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PRESENTED BY: SUMEENA KARKI
FIRST SEMESTER
CDBT,KIRTIPUR
KATHMANDUDATE:31st JULY,2015
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Organisms (i.e. plants, animals or micro
organisms) in which its genetic material
(mainly DNA) has been changed or altered.
Not naturally by mating and/or
recombination
Selected genes transferred also between non
related species
 also called as “modern biotechnology” or
“gene technology” or “recombinant DNA
technology” or “genetic engineering”
The first GMOs were bacteria in 1973
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840 m people: surviving on
fewer than 8000 kJ/ Da
1.3 b people earn:
<US$1/day
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4.
4O
Years by which world’s population is
predicted to double

5.
4O %
Number by which food production
must increase

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Examples

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 Bacteria and Fungi
 Various vitamins(Vitamin B2 , vitamin C)and
amino acids (glutamate, aspartame ,
cysteine ,etc)
 Numerous enzymes used in foods and
medicinal purposes
 Bioremediation(by Suicidal GEMs )-Exxon Oil
Company to patent an oil-eating
microorganism in 1980.
 Biofuels
 GE drugs(Genentech's Humulin in 1982)
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bacteria
yeast
Biofuel

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• Herbicide resistance
• Now banned
 85% in U.S and 59%
in Europe
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• Consists vitamin A
• Golden rice2 ( In 2003)-23 times
more
carotenoides
• Yellow color is due to plant
enzyme converts
Lycopene to B- carotenoides
• Began in 2008 in U.S
• Glycophosphate herbicide tolerant
• Restricted for cultivation
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• Improved rapeseed free of
eonucic acid and glucosinolates
• Raw material for biodiesel,
industrial oils and lubricants
• Grown in Canada and Europe
• New variety contains vitamin A
• GM called as “ Canadian oil”
which is edible
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• Genes incorporated coding for
Bt toxin(produced by Bacillus
thuringiensis)
• Natural insecticide
• Bt cotton first produced by
China
• India second largest producer of
cotton
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• First commercially granted license
by FDA for human
consumption(1987)
• In 1994, California based company
by adding antisense gene.
• Sort of market in 1997 due to its
delicacy, shipping problem and off
taste
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•Scorpion poison
•Kills caterpillars
•Toxic modified ,not
harmful for humans

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• Mice generated in 1974
• Cats -In 2007 by South
Korean scientists
• Viruses for inserting red
fluorescent protein
• To make animals with
human genetic diseases
• In 1999 by Dr. Zhiyuan and
his colleagues at National
university of Singapore
• Green fluorescent protein
of jelly fish into Zebra fish
• Bioluminescence
• Detect pollution in
presence of toxins
• First GMO animal as pet
publically
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 University of Alberta
 Bacterium that reduces 25%
methane (methane being 2nd major
contributor of green house effect
after co2)
 Also called Franken swine
 E. coli bacteria and mouse DNA to
pigs embryo
 Decrease output of phosphorous by
70%
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 GE Atlantic salmon
 Gene from ‘ocean pout’
 On switch for the
 hormones
 Nexia biotechnologies in 2000
 Spider’s dragline silk gene
 “Biosteel”-7 to 10 times
strong as steel
 Artificial ligaments, tendons,
jaw repair, bullet proof vests,
car air bags
 30 spider goats present

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 Australian pines-freezing
temperature
 Loblolly pines-less lignin
 Colorado pines-change color
to biological/chemical attack
 Poplar trees-Pollution
fighting
(91% of tricycloethane)
 Paper tree
 Land mines detecting plants
(detect nitrogen dioxide)
> Consists of miR24 and human
interferon b-1a
> Malignant melanoma,
arthritis and multiple sclerosis
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Poplar plant
Paper tree
ArborGen farm

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 Altered form of virus
 Cells produce virus
proteins
 Hepatitis B and Cholera
 Seeding cow cartilage
cells into biodegradable
ear-shaped mould
 Dr. Charles Vacanti,
University of
Massachusetts in 1995
 Transplantation into
humans
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 Controversies of dissecting animals(April 2000, Germany)
 Bared-skinned Chicken as a part of research project
 Hebrew University by Israeli scientist(May22,2002)
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 Lemurat-cross between Lemur and
Cat
 Dolion- Dog and Lion( Panthera leo)
 Tiglon- Tiger(male) and Lioness
 Liger-Lion and Tigress (P. tigris)
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TiglonDolion
Liger

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 Ponga fern (Cyathea dealbata)
and Italian wolf spider( Lycosa
tarantula)
 Massey University, New Zealand
 Study survival rates(camouflage
v/s natural selection)
 Designed for Practical reason
in Zimbabwe
 Unlock dormant “flying”
strand in DNA
 Believed to lost flying ability
millions years ago
 Till now 6 are produced and
kept separate
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 In 2002 Monsanto company
(US and Canada)-approval
for herbicide resistant GM wheat.
2 yrs later withdrew application
so now abandoned
 Can cause allergy(400%)
 Can affect food chain
 Emergence of new diseases
 Risk of cross breading(loss of wild species)

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 www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/16923539
 www. listverse.com/top-10-bizzare-gmos
 www. ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/genome/doc
 http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/
gmos_india/history.html
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