1. 1
Towards a Definition of Format Art.
On the social, political and critical effects of Thierry Geoffroy’s art formats.
By Johanne Schrøder
Time after time it has been claimed that the Danish-French artist Thierry Geoffroy / Colonel is first
and foremost a catalyst1
. Seen in the light of the artist’s practice, which he refers to as format art – a
term first invented and developed by Geoffroy – to use the description of a ‘catalyst’ in defining
the role of the artist seems accurate and of no small importance. Being a catalyst involves
precipitating events, and whenever he creates a new work of format art, this is exactly what
Geoffroy does. When the artist for example asks people to debate while running in his art format
Critical Run, or when he invites other artists to express about the emergencies and crises of today
every single day in the exhibition format Emergency Room, he causes these artistic events to
happen on the basis of an aesthetic, which can be characterized as socially and critically engaging.
Following a short introduction to Geoffroy’s methods and practice, we will look into the nature and
aesthetics of, as well as the motivation behind format art. Through an analysis of the art format
Emergency Room, it will be considered how the aesthetics of format art can be characterised within
this specific art format. Finally, the social, political and critical aspects and effects of format art will
be discussed in the context of contemporary art practices, especially in opposition to another field
of aesthetics, namely relational aesthetics as formulated by Nicolas Bourriaud.
The art format’s reproducible ‘now’ and the ‘now’ as subject
The term format art has been used in numerous contexts to describe Geoffroy’s practice, but rather
little work has been done to define or specify the concept itself. Therefore, let us first start by
characterising the origin of the term and some of the key elements of format art, which have been
examined in earlier work. The theoretical foundation of format art was released with the publication
of Geoffroy’s Moving Exhibitions Manifesto in 1989, where the framework of five different types
of so-called moving exhibitions, which have all been executed by the artist in different forms, is
laid out. Like Geoffroy’s art formats, the artist’s 1989 manifesto prescribes the recipe for unfolding
certain concepts of the artist, adapted to different situations, locations, and audiences. In the
1
Rosenvinge, Line, Thierry Geoffroy / Colonel – ”Catalyst.”, David Dunchin, trans. Written and produced in
conjunction with the Top Up salon featuring Thierry Geoffroy / Colonel, held at Rahbeks Allé 32, Frederiksberg,
Denmark, 18 November 2010, p. 12.

2. 2
manifesto the moving exhibition is defined as ‘the creator in an eternal search’, as ‘mobile both
geographically and in its form of expression, in that it adapts to life’2
. It goes further, explaining the
different shapes a moving exhibition can take when realised under different circumstances in e.g. a
museum, a supermarket, and other more or less unconventional exhibition venues. All types of
moving exhibitions have been realised by Geoffroy numerous times in various ways. However, the
unpredictability of the shaping, content and context of the moving exhibition is a consistent
element. “The exhibition is unpredictable. The exhibition is alive”, as it reads on the door of the
entry to one of the artist’s most known art formats Emergency Room when it was exhibited at
MoMA PS1 in 20073
.
Similar to the moving exhibition, format art is based on a given set of rules, some of which can be
altered each time the art format is activated according to the particular setting and participants.
Besides the changes within the structure of an art format, it can be argued that the relation between
the art format, space, and time changes accordingly – like in the moving exhibition concept, in
order to ‘adapt to life’. Dr. Rita Sebestyén writes how “an art format put up in a museum would
differ slightly from an art format activated in a gallery. Other outward factors that could change
the art format could be the political climate4
”. Take for example the before mentioned art format
Critical Run, in which the viewers are activated and transformed into participants of a run – not to
compete, but to debate together. While the concept of running while debating is always the same,
the setting and subject to debate are variable components of the art format. This morning
(Wednesday, 10 October 2018) Geoffroy posted a video on his Instagram profile, shot in the current
exhibition at Kunsthalle Mannheim, in which he and curator Sebastian Baden run around the
museum building, exchanging views on contemporary art’s possible incapability of expressing
about emergencies due to the current structure of the museum institution. In comparison the Critical
Run format has also been activated at the Venice Biennale several times where groups of
participants were stimulated to question the structure and motivations of the biennale while
running5
. The two cases show only two out of several different ways in which the individual art
2
Rosenvinge, p. 9.
3 Geoffroy, Thierry, The artist’s flickr profile, which works as an image archive and database,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/emergencyrooms/3047050289/sizes/l/ (accessed on 7 June 2020)
4
Sebestyén, Rita, ”Before It Is Too Late”, on Sebestyén Rita, 30 May 2016, http://sebestyenrita.com/before-it-is-too-
late/ (accessed 25 September 2018).
5
Baden, Sebastian, ”Thierry Geoffroy’s ’Emergency Room’”, in Kunst und Öffentlichkeit, Dagmar Danko, Olivier
Moeschler and Florian Schumacher, eds., Springer VS, 2015, p. 133.

