TORTTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIA, WHATS NIGERIA GOVERNMENT DO WITH HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION, AND WHAT METHOD GOVERNMENT AGENCIES SHOULD USE INSTEAD OF TORTURE. BY TAIWO JUSTICE OLORUNLANA
INTRODUCTION
Democracy is a legendary system of government in which every countries of the world, today it is desires to have democracy or claims to be one. Today if truly democracy and human rights are incompatible in certain situation, it means freedom and justice and equality for all branch of people are guaranteed. Democracy ensure human rights to be primarily virtuous, balance and adequate of moderation, furthermore , democracy ensure human right broadly, human right include: right to life, liberty, right of property , freedom of speech ,and security of individual, which have been definite in the constitution. But, in Nigerian torture has been considerable through human rights mismanagement. The government agencies, such as military and police brutalize the people by torturing them. However, torture and inhuman acts are commonly carried out by government agencies such as police and soldiers. During the military regime in Nigeria, time torture and inhuman acts gained more power for the misdeed of the citizens in Nigeria. Such conditions; torture thoroughly undermined due process and the rule of law, and other inhuman acts were a confirmed routine. Meanwhile inhuman act and torture were implemented by government agencies, such as soldiers; army forces and polices; they thought that torture and abuse of human rights were the best tools to get equitable and eloquent information from suspects. This book concerns with torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria; what is the Nigerian government response to human rights violation; also it would talks about Nigeria economics, poverty and corruption in Nigeria.
The Main Responsibility for Torture and Cruel Act in Nigeria.
The main groups responsible for torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria were the police’s and soldiers mostly using inhuman acts and torture as a way of disarranging suspects of crimes. Torture and inhuman acts were rampant within the soldier’s barracker and polices custody. The military and police were said to carry out inhuman and torture as the best way for investigated any crimes or as a way of beating in order to getting eloquent information. However, inhuman acts and torture had become such a fundamental guarding and scouting in the country which many polices headquarters in Nigeria use formal torture.
Similar to TORTTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIA, WHATS NIGERIA GOVERNMENT DO WITH HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION, AND WHAT METHOD GOVERNMENT AGENCIES SHOULD USE INSTEAD OF TORTURE. BY TAIWO JUSTICE OLORUNLANA
Similar to TORTTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIA, WHATS NIGERIA GOVERNMENT DO WITH HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION, AND WHAT METHOD GOVERNMENT AGENCIES SHOULD USE INSTEAD OF TORTURE. BY TAIWO JUSTICE OLORUNLANA (17)
TORTTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIA, WHATS NIGERIA GOVERNMENT DO WITH HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION, AND WHAT METHOD GOVERNMENT AGENCIES SHOULD USE INSTEAD OF TORTURE. BY TAIWO JUSTICE OLORUNLANA
1. TORTURE AND INHUMAN ACT IN NIGERIAN: WHAT IS
THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATION.
BY
TAIWO JUSTICE OLORUNLANA
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
2. CLARIFICATION.
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER 1- THE MAIN RESPONSIBILITYFOR TORTURE AND
CRUEL ACT IN NIGERIA.
CHAPTER 2- UNITED NATIONS DEFINITIONOF TORTURE
CHAPTER3-ECONOMIC, POLITICALAND SOCIAL FACTORS
CHAPTER 4- NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT‘S RESPONSE AND FOREIGN
PERSPECTIVE,DIPLOMATIC PERSPECTIVE.
CHAPTER 5. DEMOCRACYAND ITS IMPACT.
CHAPTER 6-THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY.
CHAPTER 7- POVERTYAND CORRUPTION PRACTICEIN NIGERIAN.
CHAPTER 8- RECOMMENDATIONAND SOLUTION TO THE
PROBLEM OF TORTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIAN.
REFERENCE.
4. DEDICATION
This bookis dedicated to almighty Father, the alpha and Omega, the
beginning and the ending , the finisher of my faiths, and to everyone who have
interesting in comparative politics as way of spread true democracysystem of
government, and way to eradicate corruption, poverty, torture and inhuman acts in
our country. Because comparative politics is not just a subsetof political science
but it a perspicuous technique and a systematic for solving problem around the
world.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
My estimate thanks goes to the Almighty God for making it possible and
practicable for me to undergo and complete this book called “Torture and inhuman
acts in Nigerian; What is the government response to human rights violation and
what method Nigerian agencies should use to deal with criminal or any suspects of
crimes” through the processing of this book, I've encountered many challenges and
delay, but I do thanks God, who crown me victory over them. Bible says “I can do
everything through Jesus Christ who strengthens me” (Phil.4,13). However, my
thoughtful and Orphic gratitude goes to everyone that has contributed in various
ways to the successfulof this book. First and foremost, is my able and workaholic
friends, Benzaire and Ojoayo ogungbure, olumide Omotehinse, Taryn Hamill . I
also acknowledged the effort of my darling promise Olanike Ayeyemi for bearing
of my awkwardness with me during the epoch of my course in University, she
inspired me a lot and have valuable contribution for my life.
