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Appraising Performance:
Strategies and Lessons Learned

  Wendy K. Soo Hoo, Assistant City Auditor
              City of Seattle
             November 2004
Agenda
 What the Experts Say About Performance
  Appraisals
 What Do You Think?
 Performance Appraisals Versus Performance
  Management… and Other New Practices
 Conducting Effective Meetings About
  Performance (and Other Difficult Conversations)


                                                    2
What the Experts Say About
 Performance Appraisals



                             3
Performance Appraisal Definition

A PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IS:
 One of those special human encounters
 where the manager gets no sleep the night
 before, and the employee gets no sleep the
 night after.
                      —Thomas B. Wilson


                                              4
Overarching Goal


• To create and promote a workforce that can
  achieve the organization’s mission to
  provide the most value to its stakeholders




                                               5
Elements of Traditional Appraisals
• Goal Setting—Supervisors set performance
  objectives or standards for individual employees;
• Measures—Tasks or levels of performance are used
  to gauge whether person has achieved his/her goals;
• Feedback—Comparison of performance to goals is
  usually provided at end of performance period;
• Performance Rating—Supervisor judges overall
  performance and gives numeric rating;
• Merit Pay—Pay increase based on performance
  rating and market price for position.
                                                    6
Performance Appraisals in Your
         Organization

• Are managers in your organization required
  to conduct performance appraisals?
              1 = Yes   2 = No

• Do you give performance appraisals, do you
  receive a performance appraisal, or both?
   1 = Give Appraisal 2 = Receive 3 = Both

                                               7
Appraisal Process Objectives
• Managers: Recognize and reward top performers.
• Employees: Obtain honest, timely feedback,
  development and coaching.
• Compensation Managers: Ensure that dollars
  allocated according to performance.
• Human Resource Executives: Identify top
  performers and plan for their development and
  succession.

                                               8
What’s Wrong With This Picture?
• Managers are usually uncomfortable with
  appraisal process.

• Employees are not happy with the assessment
  of their performance.

• Most organizations (90%) do not consider
  performance appraisals to be effective.
                                             9
Myths                        Reality
• Appraisal process can       • Often one function
  effectively serve several     undercuts the other (e.g.,
  functions                     employees focus on pay)
• One-size-fits-all works
  well for supervisors and    • Different preferences in
  employees                     coaching, receiving
                                feedback
• Ratings are motivating
                              • Ratings don’t provide
                                useful information and can
                                be demoralizing
• People withhold effort
  without incentives          • People are intrinsically
                                motivated to perform well10
                                when work is meaningful
Why Appraisal Processes Often Fail
• Appraisal process only operates for part of the year—
  not meaningful if goals are not monitored.
• Ratings are based on managers’ opinions, only
  include what managers remember.
• Managers avoid honest feedback to prevent conflict.
• Organizations try to meet too many objectives
  (feedback, development, pay raises, etc.).
• Employees believe criteria are vague, subjective; can
  be demoralized by ratings, especially when pay is
  involved……
                                                    11
Linking Pay to Appraisals—
         A Good Idea?
• At least two dozen studies over the last
  three decades conclusively documented
  that people who expect a reward for
  completing a task, or for doing that task
  successfully, simply do not perform as well
  as those who expect no reward at all.
                      —Harry Levinson

                                            12
Rewards or Punishment?
• Pay is not a motivator, but it can be a de-
  motivator when it is inequitable
• Rewards can create conflict between
  managers and staff, or among staff
  members
• Rewards undermine interest because
  artificial incentive cannot match intrinsic
  motivation
                                                13
Merit Pay Increases and
       Performance Appraisals
• Should merit pay increases be included in the
  performance appraisal process?
• If the purpose is to provide feedback, encourage
  development, probably not.
• If the purpose is to reward the individual—maybe.

