SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 44
Download to read offline
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF
SWEAT GLANDS
INTRODUCTION
• Sweating is one of the
most visible physiological
events we experience
everyday
• On average, 1.6 to 4
million sweat glands on
the body
• Major function –
Regulation of body
temperature
• Failure can lead to heat
exhaustion, heat stroke,
hyperthermia and death
TYPES OF SWEAT GLANDS
Sweat
Glands
Eccrine
(Atrichial)
Independent of Hair
Follicle
Apocrine
(Epitrichial)
Attached to Hair
Follicle
Apoeccrine
Develop from eccrine
like precursor glands
TYPES OF SECRETION
Merocrine
• No
breakdown
of cellular
material
during
secretion
Apocrine
• A small
amount of
cytoplasm is
pinched off
Holocrine
• Mature cell
disintegrates
and become
secretory
product
ECCRINE SWEAT
GLANDS
DEVELOPMENT OF ECCRINE
GLANDS
DEVELOPMENT OF ECCRINE
GLANDS
3rd
month
• Palms
and Soles
5th month
• All other
parts of the
body
8th month
• Resemble
Adult glands
Birth
2 years
• Fully
functional
DISTRIBUTION OF ECCRINE
SWEAT GLANDS
Distributed over whole
skin surface including
glans penis and foreskin
Absent on vermilion
border of lips,
nail bed, external
ear canal, clitoris,
labia minora
DENSITY OF ECCRINE SWEAT
GLANDS
Density Part
Most Palms and soles, forehead
Moderate Dorsum of hand
Less Lumbar region, lateral and
extensor surfaces of
extremities
Least Trunk , flexor and medial
surfaces of extremities
ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND
Number
Total – 2 to 5
million
Individual surface
• Soles – 620/sq.cm
• Thighs – 120/sq.cm
• Back – 60/sq.cm
Weight
Total – 100 g
Individual gland –
30 to 40
microgram
Secretion
As much as 10 L
in 24 hours
Individual gland –
2 to 20 nL/min
MEROCRINE SECRETION
No break down of
cellular material occurs
during secretion
Fusion of membranous
walls of secretory
vesicles with plasma
membrane
Only the contents of
vesicles released
Merocrine secretion
STRUCTURE OF ECCRINE
SWEAT GLAND
Simple tubular epithelial
structures
Three parts
1. Secretory coil (fundus/acinus)
2. Straight intradermal duct
3. Spiral intraepidermal duct
(acrosyringium)
SECRETORY COIL
60 – 80 micron in diameter and 2
– 5 micron in length
Surrounded by a thin fibrous
sheath and an investing lamina
Function – Production of watery
isotonic secretion which is further
modified by duct
Three types of cells
1. Clear cells (Large, Secretory)
2. Dark cells (Small, Mucoid)
3. Myoepithelial cells
Electron micrograph of secretory coil
Lu – Lumen
Cc – Clear cell
Dc – Dark cell
Icc – Intercellular canaliculi
Mc – Myoepithelial cell
LARGE CLEAR CELLS
Main secretory cells
Rests either on basement
membrane or myoepithelial
cells
Mitochondria and Na+ K+
ATPase activity in basal
infoldings
Where two or more clear cells
abut, intercellular canaliculi is
formed
Canaliculi open into lumen of
the gland
DARK CELLS
Cuboidal cells border nearly
all apical/luminal surfaces of
secretory tubules
Resemble mucus secreting
cells of other organs
Relatively smooth membrane
and contains dark cell
granules
Periodic acid Schiff stain
positive glycoproteins
Dark cells
M – Mucus / Dark cells
S – Serous / Clear cells
L – Lipid globules
MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS
Spindle shaped cells on
basement membrane
Contractile cell with
abundant actin filaments
Function – Support the gland,
help in propelling sweat
towards the surface
Peripheral to myoepithelial
cells, basement membrane
zone
CC – Clear cell
DC – Dark cell
