Loan Collection and Delinquency Management

1. BEST PRACTICES IN COLLECTIONS STRATEGIES
FOR MFIs

2. Learning Outcomes
a. Learn about the role of Collections
b. Understand the Collections Process
c. Discuss the four best practices in Collections
d. Be aware what the Additional Collection Concerns are
e. Understand the Collections Cost Analysis

3. The Role of Collections
• Helps to both maintain clients and
free up money for lending again.
• Converting looses into income.
• Collections is an essential piece of
the credit cycle, not just the final
step.
Promotion
Evaluation
Approval
Disbursement
Collections
Start
Collection is an integral part of the credit cycle.
Figure 1: The Credit Cycle

4. Why is there delinquency in Microfinance Institutions?
• A client misses a payment date.
• If the earlier lending process were conducted correctly, money delinquency
problems would be avoided.
• Common errors in lending sub-processes occurring prior to collections as
follows;
• Promotion
o The products does not meet clients’ real needs
o No clear definition of the target client
o The loan does not match foreseen uses of the loan funds
o No emphasis on a “long-term lending relationship” based on punctual
payment
o Lack of necessary training

5. Why is there delinquency in Microfinance Institutions?
(Contd..)
• Evaluation
oExceed clients’ capacity to pay and over-indebtedness
oClient has poor references or a poor attitude toward paying on time
oNo cross-checking of information to verify consistency
oNo clear policies for renewal
oLack of risk management tools
• Approval
oDecisions are influenced by pressure to meet goals
oDecisions are subjective (trust in the loan officer and lacking an objective
credit analysis)

6. Why is there delinquency in Microfinance Institutions?
(Contd..)
• Disbursement
o Failure to conduct objective analysis to determine best loan conditions (loan
amount, term and installment amount, and selections of the repayment date)
o Lack of motivation to pay on time due to unclear payment instructions and
expectations at the point of loan disbursement
o Few alternative payment channels
o Failure to identify the account holder or a lack of signatures on contract and
loan documents
o Delays in disbursement preventing the client from making use of the loan as
intended

7. The Collections Process
• The set of coordinated, appropriate, and timely activities aimed at full
collection of loans from clients.
• To convert the MFI’s receivables into liquid assets
• Should be offered payment alternatives
• Some typical collections activities are;
a) Analysis of the particular case
b) Contact with the client
c) Assessment
d) Suggesting an alternative

8. The Collections Process (Contd..)
e) Securing payment commitments
f) Compliance with payment commitments
g) Recording collection activities
h) Follow-up on the case
i) Intensification of collections activities
j) Defining a loss

9. The Collections Process (Contd..)
Figure 2: Flowchart of Collections Process

10. The Collections Process (Contd..)
• The various actors in the collections process act in a coordinated and
timely manner.
• Many institutions develop non-traditional mechanisms (type of
psychological pressure, called “non-traditional guarantees”) because of
non collateral guarantees to MFIs.
• Poorly understood collections process can lead to inadequate, cost
strategies and the breakdown of the process itself

11. The Collections Process (Contd..)
• Some common errors in collection process are;
oTendency to restructure, refinance, or disburse a new loan to repay a past-
due loan without the proper analysis and monitoring of the client’s current
situation.
oTendency to seize goods from the business or home as a means to collect
on the loan.
oTendency to be subjective

12. Best Practices in Collections
Best Practice #1 – Adopt Proactive Strategies to Quell Delinquency
Before It Starts
One of the most effective strategies for reducing delinquency, preventive
action is less costly, manage clients who are not yet past due carefully.
• Educate Borrowers about Product and Collections Fees and Charges
oEducate and train the client and guarantor about the implications of
obtaining a loan, how the product works, the benefits of paying on time
and the payment schedule

13. Best Practices in Collections (Contd..)
• Expenses related to the collections
o “Reward for punctual payment”, offering discounts must be provided to the client
o “On-time collections” method in India, provide incentives or other rewards to
clients
• Establish Mutually-Agreeable Payment Dates
o Mutually-agreeable payment dates may increase the probability of
repayment
o The client experiences peaks in revenue or liquidity on repayment dates
which should be far enough away from payment dates for other obligations
(rent, school fees, and other debts)

14. Best Practices in Collections (Contd..)
• Address Customer-Service Complaints Quickly
oNew loan products linked to the purchase of assets, such as mobile phones
and computers.
oCan be cessation of client payments because the item bought turns out to
be defective and/or the client did not receive adequate customer service
from the supplier.
oMust analyze the situation and, if determines that late payment is due to
problems with the good or service, purpose a timely solution in order to
“reactivate” the client.

15. Best Practices in Collections (Contd..)
• Use Positive Reinforcement
oRecognize and reward clients who pay on time by offering them immediate
access to renewals, larger loan amounts, preferential (lower) interest rates,
certificates of good payment, training, and prizes.
Best Practice #2 – Improve Internal Productivity of the Collection area
A well-designed collections strategy weighs the strengths and
weaknesses of the institution (whether internal or external collections),
to ensure staff are properly trained, motivated, and measured, can
promote health competition among the collections employees.
Determine the Appropriate Collections Procedures
MFI must analyze its options carefully whether to hire a collection
agency or to create an internal collections unit.