• Merit pay increase should be given when
  individual shows new capabilities over a sustained
  period, rather than end-of-the-year appraisal.
                                                   14
Remember Myers-Briggs
Anyone who supervises someone else should:
• Look carefully at the assumptions made about
  motivation.
• Assess the degree to which carrot-and-stick
  assumptions influence own attitudes.
                            —Harry Levinson

                                             15
What Do You Think?
• On a scale of 1 to 5, what do you think of the
  performance appraisal process?
  1 = Performance appraisals always meet these
  objectives.
  2 = They meet some of these objectives.
  3 = They are a necessary evil.
  4 = They could/should be improved if we continue
      to use them.
  5 = Performance appraisals should be eliminated
      altogether.
                                                16
What Do You Think?
• Do appraisals encourage you to work harder?
  1 = Yes, I work harder because of the appraisals.
  2 = Yes… at least for the the month before
  or after my appraisal.
  3 = No, my effort would have been the same with
      or without an appraisal.
  4 = No, I find performance appraisals
  discouraging and ineffective, which impacts
  my work effort.
                                                      17
So What Do We Do Instead?

 Performance Management and
      Other New Practices
Typical Process              Ideal Process
 Highly subjective         Explicitly defined
 Unilateral (only from     Mutually understood,
  the manager’s              with multilateral
  perspective)               communication
 Little focus on future    Strong development
  capacity                   focus
 Uncertain link to         Grounded in business
  business success           success drivers
  drivers
                                                  19
SMART
• Specific—Goals and criteria should be clearly defined;
• Meaningful—Evaluation process should impact
  behavior;
• Achievable—Goals should be realistic; process should
  provide incentive to perform beyond expectations;
• Reliable—Process should achieve desiredobjectives;
• Timely—Performance reviews and feedback should
  occur more frequently than once each year.
                                                      20
Performance Management

• Performance management is the process of
  creating a work environment in which
  people are enabled to perform to best of
  their abilities.
• Begins when a job is defined and ends
  when the employee leaves your
  organization.
                                             21
Performance Management
      at the Organization Level
• Clearly define and communicate the
  organization’s mission, strategies, and
  performance goals.
• Provide appropriate training for managers on
  giving feedback.
• Ensure employees receive ongoing feedback and
  appropriate training.
• Align job descriptions with organizational goals.
• Conduct exit interviews to understand why valued
  employees leave the organization.
                                                  22
Performance Management
        at the Manager Level
• Involve employees in goal-setting process; goals
  should be flexible enough to reflect changing
  workplace conditions.
• Clearly articulate performance metrics used to
  measure employee’s success in meeting agreed-
  upon goals.
• Provide training to employees to strengthen
  performance and advance career.
• Provide ongoing “on the job” feedback.
                                                     23
Performance Management
        at the Employee Level
• Develop performance goals with his/her manager.
• View manager as a coach or mentor rather than
  someone who passes judgment.
• Be receptive to feedback.
• Don’t rely on manager to provide all the feedback
  —employee is also responsible for providing
  information on his/her performance.

                                                  24
Other New Approaches
• Evaluations in new systems are not
  conducted for raises, promotions, or
  bonuses—instead for development and
  communication.
• Most important aspect in all is multilateral
  communication between employee,
  managers, and others, rather than one-way
  communication.
                                                 25
Examples

•   Pass/fail systems or no ratings at all
•   Peer reviews
•   Self-reviews
•   Upward assessments
•   360-degree feedback


                                             26
Owning the Solution
If people do not participate in and “own” the
   solution to the problems or agree to the
   decision, implementation will be
   halfhearted at best, probably
   misunderstood, and more likely than not
   fail.
           —Michael Doyle in forward to Kaner, Sam Facilitator’s
            Guide to Participatory Decision Making New Society
            Publishers, Gabriola Island, BC 1996
                                                              27
Recapping the Key Points

 Expectations should be linked to business
  objectives;
 Performance goals should be established;
 People should be coached, mentored—
  employees should be motivated; and
 Assessments relying solely on supervisor’s
  perspective will have limited value.
                                               28
Are You Using Any New
             Techniques?

1 = Yes, and it’s more effective than the traditional
  appraisal process.
2 = Yes, we’re still evaluating the effectiveness.
3 = Not yet, but we’re thinking about it…
4 = No, we’ll probably always use the traditional
  appraisal process.


                                                        29
Dealing With Difficult
   Conversations
Four Stages of Difficult
           Conversations
1)   Prepare
2)   Initiate conversation
3)   Explore their story, then yours
4)   Collaborate on resolution



                                       31
Stage 1: Prepare
• Consider your objectives and approach
• Conduct research—if you’re the manager, review
  the employee’s file, outline some topics and
  talking points, do a mental walk-through.
• Employee should consider their performance as
  well and prepare notes or jot down concerns and
  questions.
• Be open to multiple perspectives
• Adopt a positive mindset (see next slide)

                                                    32
Choose a Positive Context
• When a conflict is framed in a negative
  context, the focus is on power, and will
  likely result in a winner and a loser.
• Focusing on improvements instead of
  mistakes can defuse the tension.