3. 3
format can be activated, leading to different outcomes and effects every time it is performed.
Baden refers to Geoffroy’s art formats as Bewegungsmethoden6
, methods of movement, which
applies to the state of the participants involved in an art format both physically and figuratively
speaking. For Geoffroy it seems that the physical movement, often including the element of haste
(running, producing artworks in the moment, etc.) connects with the movement of the participators’
mind to activate critical thinking. Baden states how the aspect of simultaneity is always at play in
format art, as the effect is always produced in the ‘now’, before it is too late7
. Besides the fleeting
hit et nunc of the art format, its unique existence in a particular time and space, which can never be
reproduced, the format still allows for reproducibility in its form per definition. As Sebestyén
stresses, the same format can be adapted according to different participants and situations8
. One
could claim that the nature of the art format thus draws parallels to the practice of the late French
artist Yves Klein, one of Geoffroy’s art historical sources of inspiration9
. In this sense an
exemplification can be made through Klein’s famous invention of the colour International Klein
Blue (IKB), which can be considered an art format similar to the ones of Geoffroy to the extent that
Klein’s particular blue did not only serve as an artwork in itself, but allowed for endless
reproducibility extensively throughout the artist’s career in his monochromes, performances, etc.
The irreplaceable ‘now’ that the IKB colour creates by the lack of any secondary significance to the
very presence of the colour (think for instance Klein’s monochromatic paintings), simultaneously
constitutes a ‘now’, which can be endlessly reproduced in new constellations through the repetition
of the exact shade of blue. Likewise, an art format by Geoffroy always provides the same
framework for a new and each time slightly differing artistic event to take place every time the art
format is activated. This framework, designed to take multiple forms, thus constitutes the
potentiality of establishing multiple ‘nows’, which, despite their form always point back to the
original concept of the art format itself as well as the large network of different versions of the
given art format, which have ever been produced.
6
Baden, p. 131.
7
Ibid., p. 134.
8
Sebestyén, http://sebestyenrita.com/before-it-is-too-late/
9
Gade, Rune, ”Et solidt fundament. Kunst og fotografi 1980-2000”, in Mette Sandbye (ed.), Dansk fotografihistorie,
Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2004, p. 397.

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Format art as response to a globalised world
The reproducibility of Geoffroy’s art formats also relates to the fact that the artist developed format
art with knowledge from the entertainment industry, namely the television program format, which
he views from a critically reflective perspective. As with TV program formats, art institutions
wanting to use an art format must purchase a license and agree to use the original title, concept and
method10
. Another element of format art, which derives from TV, is the vast video and photo
documentation of the formats, which facilitates their expansion to online platforms. The artist is
always in the middle of the turmoil, encouraging the participants and documenting the events.
Danish art historian Rune Gade emphasises how the fleeting, fast paced, and perfomative nature of
Geoffroy’s art formats unlike other similar artistic approaches, is designed to be caught on
camera11
. Hence the art formats are always documented, though not for the archives, but to be
“transposed into new works, destined to achieve their autonomy in fresh contexts, and so conducing
to an ever-proliferating mise en abyme12
”. From Geoffroy’s ever new ways of operating across
media and thematics one recognises how format art is not only to be understood as an isolated series
of works in the artist’s oeuvre, as it rather constitutes the very method of creating artworks based on
the consistent use of a carefully developed and intertwined vocabulary of images and concepts.
Thus, format art does not only seem to happen in the moment but leaves physical traces as well
through vast video and photo documentation, facilitating an infinitely recurring sequence of images
produced inside and across the individual art formats.
However, for Geoffroy, this method of producing and circulating images does not only function as
mere documentation of the art formats. Rather, this method constitutes a sociological, almost
scientific, approach where the extraction and collection of ‘data’ in the form of newspaper cuttings,
photographs, video recordings etc. serve to understand and shape communities and relations
through the artistic process. As curator Inka Schube writes Geoffroy is ‘a sociologist of the
everyday13
’. He extracts data in the form of images that at first sight seems ‘like an accumulation of
10
Geoffroy, Thierry, ”The Emergency Room Format”, on Emergencyrooms.org,
http://www.emergencyrooms.org/short.html (accessed on 10 October 2018)
11
Gade, Rune, ”But His Wife Is Danish – on colonization, being colonized and Colonel”, in Colonel: Avoir L’air, Line
Rosenvinge and Marita Muukkonen, eds., NIFCA Publications, 2006, p. 58.
12
Gade, p. 58.
13
Schube, Inka, ”Technomads, anti-apparatuses and other imponderabilities”, Sprengel Museum Hannover, 2002.
http://www.emergencyrooms.org/texts/by_critics/english/inka_Schube-gb.html (accessed on 7 June 2020).

