Acidify the above deep blue solutionOntirmation of A13+
with dil. acetic acid. Add Pot. ) Perform charcoal cavity-cobalt cess.
ferrocyanide solution.Chocolate
brown ppt. confirms Cu.
nitrate test with white ppt. Blue
Confirmation of N"an
ake test. White ppt. + dil. HCI+a Iftheppt.obtained is black Ni2* or Co
y drops of blue litmus solution + indicated. Note the colour ofthesalt. lt
tne
H solution in excess. A blue
salt is greenish-Ni2* is indicated and i
Pp, Suspended in a colourless
the salt is purple Co~* is indicated.
medium (called a lake).
mass.
Confirmation of Ph2
()Pot. iodide test. Tothe 0.S. add KI
solution. Yellow ppt.
(ii) Pot. chromate test. To the O.S. add
KCrO. Yellow ppt.
Pass the gas through Nessler's reagent.
A brownish ppt. or colouration is obtained
Confirmation of Co* Perform the flame test with a part of the
(i) Take O.S. and neutralise the acid by salt.
adding NH,OH. Add a pinchofpotas
sium nitrite and acidify with dil. ace-
tic acid-Yellow ppt.
(ii) Perform boraxbeadtestwiththe
salt-i) Brick red flame-Ca confirmed.
If the ppt. obtained is yellow in colour As"" 0 Lightgreenflame-Ba2* confirmed.
Note. NH, may be tested in the
beginning of analysis of basicradicals as
is indicated.
() Crimsonredflame-S confirmed.
Confirmation of As"* zero group.
(0) Amm. molybdate test. Yellow ppt.
+ conc. HNO, + Amm. molybdate so-
lution-Yellow ppt.
Blue bead.
Confirmation of Ni2*
) Take O.S. and make alkaline by add-
ingNH,OH and then add a few drops
ofdimethyl glyoxime--Bright red
ppt.
(ii) Perform borax bead test with the
(7)
Magnesia mixture test. To the0.S
add magnesia mixture-White ppt.
salt-Brown bead in oxidisingflame
and grey bead in reducing flame.
Confirmation ofMn
() Dissolve flesh coloured ppt. in dil. HC1.|
boil off H,S, add Na OH and Br
water-White ppt. turning grey.
(ii) Perform borax bead test with group
ppt.-Pink bead in oxidising flame
and colourless in reducing flame.
2