ME – Myoepithelial cell
IC – Intercellular canaliculus
BM – Basement membrane
DERMAL ECCRINE DUCT
Consists of outer ring of
peripheral or basal cells and
inner ring of luminal or
cuticular cells
Basal cells – Rich in
mitochondria, strong Na+ K+
ATPase activity, plays a major
role in ductal reabsorption
Layer of tonofilaments
(pseudocuticle) give rigidity to
periluminal region and assures
luminal patency
Proximal intradermal duct is
functionally more active than
distal intradermal duct
Cross section of dermal eccrine duct
BDC – Basal Ductal cell
LDC – Luminal Ductal cell
PC – Pseudocuticle
L – Lumen
EPIDERMAL ECCRINE DUCT
Runs spirally from base
of rete ridge to the
surface
Single layer of inner
luminal cells and two to
three layers of outer
basal cells
It has well developed
coil structure in palms
and soles
PHYSIOLOGY OF SWEATING
Types of Human Perspiration
Human
Perspiration
Insensible
perspiration
Active
sweating
Thermal
Emotional
Emotional Sweating
Palms and soles
Shorter latent period for its
onset
Immediately attains a rate of
secretion that corresponds to
intensity of stimulus
Subsides quickly after the
end of stimulus
CONTROL OF ECCRINE
SWEATING
Eccrine
sweating
Thermal
Osmotic Mental
Gustatory
Increase in skin
temperature
Increase in core
temperature
Stimulates
preoptic
hypothalamus
Sweating,
Vasodilatation &
Rapid breathing
10*C increase in local skin temperature
– triples local sweating rate
Increase in internal temperature – 9
times more efficient than increase in
mean skin temperature in stimulating
sweat center
SYMPATHETIC SUDOMOTOR
PATHWAY
Preoptic
Hypothalamus
Via tegmentum
of pons and
medullary raphe
regions
Intermediolateral
cell column of
spinal cord
Emerge via ventral
horn pass through
white ramus
communicans
Sympathetic
Ganglia
Post ganglionic non
myelinated C fibers
through grey ramus
communicans
Eccrine Sweat
gland
INNERVATION OF ECCRINE
SWEAT GLAND
Sympathetic and cholinergic
Major neurotransmitter is
Acetylcholine
Respond to cholinergic agents, α
and β adrenergic stimulants
Other – ATP, catecholamine,
vasoactive intestinal peptide,
atrial natriuretic peptide,
calcitonin gene related peptide
and galanin
PART ROOT
Face and eye
lids
T1 to T4
Upper limb T2 to T8
Trunk T4 to T12
Lower limb T10 to L2
Ratio of maximal secretory rates
Cholinergic α-adrenergic β-adrenergic
5 1 1
Ca2+ Basolateral
membrane
Cl-
K+H2O
MECHANISM OF SWEAT
SECRETION
Ach
Lumen
Lumen Basolateral membrane
K+
2Cl-
Na+
MECHANISM OF SWEAT
SECRETION
Cl-
Na+/K+/2Cl- antiporter
K+
Na+
Na+,K+ ATPase
Na+
Lumen Basolateral
membrane
1
1
MECHANISM OF DUCTAL
REABSORPTION
Na+
ENaC
K+
Na+
Na+,K+ ATPase
Cl-
CFTR
Cl-
H+ + HCO3
-H2O + CO2
Carbonic anhydrase
H+ V-ATPase
Cl-
HCO3
-
H+
Na+
NHE1
Cl-
H+
MECHANISM OF SWEAT
SECRETION
Net fluxes – H2O, Cl- and Na+
flow into the lumen
(isotonic and neutral pH)
Net fluxes – H+ secretion and Na+
and Cl- reabsorption
(hypotonic and acidic)
COMPOSITION OF ECCRINE
SWEAT
Sodium
• 10 – 20
mmol/L at low
sweat rates and
up to 100
mmol/L at
high sweat rate
Chloride
• Concentration
is lower than
that of sodium
Potassium
• 5 – 6 mmol
Urea
• 15 – 25 mg/dl
• Derived
mostly from
serum urea
Lactate
• 4 – 40 mmol/L
(exceeds
concentration
found in
plasma)
• Formed from
glucose from
the blood
ECCRINE SWEAT – MINOR
CONSTITUENTS
• 20 – 50 times higher than that of plasmaAmmonia
• Only in small quantitiesGlucose
• Concentration in final sweat in zeroBicarbonate
• 0.2 – 1.6 mmol/LPyruvate
Proteins including proteases
Glandular kallikrein, Kininase, C1