5. 5
media rubbish14
’ but from these objects and images the artist is able to identify viewers and
participants and even other artists’ motivations, endeavors, and patterns of reaction. Through the
accumulation of visual evidence it becomes possible for Geoffroy to detect what is important to the
individual and how concepts of for instance empathy and apathy works in larger networks and
society. This method becomes evident in the art format EXTRACTEUR, which is specially created
by Geoffroy to extract information and opinions from participants, turning the accumulated data
into artistic material15
. Here, the artist functions as an extractor of evidence, which can be processed
and interpreted in order to create movement and change. In his current exhibition ‘The Anatomy of
Prejudice’ at IKM Museum in Oslo (2018-2022) the extraction of photographs taken by the viewers
with their phones thus becomes a tool for participation and invention as the viewers are invited to
give their personal opinions about prejudices, through images and statements as part of a growing
art installation. Tijana Miskovic writes how an art project like this comes to function as a social tool
and historical document that can be ‘turned into a useful archive for further study and analysis16
’.
In this sense, the outcome of the art format becomes a source for further investigation.
Format art is intended to reach a vast audience, which, together with the fluid design of the art
formats, allows for a flexibility that makes format art suitable for activation on a global scale. Like
many other contemporary art practices, format art works on a global level to expand critical
platforms in different societies, taking an active, even interventionist, role in addressing and
responding to the problems of globalisation17
. For Geoffroy this often revolves around the issue of
identity through what appears to be parodies of current discourses on notions of cultural
‘inbetweenness’18
. But as curator Seamus Kealy writes, “in fact, the ongoing Colonel project is a
deliberate set of encounters that make this very ‘inbetweenness’ (and its dizziness before the lens of
the video-camera or within the odd parameters of the Peter Sellers-like, charismatic persona of
Colonel’s naïve questions) shimmer with familiarity and buckle under the weight of a gaze … as it
14
Schube.
15
Miskovic, Tijana, The EXTRACTEUR – ”The Anatomy of Prejudice”,
http://www.emergencyrooms.org/anatomy_of_prejudice_IKM_museum.html (accessed on 7 June 2020).
16
Miskovic, Tijana, ”Beyond Photographie d’auteur. An artist’s way of using photography and engaging in the fields of
of anthropology and sociology”, in Visual Archiving #13, Kunstakademiet, Charlottenborg, p. 12.
17
Ratnam, Niru, ”Art and globalisation”, in Themes in Contemporary Art, Gill Perry and Paul Wood, eds., Yale
University Press, 2004, p. 292.
18
Kealy, Seamus, ”Awareness Muscle: A Text in Two Parts. Part One: Pre-Arrival”, on thierrygeoffroy.blogspot, 17
June 2007, http://thierrygeoffroy.blogspot.com (accessed on 11 October 2018).

6. 6
very well should19
”. It should be mentioned that Geoffroy’s artist name Colonel derives from the
military rank of the same title, which, according to Kealy “becomes twisted in meaning to convey a
duty that must be done20
” when modified by the artist. Similarly the concept of format art is based
on the idea of a duty to be done, namely the call of the artist to fight apathy on a global scale21
. This
can be considered the major motivation behind format art, which will be elaborated further in the
following sections through an analysis of the art format created by Geoffroy, Emergency Room.
The social engagement of Emergency Room
Emergency Room is one of the first internationally activated art formats by Thierry Geoffroy, from
which all other of the artist’s art formats emerge in one way or another. The format is a specially
designed space for exhibitions changing every day, where professional artists are invited to express
and rank the most alarming emergencies of today. At a certain time each day during the exhibition
period, the artworks in the exhibition must be replaced by new ones. Approximately 450 artists
have participated in Emergency Room in eight institutions around the world, including MoMA PS1
in New York22
. The fast paced conditions of constant daily production generate artistic experiments
and new forms of artistic expression, which can be considered the aesthetics of emergency. In the
following we will look further into how the aesthetics of emergency can be understood by unfolding
Geoffroy’s art format Emergency Room.
Now before it is too late
In 2007 Emergency Room was activated at MoMA PS1 in New York. As always the exhibition was
vastly documented by Geoffroy and the photos and video clips has since been circulating on the
artist’s website and social media. Taking a look at pictures of the then exhibition space, one
recognises that the Emergency Room is placed inside the museum’s usual exhibition space as a
separate circular construction with an entrance and exit. The circular architecture of Emergency
Room musters inclusion, equality and involvement per se, taking the form of a debate chamber
rather than a traditional exhibition space. Outside, next to the entrance, a clock is placed on the
19 Kealy.
20
Ibid.
21
Geoffroy, Thierry, Emergency Room Dictionary, Revolver Publishing by VVV & The Royal Danish Academy of
Fine Arts, Schools of Visual Arts, 2010, pp. 17-19.
22
Geoffroy, http://www.emergencyrooms.org/short.html

7. 7
wall, allowing the participating artists and museum visitors to keep track of the time until the next
change of works on show would take place and reflect upon what it means to be in time, in advance,
or in delay. Every day prior to the change of works in the exhibition Geoffroy would meet with the
participating artists under the clock and film and interview them about their motivations, ideas,
opinions, feelings, etc. just before they would bring their works to the room23
. As examined by
Gade, the documentation serves as an important element of Geoffroy’s art formats, not just as
regular documentation, but also rather as individual pieces of art, adding to the bigger picture of the
artist’s practice24
. In Emergency Room, capturing the anger, frustration or nervousness of the artists
on camera in the moment, the documentation of e.g. drops of sweat on an artist’s forehead serves as
an indicator or evidence of the artists’ emotional state, proving the relevance and emergency of
their newly produced artworks. As Geoffroy writes in his definition of format art, “a format is a
concept including acteurs with their feelings, desires, pains, complaints, jealousy, etc.,
interacting.”25
. To cite Baden’s reference to format art as ‘methods of movement’26
, Emergency
Room becomes an in time rendezvous for artists and museum goers to express and exchange
viewpoints, the movement manifested in the interaction of the artists and audience being
emphasised by the fast moving concept of a constantly changing exhibition.
In this way the art format Emergency Room suggests new and unconventional ways of perceiving
contemporary art, where news value and relevance serve as overshadowing aesthetic criteria. In
relation to our usual perception of the contemporary and contemporary art, it is important to stress
that Geoffroy sees the contemporary as an impossible condition, therefore using the term
‘ultracontemporary’ instead when referring to the art exhibited in Emergency Room27
. The idea is
that contemporary art as we know it, exhibited and experienced in the museum, is not fully capable
of expressing about contemporary problematics due to the delay in time from when the artwork is
created and when it is actually exhibited. This relates to why, after being on show for 24 hours and
then being replaced by fresh artworks, the most works by the participating artists at MOMA PS1
would go to the Delay Museum, another exhibition space situated in elongation of the Emergency
23
Lassen, Nikolaj M., ”Præsens. Den dansk-franske kunstner Thierry Geoffroy og hans Emergency Room – en
kunstudstilling som skifter indhold hver 24. Time – har haft enorm succes de seneste seks uger på New Yorks fineste
kunstgalleri”, in Weekendavisen, Kultur, No. 13, Berlingske Media, 30 March 2007, p. 11.
24
Gade, ”But His Wife Is Danish…”, p. 58.
25
Geoffroy, Emergency Room Dictionary, p. 84.
26
Baden, p. 131.
27
Geoffroy, Emergency Room Dictionary, p. 41.