My bound gratitude also goes to all my friends outside there, especially,
Taryn Hamil, Fran turner & Onyeka Obioha, Oyanbo owei for their parental
assistant and words of encouragement throughout my stayed in college. Also my
grateful goes to my sibling and all my friends outside there, Kelly Bayo
Olorunlana, Kelvin Feyijimi Idowu, Doiba Eshofonie, Oyins Titty, Adam
6. Yurkiewrtz , Oriade Ayemo, Olumide Omotehinse, Benzaire Semil, Sunday
Agbede, Centino Simon, Daniel Asekutu, Kunle Samagbeyin, Alaba Olorunlana,
ogungbure Ojoayo, Thomas Kune, and so on.
I also use this medium to appreciate the effort of my able and industrious,
workaholic brother Olumide Olorunlana for the opportunity he granted unto me
and his contribution towards the period of my staying in the University. Thanks
you sir. Nonetheless, my gratitude also goes to my Biologcial father Mr oweala
Olorunlana, and to my later mother Omolewa Olorunlana, continued to rest in the
bosomof our lord Jesus Christ.
7. INTRODUCTION
Democracy is a legendary system of government in which every countries
of the world, today it is desires to have democracyor claims to be one. Todayif
truly democracy and human rights are incompatible in certain situation, it means
freedom and justice and equality for all branch of people are guaranteed.
Democracy ensure human rights to be primarily virtuous, balance and adequate of
moderation, furthermore , democracyensure human right broadly, human right
include: right to life, liberty, right of property , freedom of speech,and security of
individual, which have been definite in the constitution. But, in Nigerian torture
has been considerable through human rights mismanagement. The government
agencies, such as military and police brutalize the people by torturing them.
However, torture and inhuman acts are commonly carried out by government
agencies such as police and soldiers. During the military regime in Nigeria, time
torture and inhuman acts gained more power for the misdeed of the citizens in
Nigeria. Such conditions; torture thoroughly undermined due process and the rule
of law, and other inhuman acts were a confirmed routine. Meanwhile inhuman act
and torture were implemented by government agencies, such as soldiers; army
forces and polices; they thought that torture and abuse of human rights were the
best tools to get equitable and eloquent information from suspects. This book
concerns with torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria; what is the Nigerian
8. government responseto human rights violation; also it would talks about Nigeria
economics, poverty and corruption in Nigeria.
9. CHAPTER 1- THE MAIN RESPONSIBILITYFOR TORTURE AND
CRUEL ACT IN NIGERIA.
The Main Responsibility for Torture and Cruel Act in Nigeria.
The main groups responsible for torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria were
the police’s and soldiers mostly using inhuman acts and torture as a way of
disarranging suspects ofcrimes. Torture and inhuman acts were rampant within the
soldier’s barracker and polices custody. The military and police were said to carry
out inhuman and torture as the best way for investigated any crimes or as a way of
beating in order to getting eloquent information. However, inhuman acts and
torture had become such a fundamental guarding and scouting in the country which
many polices headquarters in Nigeria use formal torture.
Three Recognizable Frameworks inwhich Torture and Other Cruel
Acts Happens in Nigeria.
Islamic law (Sharia law)
The three most common structure in which torture and inhuman acts
happens in the country. The Islamic law which refers to as Sharia law that allows
inhuman acts and torture, and the second framework use torture in Nigeria were
government agencies such as soldiers and polices they use torture and inhuman
acts to get further information about any person accusefor crimes. However, in the
10. aspectof religions, majority of the states in the northerner part of Nigeria makes
use of Sharia law and this law allows, beheading, stoning and necropsy.
Police and military
In the aspectof police investigation of criminal suspects, the government
agencies such as military and police automatically beat people who were
protesting; which against the law in Nigeria., it was given approval by (AI),
"suspects endured torture and inhuman and humiliating treatment while in custody
at police detention" (Amnesty International). Article Five of the African (Banjul)
Charted notes that "Everybody shall have the rights to the respect of the dignity
inherent in a human being and the recognition of his legal status. All forms of
exploitation and degrading of man peculiarly slavery, slave trade, torture, cruel,
inhuman or degrading punishment and treatment shall be prohibited "( Article Five
Banjul). These meant that torture and inhuman acts could not be carried out by
any anybody, because it damage brain and deprived the rights of the citizens in the
country.
