Shiwa seminar 2

Seminar
On
Effect of canopy management on fruit
production
Presented by
Shiwanand Pandey ( Ph.D. Horticulture)
Id. No. 4247
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT
(U.P.)

Content
 Introduction Canopy management
 Why Manage the Canopy ?
 Role of canopy management in fruit crops
 Ideal canopy architecture
 Maintaining the Balance of tree in canopy management
 Growth habits of Fruit crops
 Fruiting Habit of fruit crops
 Tools for canopy management
 The major objective for canopy management
 Principles of Canopy Management
 Practices for canopy management
1.Training of Fruit Trees
2.Pruning of fruit crops
 Physiology of Pruned Tree Growth
 Renovating old trees
 Advanced method of controlling some fruits tree canopy
 Case studies
 Conclusions

Canopy management
 Canopy management is the ‘art’ of fruit
growing it is much more than cutting off a few
branches.
 To optimize fruit crop, thoughtful canopy
management is one of the most important
subjects to master, and the best way to master
it is through practice.
 Canopy in a fruit tree refers to its physical
composition comprising of stem, branches,
shoots and leaves.
 The canopy density is determined by the
number and size of the leaves, architecture of
stem, branches and shoots.
Conti………

 Canopy management of the fruit tree deals
with the development and maintenance of
their structure in relation to the size and
shape for the maximum productivity and
quality.
 The basic concept in canopy management
of a perennial tree is to make the best use
of the land, the climatic factors for an
increased productivity in a three
dimensional approach.
 Tree vigor, light, temperature and humidity
play a vital role in the production and
quality of the fruits.

Why Manage the Canopy ?
 Fruit trees produce fruit regardless of human
intervention. Fruits house the seeds needed for
trees to reproduce – when birds and animals eat
the fruits, they distribute the seeds to start new
growth.
 However, for human consumption, it is important
to manage fruit tree canopies to optimize the
balance between vegetative growth and fruit
production, and also to keep fruit picking
manageable.
 An unmanaged canopy will grow all its fruit 25 –
30 feet in the air, which is difficult and just plain
dangerous to get.
 Managing a canopy will help to develop a strong
tree that will support heavy crop loads, while
increasing fruit production and improving fruit
quality in the long-term.

Role of canopy management in
fruit crops
 Light is an important factor in production of
fruit. It has a role in flower induction as well as
in fruit development through carbohydrate
synthesis. While increased assimilates in the
shoots for flowering in mango and other fruits
generally, high yield of quality fruits are
attributed to high light interception and
distribution in the tree canopy. The fruit yield is
related to light interception, whereas fruit
quality is a function of light distribution.
 Light interception is influenced by plant
density, canopy shape, canopy leaf area index
and can be raised by increasing the density of
foliage in the canopy, the height of the tree and
number of tress per hectare.
Conti………

 Light intensity decreases, within the tree
canopy as the outer portion shades the inner
canopy. Light exposure influences flower bud
differentiation, fruit set, fruit colour and
quality.
 In the canopy management, major emphasis is
usually required to reduce the excessive
canopy shading and increase the air circulation
in the fruiting region.
 Trees have a set amount of energy (created
through photosynthesis) that they can use to
grow based on external and internal cues, they
will produce either reproductive growth or
vegetative growth.
 Canopy management manipulates the
allocation of the tree’s resources to favor one
kind of growth over another creating the right
balance is crucial.

Ideal canopy architecture
 Ideal canopy architecture should fulfill as
many as possible principles involved in
canopy management. i.e., the canopy size
should be dwarf, spreading and open in
mango and guava.
 In order to obtain more yield per unit area
of the land, it is desirable to have the
required surface area per canopy volume
by increasing the canopy height. But due
to inconvenience in carrying out the
cultural operations including harvest, the
canopy height should be at manageable
level.

