1. Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF)
Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net
programme
Presented to the Transfer Project workshop
Arusha, April 3rd 2019
S. Masala, T. Mwaruka and P. Kijazi
TASAF Management Unit
2. Presentation outline
1. PSSN intervention and graduation logic and
impact on households, adolescents and
women
– Discussion
2. PSSN Livelihoods Enhancement component
and the Adolescent Cash Plus model
– Discussion
3. +
CCTs
(HH with children and
pregnant women)
Incl. monthly community
sessions
PWP
(HH with adults able
to work)
Plus savings
promotion
PSSN: A system to support the poor and vulnerable in
Tanzania
Income
generating
activities,
Savings,
Training
Education, health and
nutrition services
Human capital accumulation and
sustained reduction of poverty
v
Smooth
consumption,
accumulation of
assets
v
Participation for several years
*A household becomes a beneficiary of both programs
Unified registry of
Beneficiaries
Common
targeting
4. TASAF-PSSN graduation strategies
• TASAF-PSSN phase II will apply the following
graduation strategies
– Recertification of programme participants
• Combination of community-based listing and proxy
means-test
• Can lead to exit or to continued stay in the programme
– Voluntary exit (following communication
campaign)
– Automatic Exit after completion of cycle of
Livelihood Enhancement activities
6. ThePSSNfurther reduced theshareof
householdsliving under theabsolute poverty line
In absence of the program, and thanks to improvements in Tanzanian economic
situation,basicneedspovertydecreased(1.8%) compared tobaseline
However,there wasa slight increasein the adjusted food poverty (0.7%)
Separately, theprogramgeneratedan additional decreasein povertyof 10%
and12% respectively
69.2 67.9
61.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
Baseline Control PSSN
BelowBasic Needs
Poverty Line (%)
63.5 64.0
56.3
100
80
60
40
20
0
Baseline Control PSSN
BelowAdjusted Food
Poverty Line (%)
7. Fooddiversity increased, related to better
performance of children & adults at school/work
Without the program, the likelihoodof low dietary diversity increasedby 2.8
p.p. Howeverwith theprogram, the likelihood of low dietary diversity decreased
by 6.1 p.p.
Intheabsenceof theprogram, theshareof householdsundera PoorFood
ConsumptionScore(FCS)decreased by 11.1 p.p. compared to the baseline, the
program generated anadditional decrease of 4 p.p.
54.1
50.1
Shareof householdsfalling
under Poor FCS
65.0
Baseline Control PSSN
73.0 75.8
69.7
Likelihood of LowDietary
Diversity (%)
Baseline Control PSSN
8. Theprogram intensified farming activities, and
increased investmentin productive assets
61.0
78.7
100
90
80 72.2
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Baseline Control PSSN
35.9
42.1
60.7
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Inabsenceof theprogram there wasan overall improvementonthelikelihoodof
cultivating a farm and owninglivestock,by 1.2 p.p., and 6.2 p.p. each
Theprogram further improved theseproductiveoutcomes:
Shareof householdscultivatingany farm plotincreasedby 6.5p.p.
Shareof owningany livestock by18.6 p.p.,whichisalso related to improved
resiliencetoshocks
Cultivate any farm plot (%) Own any livestock (%)
Baseline Control PSSN
9. Householdshad morecapacity to respond to shocks
and relied lessonnegative copingstrategies
Theprogram reduced negative coping strategies in general (CSIreduced by
16.7%), driven by a decrease in household’sreliance onrelatives/friends (by 5.4
p.p.)
Note: higher CSImeanshigher risk (i.e. negative) coping strategies
7.8
6.5
10
8
6
4
2
0
Coping Strategies Index (CSI)
Control PSSN
18.6
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Help from Relatives/Friends (%)
26.0
Control PSSN
10. No effect onhealth expenditure, but program
increased registration to health insurancethreefold
Registration to CHFisnota PSSNco-responsibility, however,the program hasmade
important efforts to promote enrolment.Thisisin line with findings from spot checks
11.0
32.7
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
No impact onhealth related expenditures
Partly explained by the threefoldincreasein shareof householdshaving at least
onememberregisteredunderCommunityHealthFund(increaseby 21.7 p.p.)
Health Insurance (%)
Control PSSN
11. School attendance by treatment status and interview wave
Children ages 4-16 at baseline
0
.2.4.6.8
1
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Baseline Endline
School Attendance Impact School Attendance Impact
Treatment Control
Age at baseline
12. Education
[Qualitative findings]
“My young brothers were having problems to attend
school because they had no uniforms and exercise books,
but now they attend school without any problems.”