11. CHAPTER 2- UNITED NATIONS DEFINITIONOF TORTURE
By apply the United Nation Definition of tortured; I suggesting that
Nigerians should not focus on this definition, below is the definition of torture. To
start with, torture and inhuman acts are abeyance, abhor and disruption of citizen's
human rights. With the definition below torture have be seen as the absorb part of
human rights abuse.
"Forthe purposeof this convention torture means any acts by which severe
pain or suffering whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person
for such purposeas obtaining from him or a third person information or a
confession; punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is
suspected of having committed; or intimidating or coercing him or a third person
or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind; when suchpain or suffering
is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a
public official or other person acting in an official capacity".( Article One
Convention Against Torture ). However, the convention against torture does not
include rape, but I tell you that rape is a core of inhuman acts and torture. As a
result, rape or molestation is the part of violence against women in an institution
that is, an oddly disgraceful abomination. Nigeria soldiers and polices should not
focus on this definition of torture, and inhuman acts, because torture and inhuman
acts despoiland dismantle the constitutional rights and rights of citizenship,
12. Torturing and inhuman acts should not be means of provide or getting information
because it is not the best system of receive necessary information from any
suspects
Methodically, the Convention allows for no coincidence or stipulation where
torture should be carried out by Nigeria soldiers or other countries around the
world , However, Nigerian soldiers and polices have to learnt or train on how to
investigate thoughtful in order to come up with a remarkable and eloquent
evidence. Moreover, torture and inhuman acts will not be relevant for investigate
any criminal casein as much as beating and nail is concern. Moreover, both
soldiers and polices forces in Nigerians should abide by rules and regulations
regard human rights watch. For this reason, the United Nations, African Union and
Nigerian government should provide an inclusive and comprehensive set of new
tools that will be detent any suspects who is victims of his or her accuse. Such as
an intelligence or questioning and evaluation interviews or communication.
13. CHAPTER 3- ECONOMIC, POLITICALAND SOCIAL FACTORS ON
TORTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS.
Economic Factors
Economy factors have contributed hugely to the system of torture and
inhuman act in Nigeria, where most Nigerian societies had become military
mobilized as an economy relationship has broken down over the past decennary.
However, the economic alterity or distinction within Nigeria as a nation have been
forceful and effective factors subsequently the use of torture and other inhuman
act. Although, this anomaly is carried out by the police, soldiers and army’s across
the country; where polices and soldiers used to fire on dissident any suspectsuch
as the Ogoni people who are fighting for the oil in their land, this economy have
increased crimes in Nigeria, However, citizens want equal rights and soldier, and
other government agencies will attack them and torturing anyone they catch. Also,
economics has a tremendous impact on the contribution of human rights because it
supportfor human rights and antagonism for torture and inhuman act in the
country.
PoliticalFactors
It have an enormous contribution to the use of torture and other cruel act in
Nigeria. In regard with Boko Haram, many politicians have worked in hands with
14. Boko Haram to destabilize the country and attacks civilian's. However, both
federal and states government failed to break the issue of torture and inhuman acts
in the country by holding the criminals of the crime answerable or obligated.
Right, the civil society has openly disapproveor blame the Nigeria government
with their policies on matter accusing Nigeria's political exclusive for practice
human rights violation. Let me saying this in a properly way, Boko Haram are too
drastic in nature, and they believe that violence will bring a good result, and they
might be reached their goals. However, the effect of Boko Haram insurgency in
Nigeria on security of life and property inasmuch as others momentous effect, the
mutiny of Boko Haram in Nigeria have poseserious security challenges to Nigeria
in the sense that people were denied choice of exercising their natural freedom of
movement due to fear of attack from members of Boko Haram. Particularly in
some parts of Northern Nigeria where Boko Haram have taken over through
implant of bombs as well as debaseattack on innocent souls which history have
showed that the attack is not from Boko Haram alone, but some group have been
using the chance of existence of Boko Haram nurse their personal and ethnical
agenda through bastardized of people. It must be noted that Boko Haram not only
led cease of people’s business activities within affected region but also led to
migration of people from patronage of product from Northern Region because of
15. the human rights violation and killed of innocence souls in the northern part of
Nigeria.
SocialFactors
The social factors may supporttorture survivors by enlarging family and
social network, creative practice, or spiritual supports orsupply from the
representative of person’s political group and region society. Meanwhile in some
aspectthe social factors may cause prostrate and pessimistic for the torture
survivor. Also, it was saying that human being is the instrument of violence, and
the cause of violence depends on our self-centeredness. Douglas Noll stated that
"fundamental acceptancein international relation or affiliation is that human
beings are self-interested egoists who tend violence, contention and brutalize
unless constrained by threat" (Douglas, Noll). It’s state clear that what Boko
Haram are doing is unjust and inhuman acts.