                                             33
Stage 2: Initiate Conversation
• Invite conversation and share your purpose
• Key practice: describe the issue/problem as
  a difference in perspective
• Avoid problem solving during initial stage
  of conversation
• Acknowledge feelings, which are frequently
  core issues, before attempting to solve
  stated problems
                                            34
Stage 3: Get Their Story--
     Then Tell Them Yours
• Start with their story
• Don’t assume that you know their story
• Don’t push back—Listening does not imply
  agreement
• Express your views and feelings after their
  story is finished

                                            35
Your Story
• Start with the most important points
• State what you mean clearly to avoid
  assumptions
• Share how you formed conclusions
• Avoid words like “never” or “always” or
  “fault”
• Present your story as “your truth” not “the
  truth”
                                                36
Stage 4: Collaborate on
            Resolution
• Invite the other person to help identify solutions
• Invite the other person to come back if attempted
  resolution is not successful
• Remain hopeful that mutually acceptable solution
  is possible
• Recap major points, be sure to end on encouraging
  note

                                                  37
Key Sources
 Wilson, Thomas B. Innovative Reward
  Systems For the Changing Workplace,
  McGraw-Hill, New York 1994.
 Flannery, Thomas P., et. al., People,
  Performance, and Pay, The Free Press, New
  York 1996.
 Various articles published on human
  resource websites