[19-year old male, Mbogwe]
“I have seen big improvements in my life and family as a
whole. I have school uniforms, food and exercise books. I
see myself as having someone to hold my hand and assist
me, and for now I am hoping to study up to form six if
TASAF will continue to release funds. As a family we own
chicken and goats and we are planning to have more as
assets. I am working hard in my class and I am sure I will
perform well in my exams”.
[17-year old male, Itilima]
14. Livelihoods Enhancement
Framework
18
Conditional Cash Transfer – consumption support +
intergenerational poverty reduction
Public Works – consumption support
Basic skills/awareness
training
Productive
Grant
“Light coaching” provided via continued participation of HH in CCT
Savings (COMSP, mobile money, individual)
START
Extreme
poverty
PW
continues
Some HHs eligible for
Grant
15. Livelihoods Enhancement Framework
Productive GrantBasic skills and awareness training on
economic activities
Savings promotion (COMSIP,
A scheme which responds to proposals
put forward by beneficiary households
applying for the grant to start/ improve
their IGAs. Eligibility:
- Participated in LE orientation sessions
- Participated in basic skills and savings
training
- Participated in a business preparation
training
- Prepared business plan for his IGA
Modality: One-time grant
Agrees to:
- Participate in orientation session on
use of grant, including being linked
to training on the chosen LE option
and livelihood opportunities
- Provision of regular hands-on support
to beneficiaries during
implementation
Training beneficiaries on LE
opportunities, transformation,
marketing, entrepreneurship skills,
business plans preparation, record
keeping. Eligibility: all households
Savings are made with the purpose of
increasing the ability of program
beneficiaries to save for future needs
and investments.
Content: LE opportunities, constitution
preparation, savings mobilization, loan
and conflict management, record
keeping
Eligibility: all households with labor
capacity
Coaching and mentoring
16. Livelihood Enhancement:
Implementation status
• ToTs on Basic skills on economic activities have been conducted in
eight PAAs.
• Pilot training to beneficiaries was done in Bagamoyo, where
beneficiaries were able to prepare proposals including business plans
and applied for productive grants. However, the roll out of the training
and provision of productive grants were not done as the two activities
were rescheduled to July 2019
• A total of 11,699 Savings groups have been formed comprising of
151,821 beneficiaries (112,962 F and 38,859 M)
• Pilot on behavioural design activities is on progress
• Support to adolescents and youth through pilot interventions has been
done, which include training on business skills and provision of
productive grants is on progress (Cash Plus)
•
20
18. • Adolescents: a key population to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty
• PSSN has a positive impact on safe transitions to adulthood
• The youth well-being impact evaluation highlighted positive changes for
young people in PSSN families in fields of education, basic needs, and
social support
• Yet, cash is important but not sufficient to address all barriers to safe and
productive transitions to adulthood
• Addressing early marriage and pregnancy, improving health, and
providing livelihood opportunities requires more
• Powerful synergies can be created when linking adolescents in PSSN
households to other services and interventions
• Hence, TASAF and partners developed the Cash Plus model and agreed to
have it accompanied by a rigorous impact evaluation
Cash Plus rationale
20. Target
population: Male
& female
adolescents aged
14-19 years (1,500
youth)
Location: 4 districts in
Tanzania’s Southern
Highlands region (65
villages)
Partners: TASAF,
Tanzania AIDS
Commission
(TACAIDS), Ministry of
Health UNICEF
Program components:
The Cash: PSSN households receiving bi-monthly transfer
The Plus: Adolescents in PSSN households receiving
1. Livelihoods and life skills training (12 weeks)
2. Mentoring, referrals and a productive grant (9 months)
3. Linkages to adolescent friendly SRH, HIV services
Cash Plus – The Intervention
21. Evaluation design
• Cash Plus is accompanied by a rigorous impact evaluation
• The evaluation has a treatment (PSSN cash transfer and
Cash Plus for adolescents) and a control group (PSSN cash
transfer only)
• Measurements done at baseline (mid-2017), mid-line (mid-
2018), and end-line (mid-2019)
• After baseline, 65 participating and 65 control villages were
selected
• In total, 2,458 adolescents participate in the survey (spread
over treatment and control group)
• The evaluation also includes health facility and community
survey instruments
22. Cash Plus midline survey (mid-2018)
• Conducted after 12-week training program for
adolescents
• Can expect changes in:
– Knowledge (business plans, where to seek HIV/SRH
services)
– Attitudes (gender equitable attitudes, etc.)