16. CHAPTER 4- NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT‘S RESPONSE AND
FOREIGN PERSPECTIVE, DIPLOMATIC PERSPECTIVE.
It was says that the federal republic of Nigeria was knowledgeable and
apprised of make use of inhuman act and torture in the country and regard the lack
of competent, effectual critique object. However, Nigeria government was
conscious of the mainstream state of weakness and inclination; but later few
decade the Nigeria government under the former President GooodluckJonathan
have seen a bestway to dealing with anybody that violate or abuse human rights.
According to Adamu "The government of Nigeria is taking fastidious footfall to
make sure that there are accessible and adequate approachfor treat with human
right violation when it be found" (Adamu).
In the diplomacy perspective way, Torture and inhuman acts were deprived
citizens rights as long as the nail and beating is include. However, the goals of this
approachare to break or edge the detainees to prevent torture and other cruel act in
Nigeria.
According to the report from Amnesty International, Michelle Faul stated
that "tortured and evil act has become so standardized and systematize in Nigeria
that many police station and army barrack have an informal officer in charge of
torture (OC). However, the indiscriminate and often branding or rally of hundreds
of suspects who are tortured in disguise or screening to look or find Islamic
17. radicals (extremists) is more like an archaic witch hunt. Moreover, beyond the
country; the capacity and asperity of torture administer in Nigeria's men, women
and children by the power supposedto safeguard or protectthe citizens is
abominable and awful to even the most callous human rights spectator"(Michelle
Faul).
However, Nigeria government has set up a committee to put an end to the
form of torture in the country. It noted that the federal republic of Nigeria making
effort to concern the human right abuse in the country. However, It noted that
Nigerian government have significant layout plan to spending almost 9 billion
naira’s to build up and raise the fundamental human right across the country both
those who are in prison, they will be received regular treatment, and they will be
treat equally. The Chapter two in the constitution of Nigeria must be acknowledge.
According to R.P Barton notes that “the duty of protection is a tradition function
that has assumed increased or raised in contemporary diplomacy. The growing
mobility of citizens, international sport, and international conflict have added a
variety of kinds of protection with which embassies and consulates now must deal
“( Barston. R.P. P.4).
To relate this to situation of torture in Nigeria, it was saying that Nigeria
government have works meticulously with other foreign agency, to create
international negotiation and strengthening bilateral relations to eliminate and
18. eradicate torturing and inhuman acts such as Boko Haram in the country; it’s noted
that Nigeria military were violate human right, and the right of citizens were
deprived. According to the United States of American Department noted that
"intend concerns about Nigerian security forces violate or abuses in fighting the
Boko Haram violence" (World Report2013). However, Nigeria Government
should have the dialogue with the National human rights advocate and make it into
law that whosoever violate human right should be jailed; Besides, the Human
rights advocate had worked hard to put an end to the use of torture as a means of
received information from suspects in the country; because the uses of torture as a
way of getting the information it the thing of pastand does not producegood result
than damage human life.
Diplomatic Perspective
In the perspective of Diplomatic, by using intelligence interviews
(questioning and assessmentinterviews) to getting information from any suspect, it
will help Nigerian soldiers and police in achieving freelancer and epistles result.
For example, this happens last year when Nigeria police were torturing a suspect
when the beating is heightening, and the suspectwas confessed on what he didn't
know about, at the end of the day the suspectgive up.i suggesting that Nigeria
Government should sign it into law for Nigerian army forces to implement the
system of Questioning and intelligent interviews (intelligence interviews) as the
19. new system of getting a better result. To end torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria.
Amnesty International need to working hands in hands with Nigeria government to
give huge supportto tortured survivor to have justice, and they have implemented
the law against the cruel act and torture across the country. However, this tool
should be put in place; using intelligent interviews; it will producea good result.
Using this approachas a new way of getting information from any suspects
in Nigeria without implement beating and nail part of the torture and inhuman acts,
it will be easier to get the good result from any suspect. Because torture and other
cruel acts cause the injurious and harmful effect on their brain by making them
become abnormality. Torture is a forbidden by national law and to the affair of the
citizens' I suggested that Nigeria government needs to put an end to the system of
torture and cruel acts in the country because torture does not producegood result.
If the intelligent interviews was put in places in the country (Nigeria) it will bring a
lot of good things and change to the country, and citizens can have freedom of
speech.
20. CHAPTER 5. DEMOCRACYAND ITS IMPACT.
Democracy is when citizens have freedom of speech, religion, and political
isonomy. Abraham Lincoln defined democracy “as a government of the people, by
the people and for the people” (Abraham Lincoln) which means that the rights of
citizens should not be deprive by any government agencies. However, a
government that is to be maintained and sustained by all liberty and freedom
loving people and not just the elite few who hold a seat or power in the states. But
it's about a government to be free of favoritism, injustice and partiality that would
violate the country’s law and by standards. It is obvious, that democracy as the
system of government were convene, everyone needs to be balance by certain
duties and limits, however democracymust focus on the protection of human right
and must be accountable to it people usually in the system of popular
representation, the protection of human right is an important concern of a
democracy and government must see that it citizens are not be destitute of their
basic freedom.