                                          38

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Appraising performance

  • 1. Appraising Performance: Strategies and Lessons Learned Wendy K. Soo Hoo, Assistant City Auditor City of Seattle November 2004
  • 2. Agenda  What the Experts Say About Performance Appraisals  What Do You Think?  Performance Appraisals Versus Performance Management… and Other New Practices  Conducting Effective Meetings About Performance (and Other Difficult Conversations) 2
  • 3. What the Experts Say About Performance Appraisals 3
  • 4. Performance Appraisal Definition A PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IS: One of those special human encounters where the manager gets no sleep the night before, and the employee gets no sleep the night after. —Thomas B. Wilson 4
  • 5. Overarching Goal • To create and promote a workforce that can achieve the organization’s mission to provide the most value to its stakeholders 5
  • 6. Elements of Traditional Appraisals • Goal Setting—Supervisors set performance objectives or standards for individual employees; • Measures—Tasks or levels of performance are used to gauge whether person has achieved his/her goals; • Feedback—Comparison of performance to goals is usually provided at end of performance period; • Performance Rating—Supervisor judges overall performance and gives numeric rating; • Merit Pay—Pay increase based on performance rating and market price for position. 6
  • 7. Performance Appraisals in Your Organization • Are managers in your organization required to conduct performance appraisals? 1 = Yes 2 = No • Do you give performance appraisals, do you receive a performance appraisal, or both? 1 = Give Appraisal 2 = Receive 3 = Both 7
  • 8. Appraisal Process Objectives • Managers: Recognize and reward top performers. • Employees: Obtain honest, timely feedback, development and coaching. • Compensation Managers: Ensure that dollars allocated according to performance. • Human Resource Executives: Identify top performers and plan for their development and succession. 8
  • 9. What’s Wrong With This Picture? • Managers are usually uncomfortable with appraisal process. • Employees are not happy with the assessment of their performance. • Most organizations (90%) do not consider performance appraisals to be effective. 9
  • 10. Myths Reality • Appraisal process can • Often one function effectively serve several undercuts the other (e.g., functions employees focus on pay) • One-size-fits-all works well for supervisors and • Different preferences in employees coaching, receiving feedback • Ratings are motivating • Ratings don’t provide useful information and can be demoralizing • People withhold effort without incentives • People are intrinsically motivated to perform well10 when work is meaningful
  • 11. Why Appraisal Processes Often Fail • Appraisal process only operates for part of the year— not meaningful if goals are not monitored. • Ratings are based on managers’ opinions, only include what managers remember. • Managers avoid honest feedback to prevent conflict. • Organizations try to meet too many objectives (feedback, development, pay raises, etc.). • Employees believe criteria are vague, subjective; can be demoralized by ratings, especially when pay is involved…… 11
  • 12. Linking Pay to Appraisals— A Good Idea? • At least two dozen studies over the last three decades conclusively documented that people who expect a reward for completing a task, or for doing that task successfully, simply do not perform as well as those who expect no reward at all. —Harry Levinson 12
  • 13. Rewards or Punishment? • Pay is not a motivator, but it can be a de- motivator when it is inequitable • Rewards can create conflict between managers and staff, or among staff members • Rewards undermine interest because artificial incentive cannot match intrinsic motivation 13
  • 14. Merit Pay Increases and Performance Appraisals • Should merit pay increases be included in the performance appraisal process? • If the purpose is to provide feedback, encourage development, probably not. • If the purpose is to reward the individual—maybe. • Merit pay increase should be given when individual shows new capabilities over a sustained period, rather than end-of-the-year appraisal. 14
  • 15. Remember Myers-Briggs Anyone who supervises someone else should: • Look carefully at the assumptions made about motivation. • Assess the degree to which carrot-and-stick assumptions influence own attitudes. —Harry Levinson 15
  • 16. What Do You Think? • On a scale of 1 to 5, what do you think of the performance appraisal process? 1 = Performance appraisals always meet these objectives. 2 = They meet some of these objectives. 3 = They are a necessary evil. 4 = They could/should be improved if we continue to use them. 5 = Performance appraisals should be eliminated altogether. 16
  • 17. What Do You Think? • Do appraisals encourage you to work harder? 1 = Yes, I work harder because of the appraisals. 2 = Yes… at least for the the month before or after my appraisal. 3 = No, my effort would have been the same with or without an appraisal. 4 = No, I find performance appraisals discouraging and ineffective, which impacts my work effort. 17
  • 18. So What Do We Do Instead? Performance Management and Other New Practices
  • 19. Typical Process Ideal Process  Highly subjective  Explicitly defined  Unilateral (only from  Mutually understood, the manager’s with multilateral perspective) communication  Little focus on future  Strong development capacity focus  Uncertain link to  Grounded in business business success success drivers drivers 19