Standards for an ideal canopy structure in
grape cv. Thompson seedless
Stem height 135 cm
Diameter 7.5 cm
Cardon length 90 cm
Shoot orientation during the
growth season
350-400 with the ground
surface
Cane number 5 per m2
Cane thickness 8-10 mm
Leaf number per bearing shoot 12-15
Shoot orientation during the
fruiting season
350-400 with ground surface up
to length of 90 cm and parallel
to the ground surface beyond
90 cm
(Shikhamany, 2008)

Maintaining the Balance of tree in
canopy management
1. Too much fruits
Too much emphasis on fruit will prevent good
structure. If a tree bears too much fruit too early,
it can become ‘runted out’, or unable to grow
adequately, and will produce far less fruit in the
long run. It is important that enough vegetative
growth occurs in roots, branches, etc. to ensure
that the tree is healthy and sturdy.
2. Too much vegetation
Because one form of growth occurs at the
expense of the other, the best way to control
overly vigorous vegetative growth is to let the
tree fruit. Pruning can delay fruiting. Good
vegetative growth look like Current season
growth should be between 18 – 20 inches. More
than that is excessive and should be controlled.

How should manage the balance
between vegetative and
reproductive growth
1. Establishment: When the tree is young,
encourage vegetative growth and remove
blossoms to prevent fruit growth.
2. Transition (typically at 3 years): When the
tree is approximately the size begin to
encourage reproductive growth balanced with
vegetative growth.
3. Mature Bearing Tree: When the tree is fully
mature and producing fruit, encourage the
fruit and maintain balance.

Trees canopy grows in different ways
1. Primary Growth: Growth in length of limbs
this form of growth results from the activity of
the ‘apical meristem’, which creates
undifferentiated.
2. Secondary Growth: Growth outwards and in
diameter i.e. thickening of the limbs. When
managing the canopy, it’s important to know
what age of wood you’re working with. This is
referred to in years, e.g. one year old wood,
two year old wood.
3. Current Season Growth: The new shoot
growth expanding from the last terminal bud.
At the end of the season, when the tree goes
dormant, it sets up a new terminal bud at the
end of the growth.

Growth habits of Fruit crops
Every tree has tendencies towards certain
shapes of growth knowing and understanding
these tendencies can make canopy management
much more efficient.
Growth Habit : The growth habit of a tree is its
natural inclination towards a certain canopy
shape. There are two basic growth habits.
1. Acrotonic: Strong growth at the top of the
tree, at the expense of weaker growth on
lower levels. Red Delicious apple has this
tendency due to apical dominance.

2. Basitonic: Lower branches are stronger
and outgrow the top of the tree. Braeburn
apple trees have this tendency.
 There are also a number of growth habits in
between, such as columnar or conical
shaped canopies. When managing a canopy,
we generally seek to develop a conical
shape where the top of the tree is narrower
than the bottom.

Fruiting Habit of fruit crops
A tree’s fruiting habit refers to the timing of its
fruit production.
Pome Fruits: (Apple, Pear) will only produce
fruit on three year old wood or older. New
shoots become year 1 wood. The cells will
differentiate in year 2, developing small spurs
which will eventually bear fruit. This wood
overwinters, and blooms in year 3. Good fruit
production will occur on 4 – 5 year old wood.
Stone Fruits: (Plum, Peach, Cherry) produce
fruit on two year old wood. Buds grow in late
summer, after the harvest, rather than in early
spring.

 Tropical and Sub- tropical fruit: There is no
complete cessation of growth at any particular
time of the year. However, the growth is
drastically slowed down during winter months
trees undergo some sort of dormancy or rest
during winter months. At the end of winter in
February-March, the buds start to grow at a
rapid rate and trees may bear a new vegetative
flush. Usually the growing buds are positioned
either laterally on branches or at their tips.
They can be formed in the previous growing
season and remain dormant over the winter for
four months or more.

Tools for canopy management
 Loppers: Find a pair with a bypass blade
instead of anvil cutters – this will ensure
that you slice the branch instead of
crushing it. A commercial grade pair such
as these ones by Corona are best.

Secateur: Secateurs are handy for tip
pruning and cutting out shoots and suckers.
They should be kept sharp at all times.
Regular cleaning and a drop of oil prevents
the blades from sticking.

 Tree Saw: Best for big old trees with
branches that are too big for loppers.
Most tree saws cut on the pull.

 Ladder: A ladder is the best way to get up
into a taller tree and see what you’re doing.
It will save you from reaching up and
straining.