8. 8
Room. As the flip side of the Emergency Room, the Delay Museum questions the durability of the
artwork even so created in an emergency. Once an artwork goes to the Delay Museum it is turned
into a ‘normal’ piece of contemporary art. The event of the transition itself invites the viewer to
reflect upon whether the artwork will still be pertinent years after its creation and if so, how. The
understanding of the artist as someone who is capable of warning and alarming society about future
emergencies is inherent in the event of this transition as it emphasizes how, what we consider to be
‘contemporary’ art already becomes more or less obsolete when perceived as such. With the Delay
Museum Geoffroy underlines the time-sensitive aspect of producing art that is capable of addressing
emergencies of today.
By creating a ‘delay museum’ in relation to the Emergency Room, Geoffroy brings the viewer’s
attention to the expiration of the specific ‘nowness’ of the exhibited works, a ‘nowness’, which
attains a different value when perceived in the state of emergency than in the state of delay. When
encountering an artwork with the perception of the aesthetic criteria of emergency and ‘nowness’
that format art calls for, it is tempting to ask oneself the question if contemporary art as we usually
experience it in a contemporary art museum is qualified to express relevantly about the
contemporary? With Emergency Room and the corresponding delay museum, Geoffroy points to
how the aesthetic value of format art must consequently be perceived in terms of its own premises,
which are the premises of action taken and debate spoken by artists and viewers in the ‘now’,
proposing that what we usually understand by the concept of ‘contemporary art’ is by default
already too late.
This problematic has proven itself relevant in light of the Covid-19 outbreak, causing museums and
art institutions to temporarily close on a global scale. The state of delay that Geoffroy identifies in
the creation and exhibition of contemporary art seems to manifest itself when exhibitions can no
longer be created or viewed inside the museums and art institutions in real-time – or at least in time
for artists to reflect upon and comment on political and social problematics of today. “THE
EMERGENCY WILL REPLACE THE CONTEMPORARY28
” Geoffroy wrote on one of his
signature tent installations at Documenta in Kassel in 2012, by then already emphasizing the urge
28
Geoffroy, http://www.emergencyrooms.org/documenta_kassel.html Images and details of the tent installation, which
was exhibited at Documenta in Kassel in 2012, can be found on the artist’s website (accessed on 15 June 2020).

9. 9
for global art events and institutions to act upon accelerating crises of today’s society. Geoffroy’s
point is that museums must be able to address pressing matters of climate change, xenophobia and
other threads to humanitarian principles no differently than other institutions in our society. For
Geoffroy, the role of the museum must be requestioned and reconsidered in order for museums to
stay relevant and be involved in the efforts to create movement and change both on a smaller and
bigger scale.
Sebestyén writes that the action or event in format art ‘has in itself an immediate aesthetic value’,
whereas the socially and politically sensitive side of the method is more distinct, having a
‘contemplative-reflective effect’29
. According to Sebestyén, Geoffroy works to shorten or reduce
this effect30
, which is done in the Emergency Room format by giving the participating artists and
museum goers the opportunity to express about the emergencies of today, going behind the, for
artists often time-consuming process of collaborating with a museum on making an exhibition.
Instead, Emergency Room offers a shortcut for artists, institution, and viewers to rank and raise
questions about the social and political emerging situations today. Thus, format art functions as an
answer to what can be considered an increasing and urgent need to raise these questions about
urgent political issues, whether it be the environment, migration, women’s and minority rights, etc.,
simultaneously providing a critique of the art world, and, as present in Emergency Room, a critical
view on the museum institution as addressed by the institution itself.
As Danish philosopher Carsten Friberg writes, when Geoffroy questions the art institutions, the
assumption about the museum, the biennales, art fairs etc. “is not that they do not matter, or that
they are not actively participating in the negotiation and redistribution of the sensible, hence
challenging the political”31
. Rather, Geoffroy warns against “falling into a self-confirmation and
collective indifference to the world outside the art world and art events”32
. In the case of
Emergency Room this is done by minimising the delay of artist’s response time to contemporary
social and political issues, suggesting a model where the museum becomes capable of dealing with
contemporary art in a way, which allows for the necessary immediacy such works often call for,
29
Sebestyén, http://sebestyenrita.com/before-it-is-too-late/
30
Ibid.
31
Friberg, Carsten, ”’Now before it is too late’ – Ultracontemporary art as a response to contemporary political apathy”,
on Copenhagenbiennale.org, http://www.copenhagenbiennale.org/carsten-friberg/rmx2s5lhmnetk52cmn2bdzz3ye2zp9
(accessed on 12 October 2018).
32
Ibid.