esterase, urokinase, cysteine protease,
Epidermal Growth Factor
FUNCTIONS OF ECCRINE
SWEAT GLANDS
Thermoregulation
Improves grip by moistening palms and soles
Excretion of drugs
Wound healing
Desquamation of stratum corneum by lactate
Pro inflammatory action
Mitogenic effects
APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
DEVELOPMENT OF APOCRINE GLAND
Develop from primary epithelial or hair
germs during 4th to 5th month of
intrauterine life
Poorly developed in childhood and begin
to enlarge with approach of puberty
Do not become functional until puberty
Development is associated with sex
hormones
STRUCTURE OF APOCRINE GLAND
Located in
subcutaneous tissue
Larger than eccrine
gland
Size and activity is
greater in men than
that of women
Composed of coiled
secretory portion and
an excretory duct
SECRETORY COIL OF APOCRINE GLAND
Single layer of
columnar cells
Eosinophilic cytoplasm
and large PAS positive
and diastase resistant
granules distributed
around the nucleus
(except in apical
portion)
Surrounded by
myoepithelial cells
Secretory coil of apocrine sweat
gland
Me – Myoepithial cells
N – Nucleus of secretory cells
A – Apical cap of secretory cells
EXCRETORY DUCT OF APOCRINE GLAND
Double layer of cuboidal
cells
Merge distally with the
epithelium of the hair
follicle
Empty the secretion into
infundibulum of hair
follicle above the
sebaceous gland
Does not have any
reabsorptive function
DISTRIBUTION OF APOCRINE GLANDS
Axilla
Areola (Montogomery
tubercles)
Periumbilical
Perineal
Circumoral
MODIFIED APOCRINE
GLANDS
Ceruminous glands in
external ear canal
Ciliary or Moll’s glands on
eyelids
Mammary glands
APOCRINE SECRETION
An apical cap and a
dividing membrane is
formed initially
Apical cap is then
detached and
discharged into the
lumen of the gland –
APOCOPATION
Decapitation secretion
– pinching of parts off
the cytoplasm
Secretion is pulsatile
Low secretory output
Apocrine secretion
COMPOSITION OF APOCRINE sweat
Secretion is milky, protein rich, viscid and
colourless
Secretion is lipid rich
Bacterial decomposition is responsible for
characteristic mephitic odour
Trans 3 methyl 2 hexanoic acid contributes
to the odour
Secretion is mixed with sebum
CONTROL OF APOCRINE SECRETION
Respond to emotional stimuli
Stimulated by epinephrine or
norepinephrine given locally or
systemically
Affected by hormonal factors such as
pregnancy and menstruation
Undergo atteunation with ageing
FUNCTIONS OF APOCRINE GLANDS
Role as odoriferous sexual attractants
(Pheromones), territorial markers and
warning signals
Increases frictional resistance and tactile
sensibility
Androgen dependent and shows marked 5α-
reductase activity
High levels of 15 lipoxygenase 2 in secretory
cells. Its product function as signaling
molecule
APOECCRINE SWEAT
GLAND
APOECCRINE GLAND
Eccrine gland that undergone
apocrinization due to local factors
Not present at birth
Develop only during puberty from eccrine
glands or eccrine like precursor gland
Present in adult human axillae
STRUCTURE OF APOECCRINE GLAND
Secretory tubule – thin segment (eccrine
like) and thick segment (apocrine like)
Segments are functionally connected
Some secretory cells resemble clear cells
of eccrine gland whereas others resemble
cuboidal or columnar cells of apocrine
gland
Large duct opens directly to skin surface
APOECCRINE SECRETION
Functions like eccrine gland yielding
copious serous sweat in response to both
adrenergic and cholinergic stimuli
Significant contribution to overall axillary
sweating
EMAIL ID