 Hand Shears: These are good for young
trees with low, thinner branches. These
should be made of good steel and should
be kept sharp using a wet stone.

The major objective for canopy
management
 The major objective is to achieve maximum
productivity in a shortest period with out adversely
affecting tree health and bearing of the tree as
well as orchard.
 The natural tree canopy of the fruit tree varies
greatly from species to species and cultivar to
cultivar. The size, shape and volume of canopy are
affected by climate, planting density, rootstock,
method of propagation, training, pruning, regularity
of bearing, soil type, nutrition, irrigation, intercrop,
growth regulators used, diseases, pests,
environmental pollution etc.
 The crux of the canopy management lies in the
fact, as to how best we manipulate the tree vigour
and use the available sunlight and temperature to
increase the productivity and quantity and
minimize the adverse effects of weather
parameters.

Principles of Canopy
Management
Light is critical to growth and development of trees
and their fruits. The green leaves harvest the
sunlight to produce carbohydrates and sugars which
are transported to the sites where they are needed –
buds, flowers and fruits.
 Better light penetration into the tree canopy
improves tree growth, productivity, yield and fruit
quality.
The density and orientation of planting also impact
light penetration in an orchard.
Generally, in close planting, quicker shading
becomes a problem. An east-west row orientation
results in more shading as compared to the western
and southern orientation of trees. Strong bearing
branches tend to produce larger fruits. Conti………

:
 The problem of a fruit grower is initially to
build up a strong and balanced framework of
the trees, then equip them with appropriate
fruiting. Obviously, pruning in the early years
has to be of a training type to provide strong
and stocky framework with well spaced limbs
or any other desired shape.
 Maximum utilization of light.
 Avoidance of built-up microclimate congenial
for diseases and pest infestation.
 Convenience in carrying out the cultural
practices.
 Maximizing productivity with quality fruit
production.
 Economy in obtaining the required canopy
architecture.

Practices for canopy management
1.Training of Fruit Trees
 After planting the fruit plants in the
orchard, the training starts from day one.
 Initially few branches arising from
rootstock portion and 10-15 cm above the
union are removed at the time of planting.
 When vines are staked or tied over a trelly
or pergola in a certain fashion or some of
the parts are removed with a view to give it
a desired shape, the operation is called
training.

The training is done with the
following objectives
 To admit light up to centre of the tree and
provide sufficient movement of air across
the plant
 To increase photosynthetic activity by
exposing leaves to the sun
 To provide strong scaffold system this
could bear the heavy load of fruits,
without limb breakage
 To make hoeing, spraying, irrigation and
other cultural practices at a nominal cost.
 To get balanced distribution of fruit over
the tree

Training systems for fruits crops
Central Leader System
 The central leader is allowed to grow
uninterrupted.
 The secondary's grow on the central axis
on all directions.
 The fruit tree grows in a natural way tree
trunks become very strong due to the
spread of many scaffolds and secondary's.
 The trees become tall and spread mostly
unmanageable at maturity.
 This system is most suited to litchi and
mango.

Modified Leader System
 The central leader is allowed to grow to
produce 3-4 side branches, then it is headed
back at 75 cm height for low headed and at 90
cm for high headed plants.
 In the next year, the top bud sprouts to take
the shape of the central leader, which is again
headed back after getting 2-3 scaffolds at the
last scaffold giving it an open centre.
 This can be done after 2-3 years of removal of
the central leader that is why the system of
training is called modified leader system of
training.
 Thus a tree takes the shape of an umbrella in
spread and a cone in height. Modified leader
system trees possess a strong durable
framework like central leader system.

Open-centre System
 The plants are planted in the orchard and
simultaneously headed back to 75 cm
height.
 The well placed 4-5 side branches are
allowed to develop on the main axis.
 The top growing axis is again cut and is not
allowed to repair out and give side
branches.
 The selected scaffolds are made to produce
secondary's and tertiaries just like in
modified leader system.
Espalier Architecture
A great method for saving space when
growing dwarf trees – training limited
branches horizontally

Espalier Architecture
Central Leader System Modified Leader System Open-centre System

2.Pruning of fruit crops
 Normally pruning is an invigorating process.
 Many a times it is carried out to encourage
new growth and fruiting.
 Pruning is defined as the removal of unwanted
parts, like shoots, branches roots to allow the
fast growth in the remaining parts.
 Time of pruning in different fruit plants differ
from fruit to fruit.
 Normally deciduous fruits trees are pruned
when complete dormant after shedding of
leaves.
 Pruning of pear, peach and plum should be
done in December-January, whereas phalsa
and grapes needs to be pruned end January-
February first week.
 Ber which is summer deciduous should be
pruned in May-June.

