3. Presented By

4. Content
 Interview
 Observation
 Focus Group Discussion

5.  A verbal technique for obtaining
data direct from the primary source.
 A very systematic method by which
a person enters deeply into the life
 Even a stranger and can bring out
needed information and data for the research purpose.

6.  C. F. Cannell and R. N. Kahn (1975): There are three essential element of
interviews
 Accessibility
 Cognitive Condition
 Motivation

7.  Honesty
 Interest
 Accuracy
 Adaptability
 Personality and temperament
 Intelligent and education
 Special skill
 Appropriate preparation

8. From of strict structural point of view we can identify
three types of interview:
A. Structured Interview
B. Unstructured Interview
C. Semi-structured Interview

9.  The use of a set of pre-determined questions
 Highly standardized techniques of recording
 The use of fixed, alternative questions
 The use of close ended questions
 The question order are pre-determined.

11.  Non-standardize interviewing
 Do not follow a list of pre-determined question
 Freedom to talk on whatever events
 Provide their own definition of the social situation
 It is very complex process.
 Use open ended questionnaire

13.  A pre-determined set of questions & questions arise
when interviewing an a person
 To develop a keen understanding of the topic of interest
 A subjective experience of respondent
 It preceded by observation, informal and unstructured interviewing

14. Besides These
 Clinical Interview
 Telephone Interview
 E-Mail Interviews

15.  It may not be possible to gather groups of
individuals or to visit one-on-one
 An asking a small number of general
questions
 Closed site access
 Use open ended question
 A researcher does not have direct contact with the participant
 Limited communication to understand the interviewee’s
perceptions of the phenomenon

16.  A geographically dispersed group
of people
 To provides rapid access to large
numbers of people
 To promote follow-up
conversations
 To raise complex ethical issues

17.  May be unstructured, semi structured, or structured
 Try to understand individual feeling and motivation
 Information of the client is willing to share
 Face-to-face interaction between a client and interviewer
 An intake interview, an admission interview, a mental status exam or a diagnostic
interview.

19. 1) Participant
2) Non- participant
3) Experiment
 Independent & Dependent variable
 Pre- testing, pro-testing
 Experimental & control groups
4) Audio visual/recording observation

20. Process enabling researchers to learn about the activities of the people
by becoming a part of the population or the subject. Discipline:
Anthropology, Sociology

21.  Live in the community, make relationships
with informants.
 Take part in way of life, rituals, customs to
know cultural parameters
 know cultural members manners, leadership,
politics, social interaction, and taboos
 Observer does his recording or note when he is alone.
Example: To know the culture, lifestyle of tribal community (e.g Chakma),
become a part of them.

22.  Understand a phenomenon by staying separate from the activities being
observed.
 Observing participants unobtrusively.
 Use of recording devices (video or tape recorder) to know contours of talk
(e.g. intonation), body behavior (e.g. facial expression, eye gaze)
Example: Teacher Provides a
problem to the
Students & divides them
into team, observes how
they make solution.

23. A mode of observation that takes action & observe the consequences of that
action.
 Select a group of subjects
 Do something to them
 Observe the effect of what was done
 It involves 3 components Independent & Dependent variable, Pre- testing,
post-testing, Experimental & control groups

24. Independent variable – cause
Dépendent variable – effect
Example
Independent variable
• Depression for result, relationship
• Mixing up with bad company
• Failure in exam
• Interest in drugs becomes habit
• Divorced parents
• Availability of drugs
Dependent variable
Increasing
Drug addiction among
young generation

25. Pre- testing –measurement before incident
post-testing- measurement after incident
Example
Rate of sharing videos, picture, trolls, statues on social networking
sites before & after India vs Bangladesh cricket match
Indicator : Result of the match
If Bangladesh wins sharing is high before & after the match
If Bangladesh losses sharing is less

26. Experimental group: to which stimulus is applied
Control group: to which no stimulus is applied
Example : Compare the attitudes & activities of two groups of criminals
from jail
Control group
People who are outside of jail by
parole
Experimental group
people who are staying in the jail

27. Experimental group
• Teach them good manners
• Give them books, magazines to read
• Train & motivate them to be skilled
• Show them movies
Stimulus

28. Experimental group Control group
Compare: same?
Compare: different?
Figure : Diagram of Experimental design
Measure attitude &
activities
Apply stimulus
Re measure attitude &
activities
Re measure attitude &
activities
Measure attitude &
activities

29. Audiovisual
 Consist of images or sounds
For example: Pictures, photographs, videotapes,
objects, sounds
 Focus
 The central phenomenon
under study.

30. Advantage
 people easily relate to images
 share directly their perceptions of reality
Disadvantage
 They are difficult to analyze

31. Focus group discussion(FGD)
Formally organized, structured groups of individuals
 “In-depth” research technique
 discuss a specific topic of interest
 guide future action
 also called group interviewing
Sample size
 Typically 5 to 15 people
For example: political or marketing research

32. Focus group discussion(FGD)
Advantage
 The technique is a socially oriented research
 method capturing real-life data in a social environment.
 It has flexibility.
 It has high face validity.
 It has speedy results.
 It is low in cost
Disadvantage
 Focus groups afford the researcher less control than individual interviews.
 Data are difficult to analyze.
 Moderators require special skills.

33. How are focus groups different from regular "groups"?
 has a specific, focused discussion topic.
 a trained leader, or facilitator.
 carefully planned to create a nonthreatening
environment
 Members are actively encouraged

34. Why are focus groups used?
 learn more about group or community opinions and needs
 what people are really thinking and feeling, their expression
 depth and complexity of response
When should you used FGD
 a new program or service
 asked or answered on a written survey
 time, knowledge, and resources

35. Procedure for conducting FGD
 Before you begin, Recheck your goals.
 Find a good leader
 Find a recorder.
 Decide who should be invited.
 Decide about incentives.
 Decide on the meeting particulars.
 Prepare your questions.
 Recruit your members
 Double-check.
 When the group meets
 Conduct the group
 Some common techniques
 After the meeting
 Look at the data
 Share results with the group.

36. Thank you
?