More Related Content

What's hot

Glands in skin | Skin Specialist in Zirakpur | Dr. Isha V.Mittal | +91-72-93-...
Glands in skin | Skin Specialist in Zirakpur | Dr. Isha V.Mittal | +91-72-93-...Glands in skin | Skin Specialist in Zirakpur | Dr. Isha V.Mittal | +91-72-93-...
Glands in skin | Skin Specialist in Zirakpur | Dr. Isha V.Mittal | +91-72-93-...Dr. Isha V.Mittal
 
Apocrine and eccrine glands
Apocrine and eccrine glandsApocrine and eccrine glands
Apocrine and eccrine glandsdocjikisha
 
Anatomy of hair and hair cycle
Anatomy of hair and hair cycleAnatomy of hair and hair cycle
Anatomy of hair and hair cycleKriti Maheshwari
 
Vasculature and innervation of skin ,
Vasculature and innervation of skin , Vasculature and innervation of skin ,
Vasculature and innervation of skin , Anshul Agrawal
 
Anatomy of Nail And Applied Aspects
Anatomy of Nail And Applied AspectsAnatomy of Nail And Applied Aspects
Anatomy of Nail And Applied AspectsDr Yugandar
 
Structure of hair
Structure of hairStructure of hair
Structure of hairAnusha Dsza
 
Skin
SkinSkin
Skinhpinn
 
Cutaneous Vasculature and Thermoregulation
Cutaneous Vasculature and ThermoregulationCutaneous Vasculature and Thermoregulation
Cutaneous Vasculature and ThermoregulationJerriton Brewin
 
Skin functions
Skin functionsSkin functions
Skin functionsstewart_j
 
Blood supply and lymphatics of skin
Blood supply and lymphatics of skinBlood supply and lymphatics of skin
Blood supply and lymphatics of skinSwetha Saravanan
 
Skin anatomy and physiology
Skin anatomy and physiologySkin anatomy and physiology
Skin anatomy and physiologyDeboraJasmin S
 
Dermo epidermal junction
Dermo epidermal junctionDermo epidermal junction
Dermo epidermal junctionHimani tandon
 
Basic histopathology of skin
Basic histopathology of skinBasic histopathology of skin
Basic histopathology of skinSmruti Ramawanshi
 

What's hot (20)

Glands in skin | Skin Specialist in Zirakpur | Dr. Isha V.Mittal | +91-72-93-...
Glands in skin | Skin Specialist in Zirakpur | Dr. Isha V.Mittal | +91-72-93-...Glands in skin | Skin Specialist in Zirakpur | Dr. Isha V.Mittal | +91-72-93-...
Glands in skin | Skin Specialist in Zirakpur | Dr. Isha V.Mittal | +91-72-93-...
 
Apocrine and eccrine glands
Apocrine and eccrine glandsApocrine and eccrine glands
Apocrine and eccrine glands
 
Anatomy of skin
Anatomy of skinAnatomy of skin
Anatomy of skin
 
Anatomy of hair and hair cycle
Anatomy of hair and hair cycleAnatomy of hair and hair cycle
Anatomy of hair and hair cycle
 
Layers of skin
Layers of skinLayers of skin
Layers of skin
 
Vasculature and innervation of skin ,
Vasculature and innervation of skin , Vasculature and innervation of skin ,
Vasculature and innervation of skin ,
 
Anatomy of Nail And Applied Aspects
Anatomy of Nail And Applied AspectsAnatomy of Nail And Applied Aspects
Anatomy of Nail And Applied Aspects
 
Structure of hair
Structure of hairStructure of hair
Structure of hair
 
Hair follicle
Hair follicleHair follicle
Hair follicle
 
Nail seminar
Nail seminar Nail seminar
Nail seminar
 
Skin
SkinSkin
Skin
 
Cutaneous Vasculature and Thermoregulation
Cutaneous Vasculature and ThermoregulationCutaneous Vasculature and Thermoregulation
Cutaneous Vasculature and Thermoregulation
 
Skin physiology
Skin physiologySkin physiology
Skin physiology
 
Skin Histology
Skin HistologySkin Histology
Skin Histology
 
Skin functions
Skin functionsSkin functions
Skin functions
 
Blood supply and lymphatics of skin
Blood supply and lymphatics of skinBlood supply and lymphatics of skin
Blood supply and lymphatics of skin
 
Skin anatomy and physiology
Skin anatomy and physiologySkin anatomy and physiology
Skin anatomy and physiology
 
Dermo epidermal junction
Dermo epidermal junctionDermo epidermal junction
Dermo epidermal junction
 
Basic histopathology of skin
Basic histopathology of skinBasic histopathology of skin
Basic histopathology of skin
 
Apocrine and eccrine glands
Apocrine and eccrine  glandsApocrine and eccrine  glands
Apocrine and eccrine glands
 

Similar to Anatomy and physiology of sweat glands

Similar to Anatomy and physiology of sweat glands (20)

Adnexal structures of the skin
Adnexal structures of the skinAdnexal structures of the skin
Adnexal structures of the skin
 
T1L3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS.pptx
T1L3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS.pptxT1L3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS.pptx
T1L3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS.pptx
 
Final histo
Final histoFinal histo
Final histo
 
Histology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdf
Histology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdfHistology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdf
Histology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdf
 
Salivary glands seminar
Salivary glands seminarSalivary glands seminar
Salivary glands seminar
 
Histologic structure of endocrine system
Histologic structure of endocrine systemHistologic structure of endocrine system
Histologic structure of endocrine system
 
Sebaceous gland.pptx
Sebaceous gland.pptxSebaceous gland.pptx
Sebaceous gland.pptx
 
Histology of endocrine system
Histology of  endocrine systemHistology of  endocrine system
Histology of endocrine system
 
endocrine-System-Group6.pptx
endocrine-System-Group6.pptxendocrine-System-Group6.pptx
endocrine-System-Group6.pptx
 
Exocrine glands histology
Exocrine glands histologyExocrine glands histology
Exocrine glands histology
 
Fetal development
Fetal developmentFetal development
Fetal development
 
Anatomy of the adrenal gland
Anatomy of the adrenal glandAnatomy of the adrenal gland
Anatomy of the adrenal gland
 
The Epithelial Tissue
The Epithelial TissueThe Epithelial Tissue
The Epithelial Tissue
 
Endocrine System~3
Endocrine System~3Endocrine System~3
Endocrine System~3
 
Choroid
ChoroidChoroid
Choroid
 
Adrenal glands
Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands
Adrenal glands
 
№ 4 аdrenal and thyroid gland ppt new
№ 4  аdrenal and thyroid gland ppt new№ 4  аdrenal and thyroid gland ppt new
№ 4 аdrenal and thyroid gland ppt new
 
histology_glands_5-2-15.pptx
histology_glands_5-2-15.pptxhistology_glands_5-2-15.pptx
histology_glands_5-2-15.pptx
 
Parotid glands by dr parthsarthi gautam, MDS
Parotid glands by dr parthsarthi gautam, MDSParotid glands by dr parthsarthi gautam, MDS
Parotid glands by dr parthsarthi gautam, MDS
 
Integumentary System
Integumentary System Integumentary System
Integumentary System
 

Recently uploaded

PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfDolisha Warbi
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondSujoy Dasgupta
 
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptxORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptxNIKITA BHUTE
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisSujoy Dasgupta
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxNaveenkumar267201
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxkomalt2001
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyMedicoseAcademics
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...Shubhanshu Gaurav
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptPradnya Wadekar
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets barmohitRahangdale
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaSujoy Dasgupta
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)kishan singh tomar
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismusChandrasekar Reddy
 

Recently uploaded (20)

PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
 
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptxORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
 
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
 
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
 

Anatomy and physiology of sweat glands

  • 2. INTRODUCTION • Sweating is one of the most visible physiological events we experience everyday • On average, 1.6 to 4 million sweat glands on the body • Major function – Regulation of body temperature • Failure can lead to heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hyperthermia and death
  • 3. TYPES OF SWEAT GLANDS Sweat Glands Eccrine (Atrichial) Independent of Hair Follicle Apocrine (Epitrichial) Attached to Hair Follicle Apoeccrine Develop from eccrine like precursor glands
  • 4. TYPES OF SECRETION Merocrine • No breakdown of cellular material during secretion Apocrine • A small amount of cytoplasm is pinched off Holocrine • Mature cell disintegrates and become secretory product
  • 7. DEVELOPMENT OF ECCRINE GLANDS 3rd month • Palms and Soles 5th month • All other parts of the body 8th month • Resemble Adult glands Birth 2 years • Fully functional
  • 8. DISTRIBUTION OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS Distributed over whole skin surface including glans penis and foreskin Absent on vermilion border of lips, nail bed, external ear canal, clitoris, labia minora
  • 9. DENSITY OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS Density Part Most Palms and soles, forehead Moderate Dorsum of hand Less Lumbar region, lateral and extensor surfaces of extremities Least Trunk , flexor and medial surfaces of extremities
  • 10. ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND Number Total – 2 to 5 million Individual surface • Soles – 620/sq.cm • Thighs – 120/sq.cm • Back – 60/sq.cm Weight Total – 100 g Individual gland – 30 to 40 microgram Secretion As much as 10 L in 24 hours Individual gland – 2 to 20 nL/min
  • 11. MEROCRINE SECRETION No break down of cellular material occurs during secretion Fusion of membranous walls of secretory vesicles with plasma membrane Only the contents of vesicles released Merocrine secretion
  • 12. STRUCTURE OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND Simple tubular epithelial structures Three parts 1. Secretory coil (fundus/acinus) 2. Straight intradermal duct 3. Spiral intraepidermal duct (acrosyringium)
  • 13. SECRETORY COIL 60 – 80 micron in diameter and 2 – 5 micron in length Surrounded by a thin fibrous sheath and an investing lamina Function – Production of watery isotonic secretion which is further modified by duct Three types of cells 1. Clear cells (Large, Secretory) 2. Dark cells (Small, Mucoid) 3. Myoepithelial cells Electron micrograph of secretory coil Lu – Lumen Cc – Clear cell Dc – Dark cell Icc – Intercellular canaliculi Mc – Myoepithelial cell
  • 14. LARGE CLEAR CELLS Main secretory cells Rests either on basement membrane or myoepithelial cells Mitochondria and Na+ K+ ATPase activity in basal infoldings Where two or more clear cells abut, intercellular canaliculi is formed Canaliculi open into lumen of the gland
  • 15. DARK CELLS Cuboidal cells border nearly all apical/luminal surfaces of secretory tubules Resemble mucus secreting cells of other organs Relatively smooth membrane and contains dark cell granules Periodic acid Schiff stain positive glycoproteins Dark cells M – Mucus / Dark cells S – Serous / Clear cells L – Lipid globules
  • 16. MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS Spindle shaped cells on basement membrane Contractile cell with abundant actin filaments Function – Support the gland, help in propelling sweat towards the surface Peripheral to myoepithelial cells, basement membrane zone CC – Clear cell DC – Dark cell ME – Myoepithelial cell IC – Intercellular canaliculus BM – Basement membrane
  • 17. DERMAL ECCRINE DUCT Consists of outer ring of peripheral or basal cells and inner ring of luminal or cuticular cells Basal cells – Rich in mitochondria, strong Na+ K+ ATPase activity, plays a major role in ductal reabsorption Layer of tonofilaments (pseudocuticle) give rigidity to periluminal region and assures luminal patency Proximal intradermal duct is functionally more active than distal intradermal duct Cross section of dermal eccrine duct BDC – Basal Ductal cell LDC – Luminal Ductal cell PC – Pseudocuticle L – Lumen
  • 18. EPIDERMAL ECCRINE DUCT Runs spirally from base of rete ridge to the surface Single layer of inner luminal cells and two to three layers of outer basal cells It has well developed coil structure in palms and soles
  • 19. PHYSIOLOGY OF SWEATING Types of Human Perspiration Human Perspiration Insensible perspiration Active sweating Thermal Emotional Emotional Sweating Palms and soles Shorter latent period for its onset Immediately attains a rate of secretion that corresponds to intensity of stimulus Subsides quickly after the end of stimulus
  • 20. CONTROL OF ECCRINE SWEATING Eccrine sweating Thermal Osmotic Mental Gustatory Increase in skin temperature Increase in core temperature Stimulates preoptic hypothalamus Sweating, Vasodilatation & Rapid breathing 10*C increase in local skin temperature – triples local sweating rate Increase in internal temperature – 9 times more efficient than increase in mean skin temperature in stimulating sweat center
  • 21. SYMPATHETIC SUDOMOTOR PATHWAY Preoptic Hypothalamus Via tegmentum of pons and medullary raphe regions Intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord Emerge via ventral horn pass through white ramus communicans Sympathetic Ganglia Post ganglionic non myelinated C fibers through grey ramus communicans Eccrine Sweat gland
  • 22. INNERVATION OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND Sympathetic and cholinergic Major neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine Respond to cholinergic agents, α and β adrenergic stimulants Other – ATP, catecholamine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, atrial natriuretic peptide, calcitonin gene related peptide and galanin PART ROOT Face and eye lids T1 to T4 Upper limb T2 to T8 Trunk T4 to T12 Lower limb T10 to L2 Ratio of maximal secretory rates Cholinergic α-adrenergic β-adrenergic 5 1 1
  • 24. Lumen Basolateral membrane K+ 2Cl- Na+ MECHANISM OF SWEAT SECRETION Cl- Na+/K+/2Cl- antiporter K+ Na+ Na+,K+ ATPase Na+
  • 25. Lumen Basolateral membrane 1 1 MECHANISM OF DUCTAL REABSORPTION Na+ ENaC K+ Na+ Na+,K+ ATPase Cl- CFTR Cl- H+ + HCO3 -H2O + CO2 Carbonic anhydrase H+ V-ATPase Cl- HCO3 - H+ Na+ NHE1 Cl- H+
  • 26. MECHANISM OF SWEAT SECRETION Net fluxes – H2O, Cl- and Na+ flow into the lumen (isotonic and neutral pH) Net fluxes – H+ secretion and Na+ and Cl- reabsorption (hypotonic and acidic)
  • 27. COMPOSITION OF ECCRINE SWEAT Sodium • 10 – 20 mmol/L at low sweat rates and up to 100 mmol/L at high sweat rate Chloride • Concentration is lower than that of sodium Potassium • 5 – 6 mmol Urea • 15 – 25 mg/dl • Derived mostly from serum urea Lactate • 4 – 40 mmol/L (exceeds concentration found in plasma) • Formed from glucose from the blood
  • 28. ECCRINE SWEAT – MINOR CONSTITUENTS • 20 – 50 times higher than that of plasmaAmmonia • Only in small quantitiesGlucose • Concentration in final sweat in zeroBicarbonate • 0.2 – 1.6 mmol/LPyruvate Proteins including proteases Glandular kallikrein, Kininase, C1 esterase, urokinase, cysteine protease, Epidermal Growth Factor
  • 29. FUNCTIONS OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS Thermoregulation Improves grip by moistening palms and soles Excretion of drugs Wound healing Desquamation of stratum corneum by lactate Pro inflammatory action Mitogenic effects
  • 31. DEVELOPMENT OF APOCRINE GLAND Develop from primary epithelial or hair germs during 4th to 5th month of intrauterine life Poorly developed in childhood and begin to enlarge with approach of puberty Do not become functional until puberty Development is associated with sex hormones
  • 32. STRUCTURE OF APOCRINE GLAND Located in subcutaneous tissue Larger than eccrine gland Size and activity is greater in men than that of women Composed of coiled secretory portion and an excretory duct
  • 33. SECRETORY COIL OF APOCRINE GLAND Single layer of columnar cells Eosinophilic cytoplasm and large PAS positive and diastase resistant granules distributed around the nucleus (except in apical portion) Surrounded by myoepithelial cells Secretory coil of apocrine sweat gland Me – Myoepithial cells N – Nucleus of secretory cells A – Apical cap of secretory cells
  • 34. EXCRETORY DUCT OF APOCRINE GLAND Double layer of cuboidal cells Merge distally with the epithelium of the hair follicle Empty the secretion into infundibulum of hair follicle above the sebaceous gland Does not have any reabsorptive function
  • 35. DISTRIBUTION OF APOCRINE GLANDS Axilla Areola (Montogomery tubercles) Periumbilical Perineal Circumoral MODIFIED APOCRINE GLANDS Ceruminous glands in external ear canal Ciliary or Moll’s glands on eyelids Mammary glands
  • 36. APOCRINE SECRETION An apical cap and a dividing membrane is formed initially Apical cap is then detached and discharged into the lumen of the gland – APOCOPATION Decapitation secretion – pinching of parts off the cytoplasm Secretion is pulsatile Low secretory output Apocrine secretion
  • 37. COMPOSITION OF APOCRINE sweat Secretion is milky, protein rich, viscid and colourless Secretion is lipid rich Bacterial decomposition is responsible for characteristic mephitic odour Trans 3 methyl 2 hexanoic acid contributes to the odour Secretion is mixed with sebum
  • 38. CONTROL OF APOCRINE SECRETION Respond to emotional stimuli Stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine given locally or systemically Affected by hormonal factors such as pregnancy and menstruation Undergo atteunation with ageing
  • 39. FUNCTIONS OF APOCRINE GLANDS Role as odoriferous sexual attractants (Pheromones), territorial markers and warning signals Increases frictional resistance and tactile sensibility Androgen dependent and shows marked 5α- reductase activity High levels of 15 lipoxygenase 2 in secretory cells. Its product function as signaling molecule
  • 41. APOECCRINE GLAND Eccrine gland that undergone apocrinization due to local factors Not present at birth Develop only during puberty from eccrine glands or eccrine like precursor gland Present in adult human axillae
  • 42. STRUCTURE OF APOECCRINE GLAND Secretory tubule – thin segment (eccrine like) and thick segment (apocrine like) Segments are functionally connected Some secretory cells resemble clear cells of eccrine gland whereas others resemble cuboidal or columnar cells of apocrine gland Large duct opens directly to skin surface
  • 43. APOECCRINE SECRETION Functions like eccrine gland yielding copious serous sweat in response to both adrenergic and cholinergic stimuli Significant contribution to overall axillary sweating