 To remove the apical dominance for
encouraging branching
 To remove unproductive over crowded
branches
 To remove diseased and dead wood
branches
 To encourage vegetative growth
 To control the overall size of the fruit tree
 To regulate fruiting for regular cropping
 To give particular training.
Pruning is done with the following
objectives

Pruning systems for fruits crops
Annual pruning can be done in fallowing ways
1. Disbudding
Disbudding refers to the optional process of
gradually removing the buds that grow on
the plant’s stem in order to enhance the
lifespan and development of the remaining
buds.
Disbudding is a distinct and important form
of pruning, applied to all trained fruit trees .
It means the regulating and spacing out of
new shoots, to concentrate supplies of food
in the best-placed, fruitful growths and to
avoid wasting the energies of the tree upon
the production of many unnecessary shoots.

 Most trained trees produce many more
young shoots in spring
 The direct result of disbudding is to
prevent overcrowding, to conserve the
energies of the tree and to improve the
quality and quantity of fruit.
 The time to carry out disbudding of fruit
trees is in spring and early summer before.
 A few unwanted shoots being removed
every few days. Care must be taken not to
tear off strips of bark; it is safest to pinch
them off with finger and thumb, rather than
to tear them with a pulling, jerking action.

2. Heading Back
 This type of pruning can be done both
evergreen and deciduous trees to remove
apical dominance and encourage side
branching. For peaches which bear on new
growth, this type of pruning is an annual
feature for getting regular fruiting.
 Normally 1/3 of the top shoot is removed
every year during pruning. However, in
some fruits like phalsa the whole bush is
headed back to the ground level to develop
sufficient number of branches for bearing
regularly.

3. Thinning Out
 When there is a bushy growth of side
shoots on the secondaries or tertiaries,
some of the branches are removed entirely
from point of emergence without leaving
any stub.
 It results in providing light and aeration in
the tree. Thinning out encourages fast
growth of the remaining terminals.
 This gives the tree a leggy growth to get
best results from pruning a mix of heading
back and thinning out will be best for long-
term production of quality fruits from
peaches.

1. Heading Back
2. Thinning Out

Physiology of Pruned Tree Growth
 A pruned branch or tree always makes less
total growth than it would have if left
unpruned.
 Certain pruning cuts stimulate vegetative
growth at the site of the cut and thereby
create the illumination of increased growth,
but that growth is always less than the sum of
the part removed and the growth it would have
made.
 Because pruning removes potential leaf
surface for the following season as well as
stored reserves in the wood, pruning severity
is measured by the number of growing points,
rather than the amount of wood, removed.

Bending of Scaffolds
• To manage the canopy and get early fruiting from
trees with long juvenile period, the bending of
branches have been successfully practiced in pear.
• The bending of flexible scaffolds downward can be
carried out by tieing the scaffolds to the trunk of
the same tree or on to pegs in the basin of the
tree.
• Bending of scaffolds provides the advantage of
geotropism. The spur formation is enhanced by two
years. Normally it becomes difficult in getting
secondaries on the main scaffolds in pear training.
Bending also helps in the sprouting of buds to
produce good number of secondaries on a scaffold.
• The bending of scaffolds can be carried out in
Guava, Mango and litchi in addition to pear.

Renovating old trees
In some cases it may seem desirable to attempt to
reduce the size and improve the structure of trees
that are large and old but otherwise in good
condition.
 Though all the advantages of a density planting are
obviously not possible, reducing the size of such
trees should provide some of the benefits, such as
easier management and harvesting and improved
fruit quality.
 Very rarely are the results completely satisfactory
to be at all effective, such trees must be severely
topped and headed back on the sides, with removal
of an inordinate amount of the total bearing
surface.