Firstly I think democracy ensure protection to every section of society
including the hatred and weaker section against oppressionand embarrassment by
the powerful individual or government, these right hold that individual entitlement
are of such overriding relevant that they eclipse all others consideration.
21. Some people says that democracy is not guarantee human right because it do
not automatically provide the highest and best protection of human right , for
example , in many Democracies countries ( U.SA & Belgium ) economic and
social right are not allowable, Government might provide a diversity of welfare
benefits including food and hermitage, medical care and access better education,
but citizens broadly do not have the right to sue the government for violate such
benefit in court of law.
I disagree with their claims because human rights and democracy are result
of brings peace and harmony to the countries. Why saying this, is because,
democracy is a government of people by the people and for the people. They are
two different type of human right ,civil and politic and economic and social
cultural right .A government that sustained by all freedom loving people, and the
government that guarantee human right because everyone has the right of freedom
speech, government cannot decide that no free education, and friendship among
the countries. Human rights and democracyare compatible because democracy
usually protection the safety of human rights in order to provide adequate heart
care, for example Obamacare in United States of American, the democracy
working with human rights in order to provide suitable medical management
“The states parties to the present covenant undertake to ensure the equal right of
22. men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights set
forth in the present covenant” (ICESCR Article 3).
I think the respect for human rights is frequently perceived to be a
prerequisite for democracy that it constitutes a prerequisite for the respectof
human rights , sometime respecting human rights is perceived to be one of a set of
various element, including amongst others, apart from respectfor human rights the
principle seem to consider respect for human rights as the only requirement that
needs to be fulfilled in order to be considered to be a democracy, in this both
democracy and human right are compatible to brings peace and harmony in the
country becausethe will of the people are the will of government , and no single
model of a democratic society, a society which recognize and respect the human
rights set to be consider as a democracy.
However, human rights and democracy are compatible in most cases,
because they are not just a necessary prerequistic for the nation, and also human
rights are not politically or ideologically neutral, because they require democracy
and are require by people where it will intensively not to lead to conflict at certain
situation is not matter that human right and democracy are often, it is because
sometime conflict occurnaturally without the seeking the ideas of the human
rights, boththe human right and democracy are the new tools to brings harmony
and peace to our nation , because human rights and democracy play good role in
23. the life of individuals , it’s because they need to reinforce each other when we have
one without others is incomplete action , I think human rights and democracy are
compatible becausegovernment are elected by the people in order to protect the
life of individual, and to guarantee free education, health care for the people for
instance the presidential election in Nigeria (2015) election has been postponeby
the Chairman of Independent National Electoral Commission,(INEC) and
majority of people agree with that decision, in order to make peace reign in the
country and allow those who are not yet collected their PVC to have it at
appropriate time, why that happened is because we practice true and visible
democracy and human rights are eloquent to our leaders.
Most cases human rights and democracy are often in conflict in
incompatible certain situation, because they know how to manage violence and
make peace reign among the citizen ,” The virtuous of everybody from industry
union and affix to the trade union of its elite are collateral alone to rule of the
institution and to charge the promotion and cover of his monetary and common
interest, no restriction of the right of others than those decided by act and which
are allowable in an egalitarian community of a interest of countrywide security
for the protection of the right of other,”(ICESCR Article 2).
Finally, the impact of democracy and human rights are often necessary to
citizens across the universal becauseit is matter that it wishes of people, in some
24. situation they act as the defender to mankind, the good news is that people views
democracy and human rights as the godfather and defender of fundamental human
rights.
25. CHAPTER 6- THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY.
ECONOMY IN NIGERIAN
Moving from agriculture sector to oil sectorhad caused many problems in
other industrial, service of the country. According to the Dutch disease not only oil
causes the stagnation of sectors but other natural resources like gold, gas, mineral
resources. Before 1970 agriculture used to be the main sectorof the country, but
since oil sector has been discovered in commercial and also the rise in the price in
mid 1970s, oil has overtook agriculture as the main sectorof Nigeria economy.
