1. BigData using Hadoop and
Pig
Sudar Muthu
Research Engineer
Yahoo Labs
http://sudarmuthu.com
http://twitter.com/sudarmuthu

2. Who am I?
 Research Engineer at Yahoo Labs
 Mines useful information from huge datasets
 Worked on both structured and unstructured
data.
 Builds robots as hobby ;)

3. What we will see today?
 What is BigData?
 Get our hands dirty with Hadoop
 See some code
 Try out Pig
 Glimpse of Hbase and Hive

4. What is BigData?

5. “ Big data is a collection of data sets so large ”
and complex that it becomes difficult to
process using on-hand database
management tools
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data

6. How big is BigData?

7. 1GB today is not the same
as 1GB just 10 years before

8. Anything that doesn’t fit
into the RAM of a single
machine

9. Types of Big Data

10. Data in Movement (streams)
 Twitter/Facebook comments
 Stock market data
 Access logs of a busy web server
 Sensors: Vital signs of a newly born

11. Data at rest (Oceans)
 Collection of what has streamed
 Emails or IM messages
 Social Media
 Unstructured documents: forms, claims

12. We have all this data and
need to find a way to
process them

13. Traditional way of scaling
(Scaling up)
 Make the machine more powerful
 Add more RAM
 Add more cores to CPU
 It is going to be very expensive
 Will be limited by disk seek and read time
 Single point of failure

14. New way to scale up (Scale out)
 Add more instances of the same machine
 Cost is less compared to scaling up
 Immune to failure of a single or a set of nodes
 Disk seek and write time is not going to be
bottleneck
 Future safe (to some extend)

15. Is it fit for ALL types of
problems?

16. Divide and conquer

17. Hadoop

18. A scalable, fault-tolerant
grid operating system for
data storage and processing

19. What is Hadoop?
 Runs on Commodity hardware
 HDFS: Fault-tolerant high-bandwidth clustered
storage
 MapReduce: Distributed data processing
 Works with structured and unstructured data
 Open source, Apache license
 Master (named-node) – Slave architecture

20. Design Principles
 System shall manage and heal itself
 Performance shall scale linearly
 Algorithm should move to data
 Lower latency, lower bandwidth
 Simple core, modular and extensible

21. Components of Hadoop
 HDFS
 Map Reduce
 PIG
 HBase
 Hive

22. Getting started with
Hadoop

23. What I am not going to cover?
 Installation or setting up Hadoop
 Will be running all the code in a single node instance
 Monitoring of the clusters
 Performance tuning
 User authentication or quota

24. Before we get into code,
let’s understand some
concepts

25. Map Reduce

26. Framework for distributed
processing of large datasets

27. MapReduce
Consists of two functions
 Map
 Filter and transform the input, which the reducer
can understand
 Reduce
 Aggregate over the input provided by the Map
function

28. Formal definition
Map
<k1, v1> -> list(<k2,v2>)
Reduce
<k2, list(v2)> -> list <k3, v3>

29. Let’s see some examples

30. Count number of words in files
Map
<file_name, file_contents> => list<word, count>
Reduce
<word, list(count)> => <word, sum_of_counts>

31. Count number of words in files
Map
<“file1”, “to be or not to be”> =>
{<“to”,1>,
<“be”,1>,
<“or”,1>,
<“not”,1>,
<“to,1>,
<“be”,1>}

32. Count number of words in files
Reduce
{<“to”,<1,1>>, <“be”,<1,1>>, <“or”,<1>>,
<“not”,<1>>}
=>
{<“to”,2>, <“be”,2>, <“or”,1>, <“not”,1>}

33. Max temperature in a year
Map
<file_name, file_contents> => <year, temp>
Reduce
<year, list(temp)> => <year, max_temp>

34. HDFS

35. HDFS
 Distributed file system
 Data is distributed over different nodes
 Will be replicated for fail over
 Is abstracted out for the algorithms

38. HDFS Commands

39. HDFS Commands
 hadoop fs –mkdir <dir_name>
 hadoop fs –ls <dir_name>
 hadoop fs –rmr <dir_name>
 hadoop fs –put <local_file> <remote_dir>
 hadoop fs –get <remote_file> <local_dir>
 hadoop fs –cat <remote_file>
 hadoop fs –help

40. Let’s write some code

41. Count Words Demo
 Create a mapper class
 Override map() method
 Create a reducer class
 Override reduce() method
 Create a main method
 Create JAR
 Run it on Hadoop

42. Map Method
public void map(LongWritable key, Text value, Context
context) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
String line = value.toString();
StringTokenizer itr = new StringTokenizer(line);
while (itr.hasMoreTokens()) {
context.write(new Text(itr.nextToken()), new
IntWritable(1));
}
}

43. Reduce Method
public void reduce(Text key, Iterable<IntWritable>
values, Context context) throws IOException,
InterruptedException {
int sum = 0;
for (IntWritable value : values) {
sum += value.get();
}
context.write(key, new IntWritable(sum));
}

44. Main Method
Job job = new Job();
job.setJarByClass(CountWords.class);
job.setJobName("Count Words");
FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path(args[0]));
FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path(args[1]));
job.setMapperClass(CountWordsMapper.class);
job.setReducerClass(CountWordsReducer.class);
job.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class);
job.setOutputValueClass(IntWritable.class);

45. Run it on Hadoop
hadoop jar dist/countwords.jar
com.sudarmuthu.hadoop.countwords.CountWord
s input/ output/

46. Output
at 1
be 3
can 7
can't 1
code 2
command 1
connect 1
consider 1
continued 1
control 4
could 1
couple 1
courtesy 1
desktop, 1
detailed 1
details 1
…..
…..

47. Pig

48. What is Pig?
Pig provides an abstraction for processing large
datasets
Consists of
 Pig Latin – Language to express data flows
 Execution environment

49. Why we need Pig?
 MapReduce can get complex if your data needs
lot of processing/transformations
 MapReduce provides primitive data structures
 Pig provides rich data structures
 Supports complex operations like joins

50. Running Pig programs
 In an interactive shell called Grunt
 As a Pig Script
 Embedded into Java programs (like JDBC)

51. Grunt – Interactive Shell

52. Grunt shell
 fs commands – like hadoop fs
 fs –ls
 Fs –mkdir
 fs copyToLocal <file>
 fs copyFromLocal <local_file> <dest>
 exec – execute Pig scripts
 sh – execute shell scripts

53. Let’s see them in action

54. Pig Latin
 LOAD – Read files
 DUMP – Dump data in the console
 JOIN – Do a join on data sets
 FILTER – Filter data sets
 SORT – Sort data
 STORE – Store data back in files

55. Let’s see some code

56. Sort words based on count

57. Filter words present in a list

58. HBase

59. What is Hbase?
 Distributed, column-oriented database built on
top of HDFS
 Useful when real-time read/write random-access
to very large datasets is needed.
 Can handle billions of rows with millions of
columns

60. Hive

61. What is Hive?
 Useful for managing and querying structured
data
 Provides SQL like syntax
 Meta data is stored in a RDBMS
 Extensible with types, functions , scripts etc

62. Hadoop Relational Databases
 Affordable  Interactive response times
Storage/Compute  ACID
 Structured or Unstructured  Structured data
 Resilient Auto Scalability  Cost/Scale prohibitive

63. Thank You