Renovating old trees
First Year
Second Year
Third Year

Advanced method of controlling some
fruits tree canopy
1. Use of genetically dwarf scion cultivars
Crop Genetically dwarf
cultivars
Desirable features
Apple Spur bearing
varieties Wijik
Mc Intosh and Golden
Delicious
Bear on short stems,
spurs; grow to 60-
70% the standard
cultivar in vigour and
bear more spurs and
yield more
Peach Redheaven Dwarfing and high
yielding
Cherry Compact Lambert,
Meteor and
North star
High yielding, self
fruitful, dwarf
(Verma 2011)

2. Use of dwarfing Cultivars, rootstocks and
interstocksCrop Dwarfing cultivar/
rootstocks
Apple M-9, M-26, M27, MM-111, MM-
106, Bud.9, Bud.146, P-22 and
Ottawa 3
Pear EM Quince A &C
Peach SiberianC, St Julien X P.besseyi
and Rubira
Plum Pixy
Cherry Colt, Charger and Rubira
Lemon Meyer lemon, Ponderosa lemon,
Kagzi kalan lemon
Guava
Psidium friedrichsthalianum,
Aneuploid no. 82
Conti………

Citrus relative Kumquats
Citrus hybrid Limequats
Mango Vellaikolumban, Amarapalli
Mandarins
Kwanowase, Anaseullis,
Satsuma mandarin
Oranges Gladokokoryl
(Singh 2010) and (Verma 2011)

3. Use of growth retardants
 Various growth retardant have been used to
restrict the vegetative growth of the plant.
Among them the commercially adopted are,
CCC, Ancymidal, Paclobutrazol, B-9
(Phosphon D) and chloramqute.

4. High density planting
 This system is popularly known as the High Density
Planting (HDP). It enables profitable cropping, high
regular yields and improved farm management
practices, leading to higher productivity. Today
new orchards are being attempted to plant in this
system with a view to produce higher fruit yield
and increased profitably.
 Use of growth retardants which restricts tree
growth and encourages early flower induction,
have also been found helpful for these high-density
planting systems.
 High density planting technique is a modern
method of fruit cultivation involving planting of
fruit trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees
with modified canopy for better light interception
and distribution.

 First planted in Europe at the end of 1960.
 Irrigation and fertigation are automatically
controlled. Such system produces precocious
cropping, high and regular yields of good
quality fruits and low labor requirement to
meet ever rising production costs.
 Control of pests and diseases, weeds and
pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by
machine.
5. Induction of viral infection
 Though still not popular and emerged as
commercially but tree size can be reduced by
inducing viral infection like in apple, virus free
rootstocks series East Malling long ashton
(EMLA) are vigorous than their infected
counterparts.

Effect of pruning intensities on the growth and yield
attributes of kinnow
Treatments
Growth
(m)
Tree volume
(m3)
Yield
(kg/tree)
No pruning except removal of dead
wood 43.12 58.43 69.17
Removal of extra growth (4’ from tree
centre) in E-W direction
21.89 55.88 33.05
centre) in E-W and N-S direction
17.73 46.00 36.91
centre) in E-W direction and 12’ above
ground level
21.59 48.11 39.73
centre) in E-W direction
26.34 59.17 60.52
centre) in E-W and N-S direction 13.14 49.17 49.00
centre) in E-W direction and 12’ above
ground level
21.76 49.96 41.72
Uprooting of alternate trees within
each row thus making the spacing of
6*6 m
33.88 75.22 75.89
CD (0.05) 6.62 11.53 --
(Sharma et. al.1997)

Yield and light penetrance in canopy of
mango cv. Amrapali as affected by pruning
Treatment
Light
Penetrance
( k lux)
Fruit Yield
(kg/tree)
Control 16.71 14.43
Light pruning (10 cm
from the apex)
18.14 18.15
Moderate
pruning (20 cm
from the apex)
21.01 23.83
Severe pruning (30
cm from the apex)
21.98 16.54
CD (0.05) 1.82 2.20
(Pratap et. al., 2003)

