1. OF MICROBIOME
CONCEPT IN MORDERN
BIOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY-
PRIYANKA BORA
ROLLNO-12
MSC 3RD SEM BOTANY
GUIDED BY-
DR DIGANTA NARZARY
2. INTRODUCTION:
WHAT IS MICROBIOME?
MICROBIOME COMPRISE ALL THE GENETIC MATERIAL WITHIN A
MICROBIOTA(THE ENTIRE COLLECTION OF MICRO ORGANISM IN A
SPECIFIC NICHE)THIS CAN ALSO BE REFERED TO AS METAGENOME OF
THE MICROBIOTA.ALL PLANT AND ANIMALS,FROM SIMPLE LIFE FORMS
TO HUMANS ,LIVE IN CLOSE ASSOCIATION WITH MICROBIAL
ORGANISM.THE HUMAN BODY HAS 100 TRILLION MICROSCOPIC LIFE
FORMS LIVING IT.
3. MICROBIOME COMPOSITION:
Unlike the host genome, which is relatively constant, the microbiome
is dynamic and changes with early development, environmental
factors such as diet and use of antibiotics and especially in response
to disease.
The most dramatic changes in composition occur in infancy and early
childhood.
A healthy human gut can house at least 1000 different species of
bacteria, comprising of two major phyla, namely Bacteroidetes and
Firmicutes.
Other microbes also live in the gut including viruses, fungi and
archaea. However, research on them has been small compared with
that on bacteria.
[Protima Amon & Ian Sanderson, 2017]
4. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOME:
The microbiome is linked to a persons genetic footprint and hence
plays a role in determination of our unique DNA, predisposition to
pathogen, body type and much more.
OBESITY:
A healthy microbiome helps to reduce accumulation of fat and
inflammation.an alteration of gut microbiome triggers metabolic
changes that can lead to obesity.
the four bacterial sp involved are Candidates arthomitus,
Allobacullum, Lactobacillus, Rikenelleceae.
Autism :
according to study, if a person has a leaky gut. some compound
produced by gut bacteria can find their way out of the intestine.
these compound proceed to alter the normal functioning of the brain,
leading to characterstick associate with autism, particularly repetitive
behaviour.
5. Immune response: A different study suggest that intestinal bacteria
can influence inflammatory immune reaction that start in the gut. these
response then transmitted to the brain and other body organ, effectively
trigging immunologic dysregulation.
Diabetes: According to the American Diabetes Association, type 2 diabetes
is usually accompanied by a notable change in gut bacteria. Further research
has also found that certain microbes may help prevent type 1 diabetes.
So it is clear that the microbes are good
for the human body but only in natural state.
[collective-evolution.com]
6. THINGS THAT DAMAGE THE HUMAN
MICROBIOME
CESAREAN SECTION:
Our first dose of good bacteria comes from our mothers during birth. a good
number of mothers are increasingly depriving their babies of this initial
inoculation by embracing the caesarean section.
Antibiotics:
Overuse of antibiotic is associate with massive disruption of the microbiome,
impacting the immune system, the capacity to process food, and our ability to
resist infection.
Chlorinated drinking water:
if we frequently consume chlorinated water. chlorine automatically kill the
good and bad bacteria.
7. Over the counter medications:
Medication sold over the counter such as pain killer, mouthwash,
antacids can destroy the microbiome, promote intestinal bleeding and
make the gut more permeable.as a result, larger protein and a host of
toxic substances can find their way to bloodstream,leading to food
allergies, overworking of immune system.
Diet:
Diet play an important role in maintaining good bacteria.
A major source of good bacteria is milk.
Artificial food colouring compound has antifungal & antibacterial
property ,so we run the risk of altering microflora of our body.
Artificial fat can lead to permeable cell walls ,it means that microbial
organism lining the surface have to be destroyed. [collective-
nature.com]
8. Other things that damage microbiome are:
Pesticide and herbicide
Surgeries and chemotherapy.
Heavy exposure to pollutions like mercury.
Antibacterial soaps and shampoo
Anti-cholesterol drugs
[Collective-evolution.com]
9. Restore of microbiome level:
Eating plenty of fermented food like fermented milk,soy,and
vegetable.