The fact is that scholars like Samson has already used the Dutch Disease strategic
to analysis the state of Nigeria, which bring about this question, how difficult or
interrelate does oil barrage affect others sectors?To answer this question research
will be done to the fullest stage in all the sectors of one’s country. The shift from
agriculture sector to oil sectorhas caused increased in poverty, more militants,
corruption, declination and renunciation of other sectors. Government have been
trying to improve the agricultural sectorbut poor implementation and utilization
has steadily dupe their effort. The impact or contribution of oil sector to the Gross
Domestic product(GDP) has continue to Lessing or degeneracy every year but
still it remain the major sectorof the economy, in view of this Nigeria has the
largest economy in Africa. However the oil sectorhas a lot of pragmatic leaflet or
26. literary works to its own credit. Although, most of the early and distinct works on
the subject have been caring to an idealistic and utopian appraisal of the future of
the industry thus.
According to Okeke (1988) “who acquire a good exposition for the oil sector
in Nigeria, the rapid expansion of the crude oil, petroleum found in the country has
made the Nigeria economy one of the fastest growing among the developing
nations” I contend that this is caused the lack condition for economic development
in Nigeria because of the fluctuation from the agricultural sectorto oil sectorand
the country has depended on this sectorfor its revenue generation.
The structural change in Nigeria’s economy has led to increase in the rate of
poverty over the years. The fluctuation from the agriculture lesser country to oil
dependent country the fact that government are trying to pay more attention to the
agricultural sectorso as to increase agriculture productivity. Furthermore
agriculture sectorhas drawn line with theory of economic growth and development
in order to promote the process ofhuman resource development, for now there is
the need for agricultural transformation which must be exceed the process of
economic transformation. In majority of developing countries generally
particularly in Nigeria, agriculture provide employment for about 70% of the total
population of youths in the country. This important aspect of agriculture makes the
sectors to be almost the single provider of employment in Nigeria, If the
27. government of Nigeria contingent on Agricultural sectorwithout use the ideas of
fluctuating from the agriculture sector to oil sector, it mitigate poverty,
unemployment and shortage in the country.
In a nutshell, agriculture serve as sourceof foreign exchange earnings for a
country, because it increasing the amount of export of agricultural productis an
important source of increasing income as well as generating foreign exchange in
Nigeria, by improving and increase the level of agricultural sectorin Nigeria
without shift to oil sector, it is a good measure for generating more foreign
exchange consummate in the non-oil sectorin the country and also it will provide
better policy even when world food supply and demand conditions are not
encouraging. Furthermore agriculture sectorcontributes to the capital requirement
for overall economic growth and development of increasing farmer’s income and
reducing poverty in the country. Despite the fact that Nigerian fluctuated from
agriculture to oil sector, but the wellbeing of Nigerian economy still depends
heavily on the agricultural sectorbecause Nigerian is an agrarian economy in terms
of its contribution to the total national; GDP accounting for almost 38% in the last
seven decade with crops accounting for about 80% , with fishery and forestry 4%.
In addition to what I say Agricultural sectorprovide huge employment to the
labour force in the country as well as the required food and nutrients needed by the
large and increasing population.
28. Agriculture
Concurrently the time of independence, agriculture has been the major sector
of the economy, reckoning for over have the Nigeria GDP. But since the
discovering of oil, agriculture has been ignored which has cause more harm than
good. Nigeria’s agricultural sectorhas a high potential for growth, but this dormant
is not being actualized. Productivity is low and inherently stagnant. Farming
systems, which are mostly small in scale, are still predominantly subsistencebased
and for the most part depend on the impulse of the weather. Many agricultural
policies have also been abortive, either because they have been misinformed, or
because their impacts have been drown by macro policies affecting inflation,
exchange rates, and the costof capital. Diagnose these challenges, the Federal
government of Nigeria has identified the coolness of the agriculture sector as a
crash project. The Global trade analysis project (GTAP) framework to estimate the
growth potential of agriculture in Nigeria. The result show that almost a 1%
percent technological progress in the oil sectorgives the largest welfare benefits in
dollar terms ($142.72 million). When we recondite for size several food and
agricultural sectors have a value that is higher than that for the oil, some sub-sector
in the agriculture sectorsuch as cattle, fruit, and vegetable, outrun some of the oil
and manufacturing sectors in term to return to investment, Also the result show
29. that technological improvement related to unskilled labor produced the highest
returns in agriculture compared to many others sector.
In the term of food security, agriculture contributes largely accounting for
over 90% of total food consumption, these help Nigerian maintaining a healthy and
peaceful population as well as food and nutrition for its citizens, the positive role
of agriculture in Nigeria has played an important role for achieving economic
growth and development thereby providing the necessary capital required for
executing other capital development projects in the country. According to OLatunji
(2002) “described that in Nigeria, farming still remains the sourceof employment
for majority of the adult population in the country” agricultural sectors has linkage
provided enough supportin the industries by providing the necessary raw materials
they needed for carryout their production. I could remembered in the early 1950’s
and 1960’s agriculture played a significant role in improving economic growth and
development in Nigeria, it helps majority of Nigerian in providing them with
employment.