Effect of severity of pruning on canopy
growth and yield of Nagpur mandarin
Pruning
Treatment
Mean
height (m)
Weight of
fruits (kg)
Mean canopy
volume (m3)
Yield
efficiency
(kg/m3)
Light
(25 cm)
3.84 106.37 17.53 6.06
Medium (45
cm)
3.64 131.97 20.07 6.57
High
(75 cm)
4.08 121.44 25.17 4.92
CD (0.05) NS 12.42 1.8 --
(Tayde and Ingle, 1999)

Effect of pruning intensities on canopy growth
and fruiting characters of Assam Lemon
Character
Pruning treatments
CD (p=0.05)
0 15 cm 30 cm 45 cm 60 cm
Increase in
tree
height(%)
27.3 40.5 48.8 59.8 70.0 -
Increase in
tree spread
(%)
37.1 51.4 62.8 71.0 80.3 -
Fruit set (%) 22.5 24.6 29.2 26.4 27.0 3.0
Fruit yield
(kg/tree)
10.4 11.3 14.5 10.0 8.7 2.2
(Nath 1994)

Rejuvenation of 35 yrs. old Alphonso mango for
canopy management with pruning and PBZ
Treatment Shoot length (cm) Yield (kg /tree)
M 1P0 15.87 1.63
M 1P1 14.20 2.54
M 2P0 14.43 15.59
M 2P1 11.87 29.65
M 3P0 13.53 27.66
M 3P1 12.30 44.65
M 0P0 16.30 20.84
CD at 5% 1.3 -
M1= heading back up-to secondary branches P1 = PBZ @ 0.75g / m canopy diameter
M2= heading back up-to tertiary branches P0 = PBZ No application
M3= thinning of crowded branches and center opening
(Shinde et. al. 2002)

Yield pattern of rejuvenated Dashehari
mango trees
Pruning
severity
Fruit yield /tree (kg) Cumulative
yield (kg)1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Control 20.16 24.74 17.32 27.90 23.40 113.52
First order - - 27.50 35.70 37.80 101.00
Second
order
- - 43.90 37.48 47.42 128.80
Third order 29.00 39.00 52.00 42.50 46.30 208.80
Fourth
order
37.50 42.30 75.00 82.00 57.80 294.60
Fifth order 40.60 46.70 59.50 79.50 53.40 279.70
CD (0.05) 5.30 6.79 7.14 5.6 7.01 -
(Lal et. al.,2000)

Effect of rootstocks on the tree canopy volume
and fruit weight of sweet orange cv. Hamlin
Rootstock
Tree volume
(m3)
Yield (no. of
fruit/tree)
Jatti khatti 45.1 189
Kharna khatta 21.5 130
Troyer citrange 14.6 142
Cleopatra 33.3 94
CD at 5% 7.9 50
Chohan et. al. (2008)

Vegetative growth and yield of 13 yrs. old Alphonso
mango trees as affected by rootstocks
Rootstock
Tree height
(m)
Shoot length
(cm)
Yield (fruit
no./m3)
Alphonso (OP) 3.8 21 2.4
Vellaikolamban 2.8 18 4.3
Bappakai 4.4 23 3.0
Chandrakaran 4.1 22 2.8
Kurukkan 4.1 21 2.4
Muvandan 4.6 22 2.0
Mylepelian 4.1 21 1.6
Olour 4.4 20 3.1
LSD( P=0.05) 0.4 - 1.8
Kurian et. al., (1993)

Effect of rootstock on average canopy
volume of sweet orange 7 yrs. after planting
at 1.5 m X 3.3 m
0 2 4 6 8
Sour orange
Swingle citrumelo
Carrizo citrange
Palestine sweet lime
Own rooted
Rangpur X Troyer
Rubidoux
Flying dragon
Canopy volume (m3) (Wheaton et. al., 1991)

Effect of paclobutrazol on canopy of
bearing mango trees cv. Dashehari
Dose
(g/tree)
Gain in
Tree
height
(cm)
Gain in Tree
canopy
spread (m3)
Yield of
(fruits (kg)
per tree)
Yield :
vigour ratio
1.25 73.3 75.3 41.6 6.2
2.5 57.3 54.3 57.3 8.1
5.0 40.6 46.3 75.0 10.5
10.0 21.0 25.6 139.0 28.9
Control 79.6 78.0 30.6 4.5
CD (5%) 12.0 12.9 27.7 3.5
(Kulkarni, 1988)