10. 10
simultaneously creating an open and critical discourse. It can be argued that modern institutions,
like the museum, posit an ideal world, from which a critique of the real world can be phrased33
. If
the role of the museum institution, born out of the Age of Enlightenment and democratic ideals, is
still, among other things, to educate and alert the public, format art provides in the case of
Emergency Room a standard for avoiding indifference or apathy towards urgent sociopolitical
matters inside, and eventually outside, the art world and walls of the museum, giving artists and
visitors the tools to react to such. Speaking of format art as a ‘method of movement’ (Baden) this
might be the most crucial movement of the mechanism of format art, namely to provide a model for
institutional critique embedded in the very structure of the museum and its exhibition production,
eventually leading to change in society at large. Whereas Emergency Room takes artists,
museumgoers and the museum institution itself as its subject, each art format created by Geoffroy is
shaped to reach different layers of society and communities, involving different segments and
crowds to create maximum impact and change on a global scale.
As previously touched upon, the main motivation behind format art is to fight apathy inside and
outside the art world, which can be seen as a growingly urgent task as the accelerating access to and
circulation of information in society today consequently leads to insensibility and indifference
among the population34
. If the museum represents a global platform for addressing this problem,
Emergency Room and format art in general carries social and political change as its potential by
demonstrating a model, which contains an aesthetic dimension that constitutes a system of
realisation through movement, participation, and engagement, manifested in the drops of sweat on
an artist’s forehead, the immersion in a vibrant debate, the physical and emotional exhaustion from
producing artworks every single day, and so on.
The aesthetics of social engagement
Every museum exhibition can be considered a strategic system of representations, which will
always seek to achieve influence, thus figuring as an integrated part of the culture industry35
.
33
Birken, Jacob, “’Is the Contemporary Already Too Late?’ (Re-)producing Criticality within the Art Museum, in
Katarzyna Murawska-Muthesius and Piotr Piotrowski (eds.), From Museum Critique to the Critical Museum,
Routledge, 2015, p. 226.
34
Friberg, http://www.copenhagenbiennale.org/carsten-friberg/rmx2s5lhmnetk52cmn2bdzz3ye2zp9
35
Ferguson, Bruce W.,”Exhibition Rhetorics: Material Speech and Utter Sense”, in Bruce W. Ferguson, Reesa
Greenberg, and Sandy Nairne (eds.), Thinking about Exhibitions, London: Routledge, 1996, pp. 178-179.

11. 11
Additionally, one can argue that institutions exercise control of art that has political, perhaps
oppositional, elements by institutionalising it in what Friberg refers to as “a system of perception,
controlled by the silent space of the museum in which the solitude and passivity of passers-by
encounter the solitude and passivity of artworks”36
. One can claim that art, thus, in the setting of
the museum institution, is detached from its world, only to be placed in the context of an aesthetic
appreciation responding to the aesthetic expectations of the audience. And this system or spectacle
is exactly what Geoffroy seeks to diminish with the art format Emergency Room. In this regard the
aesthetics of social engagement, as seen in Emergency Room, can be defined by giving art a critical
and political potential through interventions into the very structure of the museum institution – a
potential, which is realised through the social engagement of the participants of the art format and
seems to carry the power to deflate the spectacle of the culture industry from the inside. When the
museum exhibition as in Emergency Room suddenly no longer implies a pursuance of
accommodating the expectations of a certain audience, the exhibition model comes closer to being
identifiable with lived reality beyond the walls of the museum than being a mere product of the
culture industry. However, because of its setting in the museum space, which is usually
predetermined to practice the reproduction of a special system that, according to Friberg, controls
and pacifies art works and the viewer’s perception37
, the Emergency Room art format seems at first
sight to feed into this system by simply being another exhibition played out by the museum
institution for the culture industry. But through a familiarisation with the institution and its
structures, the art format plays by the institutional rules only to break them, not letting it’s political
and social content and potential be controlled or pacified.
To exemplify how Emergency Room breaks with the rules and norms of the museum institution, in
a review of the Emergency Room exhibition at MoMA PS1, writer James DeWille writes about his
experience of the show: “Upon entry, a viewer is confronted by a multitude of pieces, ranging from
videos to performances and sculpture, on the walls and floor. There are sounds and screens, and
even the artists themselves roam through the crowd. The atmosphere is kinetic and manic, making
the gallery an exciting place to be”38
. At first sight, the exhibition appears similar to a traditional
museum show with works in different media arranged in the room. But what the review then
36
Friberg, http://www.copenhagenbiennale.org/carsten-friberg/rmx2s5lhmnetk52cmn2bdzz3ye2zp9
37
Ibid.
38
DeWille, James, ”Live From N.Y., It’s Yesterday’s News”, on Columbiaspectator.com, 27 March, 2013,
https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2007/02/21/live-ny-its-yesterdays-news/ (accessed on 12 October 2018)