16. Best Practices in Collections (Contd..)
Advantages
• Collections agencies offer trained
and specialized staff
• Costly control and supervision of
collections activities are transferred
to the collections agency.
• The client is often intimidated by the
appearance of a new collections
agent or company.
• A variety of collections approaches
(call centers, collectors, on-site
collections agents, and collections
points)
Disadvantages
• Lack experience with the low-income
sector
• May not be able available in all markets
and countries.
• Little interest in client relationships, client
“reactivation” is difficult.
• Direct contact with the client may reveal
problems within the MFI, resulting in a
loss of confidentiality.
• Less success collecting if the client fails to
“acknowledge” external collections agents
• Not the same ethical standards as
promoted by the MFI when dealing with
clients.
Option 1: Outsourcing to Collections Agencies

17. Best Practices in Collections (Contd..)
Advantages
• More thorough knowledge of the client and
the market.
• Careful to maintain a relationship with the
client, leading to possible client reactivation
• Internal units facilitate internal feedback on
the lending process as a whole
• Staff feels more committed to the
organization and to its objectives
• The MFI’s internal database holds information
for the development of predictive collections.
• The MFI retains control over the client
interface, thus having more direct control
over ensuring collections practices remain in
line with institution’s ethical standards.
Disadvantages
• Limited time and resources for specialized
staff training to offer. The control and
supervision of collections activities and
staff also imposes high cost.
• Lack of personal and professional
recognition for collections staff.
Collections has a reputation of being not
very enjoyable, and, in some cultural
contexts, quite negative.
• An internal unit distracts from promotion
and analysis activities, especially during
periods of expansion.
• MFIs have little experience in collections.
Option 2: Creating an Internal Collections Unit

18. Best Practices in Collections (Contd..)
Select and Train Staff Members
oThe MFI must identify the position and roles in the collections process
oTo define the roles and responsibilities of each participant in the
collections process (e.g. field agents, call center, collections agencies,
attorneys)
oTo educate staff members in techniques and strategies
oStaff members have a full understanding of the accurate application
of collections tools and knowledge of relevant legal resolutions.

19. Best Practices in Collections (Contd..)
Create Staff Incentives
oIncentives are established to motivate staff to direct their
considerable talents to obtaining desired results.
oTo improving the effectiveness of collections
oPromote a workplace environment of healthy competition
o“Commission for collections” could be designed to include higher
commissions for the collections of more delinquent loans.
oThe collections goal could be measured based on the reduction of
monthly provision expenses.

20. Best Practice #3 – Ensure Quality Information Gathering and Management
• Develop Efficient Information and Support System
▫ Management Reports – Lists of past due clients to visit by collection officer, amount and days late, daily
collection report
▫ Monitoring Reports – delinquent portfolio by product, ratio of efficiency on collections , summaries of
portfolio by ageing and zone etc.
▫ Risk-Management Reports – monitor collections impact over portfolio performance.
• Ensure Quality of Client Information
▫ Collection of quality client information necessary for successful client location.
▫ Information should be verified and updated as necessary in order to facilitate seamless contact with the
clients through out the process
▫ Develop system and strategies for updating client information in the data based without compromising
secure access controls or quality of information.
▫ Develop an incentive system for staff to encourage timely and accurate database updates to ensure integrity.

21. Best Practice #3 – Ensure Quality Information Gathering and Management
Contd..
• Establish an Internal Past – Due Committee
▫ Made up of branch staff who participate in the collection process including loan officers , collection agents,
branch mangers and others.
▫ Discuss and analyze specific past-due clients and collections strategies and process.
▫ Suggestions offered and learn from the errors identified in the evaluation and approval process/phase.
▫ Useful to develop a culture of good collections practices within the institutions and help provide feedback to
management of the MFI’s collections strategies , policies and procedures.
▫ Help to control delinquency , encourages good decision making practices, and provides a valuable forum for
learning.

22. Best Practice #3 – Ensure Quality Information Gathering and Management
Contd..
• Establish Internal Methodological Control Units
▫ Strategic units created to address the lack of monitoring and control system for the specific products and
services.
▫ Traditional banking sectors audit systems are proven to be inadequate.
▫ Internal audit department to monitor not only the collections process but address all sub process of the
lending cycle.
▫ Ongoing feedback and assessment will be used to keep management informed regarding the quality of
operations in the branches and the correct application of credit policies and processes.
▫ Prevent deviations from the established methodology that could potentially have a negative impact on
portfolio quality.

