Some Mathematics of Sailing: Margot Gerritsen
Report
Share
•7 likes•16,680 views
Some Mathematics of Sailing: Margot Gerritsen
•7 likes•16,680 views
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Stanford Asso. Prof. Margot Gerritsen's presentation on how mathematics relates to the America's Cup races.
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot(20)
Similar to Some Mathematics of Sailing: Margot Gerritsen
Similar to Some Mathematics of Sailing: Margot Gerritsen(20)
More from Stanford School of Engineering
More from Stanford School of Engineering(13)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded(20)
Some Mathematics of Sailing: Margot Gerritsen
- 1. Some Mathematics of Sailing Margot Gerritsen Stanford Yacht Research Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering
- 2. The famous America's Cup
- 3. 161 Year Old Tradition 1851 ! ! Royal Yacht Squadron gives cup for Isle of Wight race! ! ! Won by schooner America, donated to New York Yacht Club!! ! ! ! ! ! Deed of Gift: cup for perpetual international competition! till 1970 !Twenty successful defenses with always just one challenger! ! 1970 ! !Challenger selection series starts – the Louis Vuitton Cup! ! 1983 ! !Royal Perth Yacht Club steals trophy from NYYC (finally!)! ! 1987 ! !Dennis Connor (USA) takes revenge in Stars & Stripes in Perth! ! 1988 ! ! Surprise challenge by New Zealand (KZ1 90 ft "big boat")! ! ! Connor won with 45 ft cat. ! !
- 4. ! ! ! !! 1992 ! !US successfully defends Cup in San Diego! ! 1995 ! !Team New Zealand sails to victory in San Diego! ! 2000 ! !Team New Zealand beats Italian challenger Prada! ! 2003 ! !Swiss challenger Alinghi beats Team New Zealand in Auckland! ! 2007 ! !Alinghi beats challenger Team New Zealand in Valencia! ! 2008-9! ! Team Oracle wins court case for rightful AC challenge! ! ! (Battle of the Billionaires Ellison and Bertarelli)! ! ! ! 2010 ! !Oracle beats Alinghi in Valencia!
- 5. 115ft long! ! Swiss Alinghi skipper! Brad Butterworth! ! USA Oracle skipper! Jimmy Spithill! Captain Russell Coutts! ! ! Oracle easily beats Alinghi with metallic wing rather than traditional sail! ! ! ! !
- 6. America’s Cup World Series AC45 Wingsail catamaran by! Mike Drummond/Oracle ! honeycombcore/carbonfiber! 44 ft; 2850 lb; 70 ft heigh! ! !
- 7. 2013 America’s Cup (number 34) America’s Cup World Series ! Regular circuit of regattas with fleet and match racing in each event! 2011-2012 !completed! 2012-2013 !San Francisco, Aug 21-26 and Oct 2-7, 2012! ! ! !Venice, April 16-21, 2013! ! ! !Naples, May 14-19, 2013! ! ! !! ! Louis Vuitton Cup !San Francisco, July 4 – Sept 1, 2013! ! America’s Cup Finals !San Francisco, Sept 7 – 22, 2013! !
- 9. Team New Zealand AC72 Unveiled 72 ft length at waterline! 86 ft length overall! 131 ft heigh mast! 13,000 lb! 11 person crew!
- 10. Let’s go back to 2000
- 11. Typically *very* close races Time! Delta in ! Min:sec! seconds! Start! 0! 1! 26:11! 12! 2! 24:14! -34! 3! 26:37! -26! 4! 22:43! -14! Three upwind, three downwind legs! 5! 27:33! -26! Each 3 nautical miles! ! finish! 25:43! 7!
- 12. How to Maximize Performance? Can Mathematics Help? Balance forces and moments and maintain stability! Make sure structural design limits are met! Respect any race and design rules ! Take into account uncertainty in wind, waves and crew handling! ! !! A *very* complex engineering problem!!! !
- 13. The Main Design Rule in 2000/2003 ( length + 1.25 x (sail area)1/2 – 9.8 x (displacement)1/3 ) / 0.679 = 24! The international America’s Cup Class Rule! ! Originally hoped to introduce difference designs! ! ! But, two typical designs:! ! Length overall !82 ft ! !79.5 ft! Beam ! !14.1 ! !13.3 ft! Sail area! !3600 sq ft !3600 sq ft! ! !
- 14. Complex Horizontal Forces (Hull/Rig)
- 15. Heeling force limits max driving force Vertical plane aerodynamic side foce heel angle crew weight Stability through crew,! lead ballast in lower! part keel and/or bulb! ! In IACC, bulb is 20! hydrodynamic buoyancy force weight tons out of total of 24! side force
- 16. Forces on rig and hull ! Side view! Front view!
- 17. Lowest vertical stays !20 tons! ! Diagonal stays ! !5 tons! ! Compression mast !45 tons! !
- 18. Velocity Prediction Program (VPP)
- 19. Optimize Sails for Different Wind Conditions Upwind ! !Reaching ! Fully downwind! Yacht! True! Apparent!
- 20. Creating driving force Apparent! Lift = drive + heel! Drag = drive! !
- 21. 2D flow already challenging
- 22. 3D adds a Literal Twist Angle and strength apparent wind varies with height! UT Twisted onset flow! US UA Sails twisted! (to operate close to ideal angle)! ! !
- 23. Wind tunnels in sail design University of Auckland ! Twisted Flow Wind Tunnel!
- 24. CFD only option for upwind analysis Flat sail (small camber)! Possibly TE separation, LE bubble (re-attached)! ! For AC upwind main+genoa! • Re O(106), L/D approximately 8-9! • Pressure drag approximately 10% of sail drag! • Induced drag up to 15% of total drag (high roach)!
- 25. Resolve Turbulent Flow Features > ideal (22º) Ideal angle (18º) > ideal (26º)! Choice turbulence models non-trivial when separated!
- 26. Downwind CFD in Early Stage Wind tunnel tests lead to 15% efficiency gain ! What improvement can we get with CFD?! ! AC genneker operates at maximum lift (high-lift foil)!
- 27. Apparent Wind Angle 25°! SST model!
- 28. 3D Modeling Still Just a Flirt
- 29. 3D Lamination (3DL)! Sandwich of polyester film / kevlar yarns / polyester film!
- 30. Winglets used to reduce tip vortices, also provide lift when heeled! From M Sawley (2002)!
- 32. Maltese Falcon ideal test case ! Design shape ≈ flying shape ! 160 Square-rigged! ft Twist onset flow small! Extensive experimental data! ! 280 ft 65 ft
- 33. Drive/heel leads to more open arrangement over-trimmed! leeward telltale lifting! drive! drive! drive/heel! drive/heel! AWA 30! well-trimmed! telltales streaming back!