12. 12
focuses on is the description of a ‘kinetic and manic’ atmosphere in the exhibition where artists,
critics, volunteers, and viewers all engage in activities and dialogue – a description, which is
somehow out of the ordinary exhibition review of a common museum show. From DeWille’s
description we sense how Emergency Room is able to involve its participants directly in the
exhibition format and the exhibited works, suggesting another model in which the audience is
actually enabled to take action and shape the exhibition through their actions and viewpoints. Thus,
through a constant flow of debate, events, and production of artworks, the exhibition seems to reach
out to its audience in an attempt to engage and involve the participants in the debate that the
exhibition fosters the given day, qualifying the institution to activate itself as a social rendezvous
and exhibition space based on dialogue. In this way, Emergency Room seems to elude
institutionalisation and censorship by leaving room for the artists as well as the viewers to express
freely about socio-political questions of today in the ‘now’ whether it be climate change, migrant
crisis, or something else entirely, providing an alternative exhibition model that serves as a platform
from which the critique of the institution itself, its system and structure, can evolve39
. The
possibility of criticising and even changing the museum institution’s norms and ways of
communicating fixed perceptions through exhibition production is in Emergency Room embedded
in the format itself. By creating a genuine community, in which concrete experience is built,
Geoffroy provides with Emergency Room an efficient tool and model for the museum institution to
use in refining and re-adjusting its critical potential, which will in time hopefully mirror a change of
things in society itself40
.
This brings us back to the by the artist claimed intention of format art to fight apathy, which
Emergency Room seems especially suitable for as it gives artists and viewers the possibility to
capture important and intricate issues in their world, enabling an exhibition model in a constant
state of reconception and flux. Geoffroy describes apathy as the enemy of format art, as the “lack of
emotion, motivation, or enthusiasm”, manifesting itself as a “learned helplessness”, “making
artists perform for the culture industry”41
. Mainly the fluidity of the nature of the art format (its
changing scenario of artworks on show each day during the exhibition period, its flow of events and
debates constantly taking place in the exhibition, and the continuous circulation of documentation
39
Birken, pp. 226-227.
40
Birken, p. 227.
41
Geoffroy, Emergency Room Dictionary, p. 17.

13. 13
of the participating artists and viewers’ reactions), contributes to fight the apathy, which, according
to Geoffroy, makes up a threat in society in the world today. Thus, format art stimulates awareness
and alertness in its participants. By bringing exhibitions closer to life outside the museum through
social engagement and activation of its participants, and by making the Emergency Room format a
global phenomenon through online but also physical distribution (soon after the exhibition at
MoMA PS1 the concept would travel to Athens, Istanbul, Toronto, Naples, Paris and Hanoi42
), the
art format forms an engagement and interrelation between itself and the outside world through a
direct and critical dialogue with its audience and the affecting narratives that the artworks and
artists present in the exhibition. Indifference and insensitivity are simply not options of reaction
inside Emergency Room where art is created and shown in real time instead of in delay.
Format art in the context of contemporary art practices
Thus, Emergency Room can be characterised by the aesthetics of social, political and critical
engagement in relating just as much to the urgency and immediacy of artworks as to the
encouragement and stimulation of critical thinking in its participants. For this purpose, the art
format takes the museum institution as its starting point for its continuous production, making the
waves needed ‘to amplify capacities and replace repetition with direct involvement and action’43
.
As stated by Geoffroy, format art can be described as a method born out of a need to fight apathy in
the world at large44
, thus forming a collective practice, realised through the actions and engagement
of the performing participants. In this sense, it seems reasonable to view the practice of format art in
comparison with and application to another contemporary art practice, namely the one of relational
aesthetics as formulated by French curator Nicolas Bourriaud. As Sebestyén demonstrates,
Bourriaud’s notion of relational arts can be used constructively in enriching discourses both on the
visual and conceptual characteristics of format art and the different art formats’ performative
qualities45
. In the following, it will however be argued that format art, rather than fitting
unproblematically into the field of relational aesthetics, provides a rather different model within the
broader context of contemporary art practices.
42
Friis, Morten, ”Den dag revolutionen kom forbi”, on Cph-art.dk, 22 May, 2007, http://www.cph-
art.dk/konceptkunst/EmergencyRoom (accessed on 12 October 2018).
43
Oikonomopoulos, Vassilios, ”The Biennalist in Athens – Emergencies in the midst of unfulfilled promises”, on
Emergency.org, November, 2011, http://www.cph-art.dk/konceptkunst/EmergencyRoom (accessed on 14 October
2018).
44
Geoffroy, Emergency Room Dictionary, p. 17.
45
Sebestyén, http://sebestyenrita.com/before-it-is-too-late/