In the term of oil sector, the country experienced an improvement in the
demand for petroleum products equate a yearly increase of 23.4% between 1970 to
1978 in south south in Nigeria refinery was officially opened with a refinery
capacity of 160,000 barrels, more than led to the building of a third refinery at
Kaduna in 1980. Furthermore, some of the impact of the oil sectoron the economy
30. would be advertised, oil sectorhas absolutely contributed positively towards the
upliftement of the Nigeria economy. The extended industry is a major provider of
employment for the coaction population of Nigeria after shift from agriculture
sectorto oil sector. The oil sectorhave contributed immensely to revenge
generation in Nigeria, right from the 1970s to present, oil has been the major
sourceof foreign exchange earnings and government revenue. There have been a
remarkable increase in the foreign investment and this is made possible by the oil
wealth. It also helped in positive economic growth and development since the oil
revenue constitutes the bulk of the government income right from 1970s noticeable
adventure and investments have been carried out successfully with the revenue.
OIL SECTOR IN NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT.
Oil sectorhas negative impact on Nigerian economy and development
because it has done more harm rather than good to the people of Nigerian, oil has
caused crisis in the oil producing community such as the Niger delta region and in
Nigeria as whole. Oil sector caused poverty and deprivation of the means of
livelihood, despite the fact that Nigeria government spent a huge of money, the
local people remain in abject poverty and derivation as they lack basic things of
life like water and electricity and other social amenities, it also affected bank in an
outcome because it the key root cause of conflict in the failure of economic
development, furthermore in the term of environmental stuff, it damage the social
31. and environmental it include destruction of loss of fertile, soil, pollution of air and
drinking water, degradation of farmland and damage to aquatic ecosystem, all of
the have caused serious health problems for the inhabitants of areas surrounding oil
production. In my own perspective way Nigeria as a whole need to stayed focused
on Agriculture sectorwithout fluctuate to oil sectorbecause is one of Nigeria’s
most powerful tools in addressing the foals of creating more employment, better
public health, and greater economic growth, further the transformation of
agriculture would energise small and medium sized industries that are in fact that
the engine of economic growth.
32. CHAPTER 7- POVERTYAND CORRUPTION PRACTICEIN
NIGERIAN.
CORRUPTIONPRACTICEIN NIGERIAN
After independence in 1960, Nigeria has gone through external and internal
crisis. Because Nigeria is so diverse and has the largest population in Africa. The
three major ethnic group started fight for power because of Nigeria’s numerous
resources. Several coups were plotted, wherein people killed one another to seize
and attain power. Governmental corruption has arisen to the world as selfishness
drives the heart of people who are in the federal government level. In order for
institutions to tackle corruption, they should be established in a way that adhesive
consequences must be given to anyone caught in the act of corruption.
It is beyond question that some of the most crucial factors that enact poverty
in Nigeria, are Nigeria ruling and business elite. And we may feasibly assert that
the ruling elite also suffers leadership qualities. They lack in the kind of the
cogitative and ideological vision and orientation that is committed developing ’a
dream society, they have no dream about a great satisfaction of immediate selfish
gratification. They impetuous become rich through corrupt practice, through
customs and excise, for men, forasmuch as very important for us to look briefly at
their nature of corruption in Nigeria. Despite the fact that some leaders were
33. corruption in Nigeria, it was names as the largest economy in African. Internal war
has cause so much instability in Nigeria’s economy. The issue of security has been
on the horizon for years now, foreign investors won’t want to invest when they
know that security is not guaranteed. Insurgency of Boko Haram is one of the
major insecurity Nigeria is facing right now at this given time.
Nigeria is a country that is blessed both in human and material resources that
has of current been miasma or polluted with a serious problem of insecurity, which
is gradually becoming a serious threat to its sovereignty and existence as a state.
Thus many scholars are meant to believe that the current state of insecurity in
Nigeria has a connection with the crises of poverty currently facing the country as
it were. And the conceptual of boko haram was led to security challenges in the
country
POVERTY.
According to Oxford English Dictionary, poverty is the condition of having
little or no wealth or few material possessions.But what is the purposeof being
wealthy when you are living a happy and satisfactory life? Living a more simplistic
life and being delighted in it is more pleasing than living a wealthy life of sadness.
Although Food Poverty Profile for Nigeria (2014) justify the high level of poverty
in Nigeria, there are still many research to be done to find out the actual percentage
34. of the country’s want. A man living under $2 per day might not eat becauseof
poverty, it might indicate how expensive it is to afford food. As long as there is
access to clean water, and he is living in a comfortable house. Ozughalu,
Ogwumike, Fidelis (2014) stated that around half of 174 million Nigerians are
suffering from food poverty. Yet, Nigeria is gifted with human and natural
resources.