  • 20. SMART • Specific—Goals and criteria should be clearly defined; • Meaningful—Evaluation process should impact behavior; • Achievable—Goals should be realistic; process should provide incentive to perform beyond expectations; • Reliable—Process should achieve desiredobjectives; • Timely—Performance reviews and feedback should occur more frequently than once each year. 20
  • 21. Performance Management • Performance management is the process of creating a work environment in which people are enabled to perform to best of their abilities. • Begins when a job is defined and ends when the employee leaves your organization. 21
  • 22. Performance Management at the Organization Level • Clearly define and communicate the organization’s mission, strategies, and performance goals. • Provide appropriate training for managers on giving feedback. • Ensure employees receive ongoing feedback and appropriate training. • Align job descriptions with organizational goals. • Conduct exit interviews to understand why valued employees leave the organization. 22
  • 23. Performance Management at the Manager Level • Involve employees in goal-setting process; goals should be flexible enough to reflect changing workplace conditions. • Clearly articulate performance metrics used to measure employee’s success in meeting agreed- upon goals. • Provide training to employees to strengthen performance and advance career. • Provide ongoing “on the job” feedback. 23
  • 24. Performance Management at the Employee Level • Develop performance goals with his/her manager. • View manager as a coach or mentor rather than someone who passes judgment. • Be receptive to feedback. • Don’t rely on manager to provide all the feedback —employee is also responsible for providing information on his/her performance. 24
  • 25. Other New Approaches • Evaluations in new systems are not conducted for raises, promotions, or bonuses—instead for development and communication. • Most important aspect in all is multilateral communication between employee, managers, and others, rather than one-way communication. 25
  • 26. Examples • Pass/fail systems or no ratings at all • Peer reviews • Self-reviews • Upward assessments • 360-degree feedback 26
  • 27. Owning the Solution If people do not participate in and “own” the solution to the problems or agree to the decision, implementation will be halfhearted at best, probably misunderstood, and more likely than not fail. —Michael Doyle in forward to Kaner, Sam Facilitator’s Guide to Participatory Decision Making New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, BC 1996 27
  • 28. Recapping the Key Points  Expectations should be linked to business objectives;  Performance goals should be established;  People should be coached, mentored— employees should be motivated; and  Assessments relying solely on supervisor’s perspective will have limited value. 28
  • 29. Are You Using Any New Techniques? 1 = Yes, and it’s more effective than the traditional appraisal process. 2 = Yes, we’re still evaluating the effectiveness. 3 = Not yet, but we’re thinking about it… 4 = No, we’ll probably always use the traditional appraisal process. 29
  • 30. Dealing With Difficult Conversations
  • 31. Four Stages of Difficult Conversations 1) Prepare 2) Initiate conversation 3) Explore their story, then yours 4) Collaborate on resolution 31
  • 32. Stage 1: Prepare • Consider your objectives and approach • Conduct research—if you’re the manager, review the employee’s file, outline some topics and talking points, do a mental walk-through. • Employee should consider their performance as well and prepare notes or jot down concerns and questions. • Be open to multiple perspectives • Adopt a positive mindset (see next slide) 32
  • 33. Choose a Positive Context • When a conflict is framed in a negative context, the focus is on power, and will likely result in a winner and a loser. • Focusing on improvements instead of mistakes can defuse the tension. 33
  • 34. Stage 2: Initiate Conversation • Invite conversation and share your purpose • Key practice: describe the issue/problem as a difference in perspective • Avoid problem solving during initial stage of conversation • Acknowledge feelings, which are frequently core issues, before attempting to solve stated problems 34
  • 35. Stage 3: Get Their Story-- Then Tell Them Yours • Start with their story • Don’t assume that you know their story • Don’t push back—Listening does not imply agreement • Express your views and feelings after their story is finished 35
  • 36. Your Story • Start with the most important points • State what you mean clearly to avoid assumptions • Share how you formed conclusions • Avoid words like “never” or “always” or “fault” • Present your story as “your truth” not “the truth” 36
  • 37. Stage 4: Collaborate on Resolution • Invite the other person to help identify solutions • Invite the other person to come back if attempted resolution is not successful • Remain hopeful that mutually acceptable solution is possible • Recap major points, be sure to end on encouraging note 37
  • 38. Key Sources  Wilson, Thomas B. Innovative Reward Systems For the Changing Workplace, McGraw-Hill, New York 1994.  Flannery, Thomas P., et. al., People, Performance, and Pay, The Free Press, New York 1996.  Various articles published on human resource websites 38