– Aspirations (future schooling, employment)
• Most likely too soon to see
– Changes in behavior (livelihoods, HIV, SRH, transitions
to adulthood, violence)
– Substantive increases in economic activities
23. Summary of midline findings
Domain
Total number of outcomes
/indicators
Number of statistically significant
impacts
Education 9 1
Economic activities
(participation, hours)
17 3
Aspirations (educational,
occupational)
10 0
Attitudes (quality of life, self-
esteem, social support, locus
of control)
5 0
Attitudes on gender 5 1
Contraceptive knowledge 17 3
HIV knowledge 4 1
HIV risk (perceived, tested) 5
SRH visits and reasons for visit 8 1
Total 63 10
24. Intervention increased economic activities
Figure 8.2. Youth participation in any economic activities, by interview wave
and treatment status.
25. Economic activities
Qualitative findings elaborate the difference in those who conducted
a business before and after livelihood training.
Me, before I started training I was cooking buns, but after I
started training we were taught simple business plan, I started
selling soap, salt and juice. Female, 14 years, Rungwe
Participants who reported having started businesses prior to the
training cited financial difficulties at home as the main reason for their
interest in business:
I mean, you look at how the system of life goes at home, and a
person when you reach 16 or 17 years, you must know how life
goes. You will be surprised you need money and then you ask from
Mama and Mama says she doesn’t have, that’s why you have to
evaluate and act. Female, 15 years, Rungwe
26. Protective effects: Youth school
dropout between baseline and midline
Proportion who dropped out of school by midline, by gender and treatment
28. Conclusion
• Adolescent Cash Plus intervention is:
– Addressing multiple vulnerabilities of adolescents in
Tanzania
– Running on a government platform
– Providing evidence on a pilot within extremely poor,
marginalized youth
• After 12 weeks of training, positive impacts on
knowledge and attitudes:
– Participation in economic activities
– More gender equitable attitudes
– More knowledge of modern contraceptives
– Increased knowledge of HIV prevention
• Changes in behavior take more time, and we will
measure at end-line (June – July 2019)
Editor's Notes
This figure represents child school attendance by treatment status at baseline (left panel) and endline (right panel).
School attendance has an inverted U-shaped relationship with age and peaks around age 11, when it reaches about 90 per cent.
At baseline, school attendance of children in the treatment and control groups mostly overlaps. At endline, children in the treatment group have higher school attendance than children in the control group across all ages, indicating that the PSSN had a beneficial effect on school participation.
This graph could follow after the group picture, just before the first results table.
This slide shows the conceptual framework for the Cash Plus model. A hand-out will be made available for detailed reading. I would like to just highlight the following main points:
It shows that the intervention aims at combining cash transfers to the household, skills training for adolescents in those households, and strengthening youth-friendly services to respond to demand
It is important to note that the training covers livelihood skills and sexual and reproductive health skills. Cash Plus for adolescents believes that the combination of livelihood and sexual and reproductive health skills is essential for adolescents. In short: no economic empowerment when adolescents are not healthy and no health when not economically strong
This is also revealed by the type of outcomes that Cash Plus tries to influence. These range from employment opportunities, to reduced exposure to violence, and improved mental health, to delayed sexual debut, marriage, and early pregnancy.
This slide show a summary of the mid-line findings. It presents to the left all the domains where we expect Cash Plus to have an impact. For each of the domains, it shows the number of indicators for which we measured the change between baseline and mid-line. Finally, to the right we present for how many indicators we found a significant impact.
This shows that for only 10 out of 63 indicators we found impact. This was largely in line with what we expected to see because at mid-line only the training component was completed. The mentoring and productive grant components had not yet started.
This slide show that at mid-line, the adolescents participated more in economic activities than at baseline.
This is what young people themselves said about participation in economic activities.
This slide shows that there was a different impact on school drop out between female and male participants in Cash Plus.
Among female participants, Cash Plus reduced school drop out – notably for those 16 to 19 years of age
Among male participants, Cash Plus participants actually revealed higher levels of school drop out – notably the 18 and 19 year old.
We are still looking into finding explanations for these findings.
This slide shows that the Cash Plus program increased gender equitable attitudes among male participants.
Among males, the intervention had a positive impact on gender-equitable attitudes. It means that at mid-line, the attitudes of male participants in relation to violence, domestic chores, and other issues reflected a better gender balance than at baseline and that the improvements were significant in relation to the control group. We didn’t see this change among the group of female participants.
The training increased knowledge among participants that sex with one uninfected partner can reduce HIV risk