Influence of growth retardant treatments on canopy
growth parameters of mango cv. Alphonso
Treatments
Increase in
tree height
(%)
Increase in tree
volume
(%)
Number of fruits
per tree
Control 24 76 22
PBZ 2.5 g once 11 34 36
PBZ 2.5 g twice 9.3 31 47
PBZ 5.0 g once 8.8 26 33
PBZ 5.0 g twice 7.4 22 34
Alar 1500 mg/l once 13 49 21
Alar 1500 mg/l twice 9.4 38 21
Alar 3000 mg/l once 12 47 27
Alar 3000 mg/l twice 10 38 28
LSD (p=0.05) 5.56 14.63 6.9
(Kurian and Iyer, 1993)

Growth retardants for canopy
management
Crop Chemical Reference
Mango PBZ 3g a.i. /tree as soil drench Sarkar et al, 1998
Avocado
PBZ @ 2 g per tree as soil
drench
Kohne and Kremer,
1987
Guava
Ethephon 1000 ppm, PBZ 1000
ppm
Singh, 2005

Effect of high density planting systems cum
densities on growth and yield of guava cv.
Allahabad Safeda
Spacing and
tree no.
Tree
height
(m)
Tree girth
(cm)
Tree
volume(m3)
Yield (q/ha)
5X5X5 m
(400 trees/ha)
3.44 37.8 20.65 82.16
2.5X5X5 m
(800 trees/ha)
3.74 35.3 16.36 118.67
5X2.5X5 m
(530 trees/ha)
3.52 36.6 18.48 90.65
2.5X2.5X2.5
m (1060
trees/ha)
4.15 34.4 15.09 136.97
CD (P= 0.05) 0.19 1.28 2.03 7.77
(Kumar and Singh 2000)

Effect of high density planting on canopy
growth and yield of Baramasi lemon
Planting density
(m)
Tree girth
(cm)
Canopy volume
(m3)
Yield (q/ha)
6X6 37.91 26.25 90.43
6X3 39.91 31.60 204.66
5X5 42.16 31.58 140.00
5X2.5 34.08 24.90 224.66
CD at 5% 2.06 0.75 1.12
(Kaur 2005)

Effect of UHD planting on canopy growth and yield
attributes of guava cv. Centono Prolific
Spacing
Planting
density
ha-1
No. of
branches/plant
Length of
longest
branch
(cm)
Yield
/plant (g)
60x60 cm 27000 12.32 54.17 1135
90x30 cm 37000 11.69 62.55 533
45x30 cm 73000 10.75 63.92 347
(Mohammed et. al., 1984)

Effect of high density planting on tree canopy
growth and fruit characters of Sardar guava
Spacing
(m)
Tree canopy
(m3)
Yield
(kg/tree)
Yield Efficiency (%)
6 X 4 40.6 34 83
6 X 5 51 30 59
6X 6 49.5 26 53
C.D. at 5% 4.3 0.76 11.9
(Singh and Bal, 2002)

Comparison between traditional and meadow
orchard systems of guava cultivation
Attribute Traditional system Meadow system
Bearing After two years From first year
Production 12-20 tonnes / ha 30-50 tonnes / ha
Management Difficult easy
Harvesting Difficult easy
Quality
Large canopy, poor
sunlight penetration and
poor quality
Small canopy, better quality
(Singh 2010)

Conclusions
 High yield and high fruit quality can be achieved with a good
orchard canopy when the orchard has good light distribution
throughout the tree canopy and there is a balance between
vegetative growth and cropping.
 Proper training and pruning is essential for canopy
management.
 Dwarf root stocks and varieties are pre-requisites for high
density planting.
 Cultural practices need to be integrated for higher production
and quality.
 Growth retardants along with pruning and proper spacing
should be used.
 Successful growers will maintain a balance between
vegetative growth and cropping by regularly renewing the
fruiting wood on the tree, moderate levels of nitrogen and
proper crop load management.

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