14. 14
Format art’s social, political, and critical effects
Since Bourriaud published his book Relational Aesthetics in 1998, his influential art criticism has
extensively marked a perception of contemporary art practices of the 1990’s and onwards. A
practice, which, according to Bourriaud, in short can be characterised by the conceiving of artists as
facilitators rather than makers, where artworks are based on human relations and their social context
and regarded as information exchanged between artists and viewers46
. Gone is the work of art as
independent, abstract idea and object, leaving the viewer as participant in the artistic gesture, now
an intangible act, proposing new ways of creating social relationships. While Geoffroy’s art formats
in many ways seem to apply to Bourriaud’s notion of the artist as facilitator, or as Rosenvinge puts
it, ‘catalyst’47
, handing the viewer the means to change the world socially and politically through
performative, artistic acts and gestures, the difference between format art and relational art seems to
manifest itself in the method and motivation behind the two. Whereas the theoretical horizon of
relational art belongs to the sphere of human interaction by building forms of existence and models
of action inside the structure of the already existing world, the foundation of format art is built upon
the desire to create new models of potentiality of change, which does not yet exist. According to
Bourriaud, contemporary artists and their interlocutors are in the process of ‘learning to inhabit the
world in a better way’48
, a theory based on observation of the present where the work of the artists,
which he analyses, appears as reactions to the conditions that define the globalised social order49
.
Though format art responds to globalisation as well, and the format is per definition shaped to
become global50
, it nevertheless prepares the ground for a different process, in which artists and
viewers are stimulated to engage critically in the outside world through new interferences and
patterns. In this sense, format art can be said to operate as ‘wake up models’, offering artists and the
public the means to actually create a different reality, instead of only operating inside and accepting
the existing model.
46
Bourriaud, Nicolas, Relational Aesthetics, Simon Pleasance and Fronza Woods, trans., Les presses du réel, 2002
(1998), p. 16.
47
Rosenvinge, p. 12.
48
Bourriaud, p. 13.
49
Tapper, Nick, ”Me and You and Everyone we know: The Aesthetics of Joining In”, on The University of Western
Aurstralia, August, 2006, http://www.ias.uwa.edu.au/new-critic/two/meyouandeveryone (accessed 9 October 2018).
50
Davis, Jacquelyn, ”Interview with Thierry Geoffroy”, on Jacquelyn Davis, 5 June 2012,
http://jsd.instrumentandoccupation.se/interview-with-thierry-geoffroy (accessed 25 September 2018).

15. 15
Besides its refusal to simply accept and learn to inhabit the world as it is, format art does not in all
of its aspects seem to apply to the small-scale, tactical approach, relating to the micro-community in
front of the artwork, which is characteristic for art within the field of relational aesthetics51
. Rather,
Geoffroy’s project is to eventually accomplish political and social transformation on a much bigger
scale, for instance manifested in the implementation of permanent Emergency Rooms at every
museum in the world52
. Geoffroy’s art formats, like relational art, also work on a small-scale level,
but only in order to reach further out for maximum influence, ultimately reaching a bigger potential
and wider audience. It is possible to criticise relational aesthetics for being restricted to the space of
galleries and art centres, thus contradicting the desire for sociability underpinning their meaning53
.
Similarly, Geoffroy’s art format Emergency Room has been criticised for being unable to live out its
social, political, and critical potential within the context of the art institution54
. In a review of the art
format, art critic Natalie Hegert writes: “In the Emergency Room, urgent issues are exhibited, but to
whom? A gallery setting can only reach a certain segment of the population; whereas the street art
model reaches many more people, it is more likely to be disregarded”55
. When directing this
criticism towards Emergency Room, it is however important to take the art format’s criticism of the
museum into account, which is embedded in the format itself. Simultaneously, one can argue that
things are not that straightforward, as realising an art format in a museum does not preclude the
possibility of making other art formats elsewhere, e.g. in the street as seen for example in the art
format Critical Run.
It can be argued that format art must always be perceived as multiple interrelated events or
movements, and never solely as individual, small-scale undertakings or exhibitions. Seen in this
light, Emergency Room marks only a fraction of the overall approach and action done by Geoffroy
through his art formats to ultimately pursue a world of greater alertness, awareness and
engagement. The art formats by the artist, including Emergency Room, Critical Run, Biennalist,
Slow Dance Debate and Awareness Muscle, only to mention a few, are all interconnected in
different ways, shaping a vocabulary of multiple performative and artistic gestures inside the same
aesthetic language. Furthermore, Geoffroy’s use of mass media in his art formats, as examined by
51
Bourriaud, pp. 60-61.
52
Friis, http://www.cph-art.dk/konceptkunst/EmergencyRoom
53
Bourriaud, pp. 81-82.
54
Hegert, Natalie, ”Emergency Case”, on Artslant.com, 10 November, 2008,
https://www.artslant.com/ny/articles/show/2829-emergency-case (accessed on 14 October 2018)
55
Ibid.

16. 16
Gade among others, demonstrates the vision of format art to relate to the world outside the museum,
involving the large-scale public on a global level just as much as the participants in the front row to
the artworks and events on site. International media vastly documented Emergency Room
throughout the exhibition period at MoMA PS1, spreading the message to the public around the
globe56
. For instance the New York based TV channel ABC News reported from Emergency Room
during the exhibition, interviewing some of the participating artists. Here, artist Gail Rothschild
presented her artwork of the day to the camera, telling how she ‘was struck by the bizarre die-off of
honeybees’ and inspired to make an artwork about it57
. Through massive international media
coverage an artwork like this, which is dealing with environmental problems affecting every
human, animal and nation on this planet, achieves world-wide recognition in an instant, thus
involving a much larger audience than a regular museum show, eventually creating a greater effect.
A definition of format art?
Like the foundation of relational aesthetics, the basis of format art relies on dialogue, collaboration,
and encounter. Nevertheless, a point of criticism, which has been directed towards relational art,
most prominently by art historian Claire Bishop in her article Relational Aesthetics (2004), is that,
despite the desire of relational art to re-humanise a capitalistic world and puncture a hierarchy, it
does not succeed in doing so58
. There is, Bishop implies, a lack of political engagement in the
relational art observed by Bourriaud, which makes his selection of artworks incapable of providing
a critical, antagonistic interaction with the public59
. If we follow Bishop’s criticism, there must be
some aspect of antagonism present in a work of art in order to establish an effective critical
interrelation with its viewers. And, as examined by Baden, this is exactly what we find in
Geoffroy’s practice. Baden observes how format art often conveys uncomfortable, embarrassing
elements, for instance in the art format Critical Run where the participants are asked to run while
debating about unpopular questions60
(What are the emergencies today? Is art the last bastion for
freedom? Are biennales dangerous?) – A quite unpleasant, both physically and mentally exhausting
process. Similarly, the artists and viewers are pushed out of their comfort zones and challenged in
Emergency Room, motivated to produce artworks and debate about their relevance in a constant
56
Friis, http://www.cph-art.dk/konceptkunst/EmergencyRoom
57
ABC News, 2007.
58
Bishop, Claire, ”Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics”, in October, January 1, 2004, p. 65.
59
Ibid.
60
Baden, p. 133.