23. Best Practice #4 – Develop Well-Defined Strategies for Collections of Delinquent Loans
• Establish Client-Contact Policies
▫ The key to selecting the best method is weighing the costs and benefits of each available method based on
numbering of days past due and probability of total debt collections.
▫ Preventative strategies such as payment reminder and a plan defining dates of future contact and steps to be
taken in the collections process

24. Best Practice #4 – Develop Well-Defined Strategies for Collections of Delinquent Loans –
Contd..
• Risk-Based Collections Strategies
▫ A thorough review of the external information available regarding regulatory environment , limitations,
competition, the target market etc.
▫ The design of the databases to support the construction of risk management reports for performance
monitoring and for the development of the tools aiding collections decisions;
 Training for staff responsible for risk management and collections strategy definitions
 Definition of the tool for calculate the level of risk the client presents, whether that client is recoverable
and the best strategy for recovery

25. Best Practice #4 – Develop Well-Defined Strategies for Collections of Delinquent Loans –
Contd..
Tool for identifying the probability of default of a client
• Data Mining
 The process of identifying signification correlations, patterns and trends that are hidden among the
wealth of the information of the database, through the combination of statistics , mathematics and
recognition of pattern.
 An integrated process that allows the institution to convert data into knowledge.
 Allows MFIs to forecast the probability of recovery and provides them with a score useful in prioritizing.
• Collections Scorecard
• A system for assigning points based on the characteristics of a client in order to obtain a numeric value that
reflects how likely this client is to default relative to other individuals.
• Not how much risk but rather indicate how a particular loan is expected to perform relative to other loans.
• Collection notice send depends primarily on the priority determined based on the client risk and probability
of collections.

26. Best Practice #4 – Develop Well-Defined Strategies for Collections of Delinquent Loans –
Contd..
• Segmentation
▫ Not all clients are the same nor their reasons for delinquency.
▫ Effective segmentation results primarily from identifying the cause of delinquency and classifying
the client based on attitude, capacity to pay , solvency and location.
▫ Difficult tasks and not achieved early on
▫ Beginning focus is to retain the client but as number of days past – due increases the focus
changes to recovering the loaned funds.
▫ Simple classification strategies
 Clients who are willing and able to pay require simple collections activities.
 Clients who are willing but unable to pay require feasible alternatives and options – such as changing the
loan conditions ( restructuring , refinancing etc.)
 Clients who are able but not willing to pay – due to service quality or other reasons. Legal action if
needed.
 Client who are neither willing nor able to pay – require immediate legal actions.

27. Best Practice #4 – Develop Well-Defined Strategies for Collections of Delinquent Loans –
Contd..
• Payment Alternatives
▫ Must offer various payment alternatives adjusted to fit the diverse needs and situations of clients.
▫ Need for innovation and the creation of other alternative rather than traditional way of using restructuring
and refinancing .
▫ Need the support of strong and flexible information system.
▫ Extending the loan term, implementing periodic evaluations or collecting minimum installment payments for
a specific periods of months and the remaining balance upon maturity.
▫ Discounting late fees and charges from the total amount of the loan.

28. Additional Collections Concerns
• Consumer Protection and Collections
▫ The importance of long term client relationship is key to designing and developing efficient collections
strategies.
▫ Must never include inappropriate coercion or intimidation techniques, such as physical force, humiliation,
contract at inappropriate hours or seizure of assets.
▫ Must develop a culture of professional service and respect for clients – selecting the staff with the right
profile, offering regularly training opportunities and implementing clearly defined processes.
▫ Monitoring collections activities - Random visits to past due clients from each branch to supervised the
policies and procedures and to get feedback from the clients.
▫ Forming focus groups – delinquent clients - to obtain feedback on service quality and to understand client’s
payment priorities.
▫ Requiring frequent and detailed reporting - should regularly report as a part of overall analysis and
evaluation of collection activities.
▫ Setting a time limit for interaction – involvement of different loan officers and collection agents may help to
reduce the possibility of fraud and / or mistreatment of the client.

29. Additional Collections Concerns
• Promotion and Collections
▫ Promotions or sales and collections are closely related and due to this interdependence MFIs cannot focus
on only promotion or only collections and must be managed together.
▫ Loan disbursement is not completed until the debt has been completely recovered.
▫ Maintaining appropriate balance between promotions and collections is a key factor critical to MFI’s survival.

30. Additional Collections Concerns
• Collections Cost Analysis
▫ Need to determine factors such as size and number of participants in the process, number of collections
agents or collectors, salaries , incentives, commission and whether specialized services will be used.
▫ To optimized the efficiency , CCP and LL must be inversely proportional.
CCP (Cost of Collections Process) = Salaries + Other Operation Expenses + Fees for Service
TCC (Total Cost of Collections) = CCP + LL ( Loan loss & Provision Expenses)

31. Wrap-up
• Must consider before launching the new credit programs.
• Plays an integral role in the overall lending cycle and also valuable source of feedback on the
processes that take place prior to collections.
• The processes themselves are the original catalysts of delinquency not when a client misses a
payment date.
• Excellent collections strategies should begin before there is a delinquency problem and end only
after the loan is deemed a loss.

32. References:
Primary Reading
Wittlinger, Luz Carranza and Tiodita Mori. “Best Practices in Collections
Strategies “, ACCION International’s InSight series No.26, ACCION
International, Boston, November 2008.
Secondary Reading
Siegeried Silverman. A Textbook of Microfinance for Schools, Colleges and
Practitioners: Best Practices in Collections Strategies (Siegfried Silverman
Publications, 2017)

33. THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION