1.
Carbohydrates as
Nanoparticles
Shweta Yadav
M.sc biotechnology
2nd Semester

2.
Introduction
Most recently the the researcher focus shifted to the uses of natural material for the
fabrication of Nano carriers which are inheritantly compatible with the metallic
system and have hypotential for biological and biomimetics effects.
Together with lipids protein and nucleic acid carbohydrates are one of the four
major classes of biomolecules.

3.
Carbohydrates:-
Carbohydrate fibre starch and sugar or essential food nutrient that body turn into
glucose to give the energy to function.
Complex carb in fruit vegetables and whole green products are less likely to spike
blood sugar 10 simple cars.
These are common class of simple organic compounds. Carbohydrate is an
aldehyde or a ketone that has additional hydroxyl groups.
The simplest carbohydrate are called monosaccharides which have the basic
structure. ( C.H2O) n.

4.
Classification of carbohydrates:-
Basically carbohydrates are three types.
1. Monosaccharides
2. Oligosaccharide
3. Polysaccharides
Carbohydrate as a nanoparticles:-
Carbohydrate comprise more than 80% of biomass making them the most evident class of
bio polymers on earth. The mainly search energy storage and structure function. Recently
the regulatory role of carbohydrates in several biological process has become evident.
Several nanostructure coated with multiple copies of same carbohydrates ligands
permitted to increase the carbohydrate – protein interaction and carbohydrate as
carbohydrate introduction strength.

5.
Glycosylated scaffold such as polymers nano
particles and surface are potential drug
delivery system vaccines and therapeutic that
have been reviewed extensively. Both natural
and chemically modified structure found
several application in imaging drug delivery
and tissue engineering.
Due to the single chain flexibility a detailed 3D
investigation as well as a define structure
function correlation is still lecking. In addition
chemical modification that serves to tune the
polish acrite property suffer from low
regioselectivity, increasing the sample
polydispresity even further.

6.
Oligosaccharides:-
Mono and oligosaccharides have been modified extensively to give
glycoamphiphiles and generate divorce morphology likes micelles vehicles and
fibres.
Non covalent interaction such as hydrogen bond hydrophobic and metal ligands
interaction promote the formation of the assembly.
Moreover several example of dissociation of the assembly in response to external
stimuli such as heat light and ultrasound have been reported.
An important role of monos and oligosaccharides is cell recognisation. The process
is based on the interaction between carbohydrate binding protein and
carbohydrates on the cell surface and each often involved in the primary stage of
pathogen infection.

7.
Cyclodextrin:-
Cyclodretxin constituent of glycopyroneous units liked Alpha (1-4) commonly
produced during the degradation of starch. The most common Cyclodretxin are
alpha beta and Gamma cycloudextrain consisting of 6, 6,7 and 8 glucose units.
Here describe the related to structural properties and biomedical application of
nanomaterial assembled from Cyclodretxin structure.
Cyclodretxin usually assembled in three different packing patterns- case, genus
and layers types superstructure.
Cyclone extreme best material have been applied in the food and pharmaceutical
industries the 1980s and show great potential for biomedical application.
Psychologist in delivery system allows for in capsuletion of small drug molecule as
well as large biomolecules.

8.
Polysaccharides,:-
Cellulose:-cellulose is the neutral polysaccharides . It is the most abundant
biopolymer on earth and a major structure component in plant algae fungi and
bacteria.
This picture allows for the use of cellulose in the paper textile filter and building
material industry. Recently Nano cellulose has Kent attention as material.
There main classes of Nano cellulose:-
Cellulose Nano crystal, Nano fibrillated cellulose and bacterial Nano cellulose.

9.
Detection of cells:-
A number of reported have been per proposed to detect cell with carbohydrate
coated gold iron oxide or semiconductor metallic nanoparticles.
The method identify and distinguished the fine feature of Cancer cell by targetting
endogenous lectin specifically expressed at their surface. Iron oxide core / shilika
cell magnetic nanoparticles bearing monosaccharides units (mannose ,galactose ,
furtcose, sailic acid and glucosamine) per incubator with 9 different types of cancer
cell.

10.
Detection of pathogen:-
Nanotechnology based approaches for the detection identification and isolation of
pathogens are attracting much interest in current research. These are great
advantage of nanotechnology with respect to traditional method based on
amplification and purification procedures .
The enveloped of virus bacteria and parasites are glycoprotein peptidoglycone are
usually glycone structure that are pathogen used to target lectin of host cells.
The use of carbohydrate based nanoparticle in pathogen detection realise on the
fact that presentation of multiple copies of carbohydrate on the a surface can mimic
either the glycol of pathogen evelope or the cell glycolix.
Recently and essay based on dextron coated gold nanoparticles was used to
access the condition for preventing bacterial growth in molar hinton growth
medium by recording the length in the UV vis absorption spectrum.

11.
Diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging:-
Non-invasive amazing technology such as MRI positron emission tomography (PET),
single Photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) and x-ray computed
tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of diseases typically involved the administration
of contract agent for single enhance that facilitates the the visualisation of organs
are the state of a particular disease.
Now only two types of molecular proof for MRI in clinical use
1. T1 contrast agent based on paramagnetic GD complex
2. T2 contrast agent based on polysaccharide incapsulated super per magnetic
iron oxide nanoparticle

12.
Thank you…….