Taking a probiotic supplement
Exposure to outdoor bactria through working on your garden and
keeping the windows open.
Reseach shows that increasing the natural airflow can blow healthy
microbiome in our way.
[www,collective-nature.com]
10. Human microbiome project:
The Human Microbiome Project was launched by the National Institutes of
Health in 2007 with the mission to generate the resources and expertise
needed to characterize the human microbiome and analyze its role in health
and disease.
The NIH approved a budget of $170 million for this project over five years,
providing support for a number of centers and institutes around the United
States, including Baylor College of Medicine.
The HMP serves as a "road map" for discovering the roles these
microorganisms play in human health, nutrition, immunity, and disease in
diverse niches of the human body.
A major goal of the HMP is the metagenomic characterization of microbial
communities from 300 healthy individuals over time. The HMP is focused on
studying the microbes residing in five body areas: skin, mouth, nose, colon
and vagina.
(The Human Microbiome Project | Baylor College of Medicine)
[https://www.bcm.edu › ... › Molecular Virology and Microbiology › Research]
11. Important of human microbiome
project:
The community of microbes in an individual may influence
the susceptibility to certain infectious diseases, as well as
contribute to disorders such as obesity and diabetes.
It may also contribute to the development of some
chronic illnesses of the gastrointestinal system such as
Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Some
collections of microbes can determine how one responds
to a particular drug treatment.
The microbiome of the mother may even affect the
health of her children.
(The Human Microbiome Project | Baylor College of
Medicine) [https://www.bcm.edu › ... › Molecular Virology
and Microbiology › Research]
12. Important insight:
A key finding is the extensive variation in microbiome composition from person
to person, even in healthy individuals. There is not a single "normal" or core
microbiome; everyone has a personalized microbiome. Nevertheless, different
bacterial species may be doing similar jobs in different people
Notably, researchers observed that most communities of microbes are distinct
from one another (such as those on the skin, in the intestine, mouth, and
vagina) and do not appear to mix, and not every body site contained members
of all the major groups, or phyla, of bacteria known to colonize the human
body,
When the researchers examined which microbes were present, they did not
find genes commonly associated with highly pathogenic bacteria, but they did
find organisms that are considered opportunistic - ones that can cause disease
under certain circumstances.
(The Human Microbiome Project | Baylor College of Medicine ...)
[https://www.bcm.edu › ... › Molecular Virology and Microbiology › Research]
14. Neonatal Gut Bacteria Might Promote Asthma
Byproducts of gut microbes in some 1-month–
old babies trigger inflammation that is linked
to later asthma development, researchers
find.
Abnormal gut microbiota communities present in some 1-month-old
children promote inflammation that results in an almost threefold
increased risk of developing allergies by age 2.
More of these kids—who had lower levels of four commensal gut
bacteria groups and higher relative levels of two types of fungi—
developed signs of asthma by age 4.
Further experiments implicated gut microbiota-associated metabolites
in stimulating immune cell dysfunction that leads to an increased risk
for developing allergies and asthma.
[The scienetist,exploring life,inspiring innovation magazine]
15. Microbiota: A high-pressure situation
for bacteria
Analyses in mice suggest that dietary salt increases blood
pressure partly by affecting some of the microbes that
inhabit the gut. The implications of this work for
hypertension warrant further study in humans.
[Nature, a weekly journal of science]
16. Gut microbes can shape responses to
cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapies unleash the body’s immune system to fight
cancer, but microbes living in a patient’s gut can affect the outcome
of those treatments, two research teams have found.
Gut bacteria such as Clostridium could improve a patient's response
to cancer immunotherapies.
Gut bacteria can stop cancer drugs from working.
Presence of particular microbes or enzymes could explain why some
treatments are ineffective for certain people.
[nature, international weekly journal of science]
17. Reference:
www.nature.com[nature, international weekly journal of science]
[The scienetist,exploring life,inspiring innovation magazine]
www.Wikipedia.com
www.collective-evolution.com
Protima Amon, Ian Sanderson, . Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2017;0:1–4.
doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311643.
(The Human Microbiome Project | Baylor College of Medicine)
[https://www.bcm.edu › ... › Molecular Virology and Microbiology › Research]