17. 17
flow. The artists are even asked to defend the relevance of their artwork after the exhibition
changes. One can argue that Emergency Room creates an antagonistic relationship between itself
and the participants through the uncomfortable or tense relationship between themselves and the
questions and content posed in the artworks out of emergency. Following Bishop’s argumentation,
format art thus seems to be capable of offering an alternative socially engaged practice, which is
sensible to the points of criticism directed towards relational art.
It can be suggested that format art provides another methodological lens through which to view
social relations to the world and to one another by providing a critical, in Bishop’s terms
antagonistic interaction, as opposed to other works by contemporary artists, which according to
Bourriaud can be considered relational art, that is art that understands itself as an experimental
production of new social relationships – as “the invention of models of sociability” and
“conviviality”. To mention a few examples of these artworks; “Rirkrit Tiravanija organizes a
dinner in a collector’s home, and leaves him all the ingredients required to make a Thai soup.
Philippe Parreno invites a few people to pursue their favorite hobbies on May Day, on a factory
assembly line”61
. What makes Geoffroy’s art formats differ from these examples is, besides the
antagonistic interaction (the embarrassment and discomfort of being a participator in an art format,
perhaps even having different viewpoints from other participants), that Geoffroy does not simply
accept the ‘existing real’, being happy to play with the social bond within the constraining frame of
the given. Rather, format art is actually concerned with changing this system of social relations
(capitalism, the structure of the museum, and even apathy) through an interventionist, often comic,
although never cynical, approach62
. As Gade writes, Geoffroy ‘works performatively using
interventionist strategies’ and ‘may be accounted an activist artist’63
. And as Rosenvinge points out,
it is furthermore ‘the artist’s intention to create more activists’64
. To exemplify this, as observed in
Emergency Room, Geoffroy demonstrates through interventions into the act of exhibition making,
how the museum can consciously work against its own limitations through new ways of
constructing exhibitions, in which the artists and viewers are directly engaged. The social and
political content of the day-to-day newly created artworks exhibited in Emergency Room does not
61
Bourriaud, pp. 7-8.
62
Kealy, http://thierrygeoffroy.blogspot.com
63
Gade, Rune, ”But His Wife Is Danish – on colonization, being colonized and Colonel”, in Colonel: Avoir L’air, Line
Rosenvinge and Marita Muukkonen, eds., NIFCA Publications, 2006, p. 58.
64
Rosenvinge, p. 12.

18. 18
only prepare the ground for immediate critical reflection in the art formats participants inside the
exhibition, but simultaneously strives to encourage long-term change in its audience’s behaviour
and pattern of thought after leaving the exhibition at the museum. Thus, format art becomes an
efficient tool in responding to crisis situations.
It is to a certain degree possible and inevitable to understand format art in conjunction with
contemporary art practices such as relational aesthetics, as they are both manifested in intangible
acts, rejecting the idea of art as object, proposing new ways of creating social relationships. Both
practices respond to local as well as global contexts focused on the creation of collaborative
processes that develop the consciousness or awareness of the participants. However, the field of
format art calls for a different definition as it operates through different methods and models. First
of all, format art rejects the notion of contemporaneity in favor of the ‘ultracontemporary’, that is
artworks created in and expressing about the ‘now’, thus opening up for an immediate perception of
artworks, even in the context of the museum. Secondly, one can argue that format art and relational
art activate the spectator in different ways. Whereas they both produce an experience, the
experience in the artworks, which respond to Bourriaud’s definition of relational aesthetics, are
enabled by the artists for a small community through the community’s participation. Relational art
can be said to shape the public and use the public itself in doing so. Format art’s focus on process
not only changes the people involved, it changes the world for people unaware of the work. By
creating art formats such as Emergency Room, Geoffroy establishes open and democratic social
structures within the aesthetic realm, offering the possibility of a form of art that initiates social
change to prevent apathy and ultimately future dysfunctions in society. And this is exactly what
format art is all about; putting forward an intellectual, bodily and socially-politically challenging
invitation for co-creation that ‘pushes against the commodity of the spectator and engages the
participants into a challenging, unsettling alertness and awareness’65
.
65 Sebestyén, http://sebestyenrita.com/before-it-is-too-late/

19. 19
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