Editor's Notes

  1. Today, obviously, I’m going to talk about performance appraisals. We’re getting to the end of the year, which is when many companies and organizations start their performance appraisal process, so I hope that this presentation is timely, if nothing else. In my presentation, I’m going to summarize what human resource experts say about performance appraisals—I’ll touch on what managers think, how employees react, and the overall effectiveness of the performance appraisal process. Throughout the presentation, I’ll be asking you some questions using these voting devices, which I”ll explain in a bit. I’ll also talk about some new practices that human resource experts are advocating, and if we have time, I’ll conclude with a few slides that focus on how to deal with difficult conversations—they’re soft skills that most everyone has probably heard, but they’re always worth hearing again.
  2. Performance appraisals are very common—performance appraisals are given in approximately 80% of workplaces. I personally do not give performance appraisals at this point—I supervised two work study interns, who I had to evaluate annually, but most of my experience comes from the employee side.
  3. A number of myths lead organizations to continue using the appraisal process…
  4. When goals aren’t monitored year-round, the whole appraisal process is not taken seriously. Managers often lack sufficient information to judge performance accurately, so they have to rely on their opinions. Managers avoid giving honest critiques because they don’t want any conflict. Often times managers dread the appraisal process as much as employees do, so they procrastinate and don’t prepare adequately. Employees can be demoralized by ratings—a study I read cited a statistic that said that 80% of people see themselves in the top 25% of all performers. So 55% will be really demoralized by honest feedback about where they stand.
  5. Managers are creating a workplace in which people feel controlled, not an environment conducive to exploration, learning, and progress.
  6. Should merit pay be included in the performance appraisal? It depends on what you want the performance appraisal process to do…
  7. Managers should be aware of what motivates their people—there are many kinds of ways to “reward” someone. In additional monetary rewards, managers can use verbal/social reinforcements (praise at a staff meeting, or in a one-on-one conversation), symbolic or tangible rewards (a plaque, or even a gift certificate to a restaurant or movie theater), work-related rewards (such as a promotion, special training opportunities).
  8. Pass/fail systems rather than individual performance ratings, or no ratings at all, to emphasize feedback and future improvement—ratings, as mentioned before, can be demoralizing, so assessments that focus on qualitative feedback are becoming more popular. Peer review systems rather than manager-driven systems—peer reviews often have a high level of worker acceptance and involvement; they tend to be task-relevant and accurate. By helping peers to understand each others’ work and airing grievances in a non-threatening manner, peer reviews may also help people to get along better. This means better performance overall for the organization. These work best if all parties know that the reviews will not be used for setting pay or making decisions about promotions or disciplinary actions. Self-assessments are based on the idea that employees are the most familiar with their work. These self-reviews change the manager’s role to a counselor rather than a judge; this type of process can increase an employee’s commitment to improving performance. In organizations where managers are supervising large groups, upward assessments can be a useful tool. Upward assessments show areas where managers can improve performance—and this can increase their credibility with employees and improve communications. Managers (like employees) must be helped to accept and deal with the results of the assessment. 360s are the most comprehensive and costly type of appraisal—it includes self-ratings, peer review, and upward assessments. Feedback is sought from everyone, including customers or clients. Although it’s costly, this type of evaluation generally has high employee involvement and credibility and may have the most impact on an employee’s behavior or performance.
  9. Difficult conversations are often a precursor to collaboration: they are a way to build trust. One way to make difficult conversations less difficult is to think about them in five stages. The first two stages should occur even before the conversation takes place. These are to, first, prepare for the conversation, and second, to imagine a resolution. Third, you want to invite the other person to have a dialogue, in which you’ll listen to their perspective and then explain yours. Finally, you should use this conversation to begin to collaborate on achieving a mutual resolution.
  10. Don’t initiate a difficult conversation without doing sufficient preparation. Planning ahead of time allows you to imagine and practice for the “worst case scenario” Be open to the possibility that there are usually multiple realities: be curious about the other person’s version. They might know something that you don’t. Conflict can result when there are differences in 1) information; 2) observation; 3) interpretation; or 4) conclusions Choose a positive mindset- you have a choice about your mindset. Employee should prepare to
  11. It is important to have a positive mindset so that the other participant does not feel like they are on the losing end of a power struggle. Focusing on potential improvements or what can be achieved will help defuse the tension during the conversation. It is important to remember that one objective of the conversation is to help improve the relationship, cooperation, and overall performance. Remaining open to the other person’s suggestions will go a long way toward achieving this objective.
  12. When you initiate a difficult conversation, you want to explain your purpose and make sure that the other person feels comfortable enough to have a dialogue. Frame your points as things you’ve noticed from your perspective and acknowledge the other person’s feelings or observations before trying to resolve any issues. Example of different stories: I notice that we have different timelines for doing the dishes or I notice that our meetings are starting consistently 10 minutes late.
  13. The biggest impediment to problem solving is blame; too much focus on figuring out who to blame can result in the problem being ignored Whenever you hear someone say something like “You’re lying!” You should automatically be curious and ask questions. Curiosity about the other person’s story will help you understand the situation more fully, and asking questions will show them that you’re trying to understand their perspective. Questions you should ask yourself include: I wonder what part of this is most important to them? What could bring us together on this issue?
  14. Start with the points that you most want to get across and be clear about how you formed your conclusions; avoid extreme words like always or never; and remember to communicate to the other person that you are open-minded to their side of the story. Remember to be prepared for negative reactions. If you’re the manager, when you talk about poor performance, the employee may get upset—they could be angry and hostile, or they could cry or have some other kind of emotional outburst. If the appraisal session deteriorates, terminate it and reschedule the meeting. I think that as an employee, if you can tell you’re about to have a breakdown, it might be a good idea to say that you need some time to digest what the manager has said so that you can respond most effectively.
  15. Be aware that the employee may lob a few negative comments at this point. Make sure that you’ve acknowledged their concerns and invite them to help identify improvements. Let them know that you are open to meet again if an attempted resolution does not work. Or if you cannot work through an issue successfully during the first conversation, convey that you are open to meeting again until you are able to achieve a mutually acceptable resolution. You might say, “I’m really hopeful that we can talk through this issue.”