Poverty has been a major viewpoint of most African countries including
Nigeria which has the largest economy in Africa. According to Nigeria’s
Economic outlook (2014), stated that poverty rates are expected to decrease in the
coming years, which will abate the sophisticated level of destitution in Nigeria.
Food Poverty Profile for Nigeria (2014) explained the effects of food scarcity is
causing in Nigeria and solution to tackle this problem. Nigeria is currently it’s
reformation/transformation period, a country whose independence occurred 64
years ago has so much to boostabout, from oil to agriculture, from natural gas to
coal other minerals and lots more. The predicament here is not only poverty but
also corruption, mismanagement of resources, economy instability, and greed and
so on. This is due to the fact that a country cannot grow with all these misfortune
happening, a well measurable step should be taken. Eric Kehinde Ogunleye (2008)
says efficient management and utilization of its resource endowment is a strategy
that could help the country. In conjunction with Eric, expertise are needed to carry
35. out this order. The focus of this paper is how corruption and mismanagement of
resources have cause poverty in Nigeria. Insecurity and infrastructures are other
aspects that are limiting the growth of the country. It will yield a good outcomeif
Nigeria could form alliance with UNICEF and other world organizations that fight
against hunger all around the world.
Increase in population growth has made life so difficult in most urban areas,
which also includes the migration of many people to Nigeria from other parts of
the world. In order to substantially decrease poverty the government must start
from the rural areas because those are the areas where they have major poverty
taking place. Agriculture should be seen as a business, and one of the solutions to
vanish poverty from all around Africa since there are large hectares of land
availability. Eric Kehinde Ogunleye (2006), of Natural abundance in Nigeria,
confirmed how Nigeria most reliable natural resource is being misuse by the
government. Nigeria has a long way to go before they can overcome this barrier.
Expertise are needed to thoroughly manage these resources if they really want a
change. Nigeria is celebrating growth in economy but people are living poverty.
No well-known infrastructures to operate in all aspect of the sectors.
36. CHAPTER 8- RECOMMENDATIONAND SOLUTION TO THE
PROBLEM OF TORTURE AND CRUUEL ACTS IN NIGERIAN.
In this case, I find a solution to the forms of torture and inhuman acts that
rampant within Nigeria soldiers and polices forces. The solution is called
intelligence interview. Intelligence interview should be implemented rather than
uses any forms of torture in Nigeria. As thing keeping going perspicacity and
intellect questioning and evaluation will the best way of receiving information
from criminals or suspects. Forthe views of representative diplomatic torture and
cruel act sabotage, the dignity of the citizens and they cannot bring the good result.
As far as the evil act is concerned;it is a system of nailing and stoning is the not
the best system Nigeria soldiers and police should be used, I think by implement
this questioning and evaluation interviews or communication, they will change in
Nigeria police custody. These will be the primary method designed to abolish
torture and cruel act in Nigeria. It suggested that Nigeria should apply new method
called intelligent interview to their system because torture and other cruel acts limit
the fundamental human rights and freedoms. Nigeria's soldiers and police are over
concentrated by carrying out torture and other cruel act. Besides Nigeria, police
and soldiers are the lack of ability to conductusual felonious thoughtfully
investigate, and they depend on torture (pain) to the full confession. The UN and
other agencies should grant human rights advocate in the country. However, the
37. Amnesty International should provide better adequate teaching by visiting custody
or prison. And they need to render advice on the creation or endowment of
international avoidance device; and counselor for laws reforms, confirmation, and
implementation of a significant international agreement. Also, the Amnesty
International and non-governmental organization should work in the bunch with a
respectively broad, such as the judiciary, human right advocate, and other agencies.
By doing this, the citizens will enjoy their rights. Nigerian needs to apply the
diplomacy task on the day to day problem of torture and cruel act in the country.
Nigerian Government should have collective bargaining with UN and other agency
that protecthuman right. However, intelligent interviews should be put in place in
Nigeria. Also for Nigeria as a nation to regain its strength and have much more
achievements for it economy upliftement they are certain things we have to follow.
I suggested that In order to achieve economic transformation Nigeria government
should invest more in agricultural sectorand development of infrastructure.
Nigeria governments needs to build defences against biological threats to crop just
as is being donefor the military. If Nigeria stay on agriculture most young people
who have interesting in agriculture sectorand developing a supportive financial
system to facilitates the access of farmer’s trader and processors to credit. Besides
if Nigeria government focused on agriculture sectorit will make them to depend
less on development partners, to move from comparative agricultural productionto
38. competitive productionin order to improve human capital and to tap into the
fluctuate human resource available, furthermore governments should also make
efforts in repositioning agriculture as a prime mover for Nigeria’s growth and
development.
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