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Abstract:
This study compares the efficiency in terms of CO2 emissions, fuel use, and energy
efficiency of various hybrid vehicle layouts, such as parallel hybrids, series hybrids, and
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In order to guide future improvements in hybrid

5. vehicle technology, the study's goal is to offer insights on the environmental effect and
energy efficiency of certain hybrid configurations.
In accordance with the technique used in this study, models of hybrid vehicles that best
reflect each configuration were chosen. Through a combination of lab testing and
simulation-based methods, data on CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, and energy
efficiency are gathered. The total environmental performance and energy efficiency of
the hybrid setups are evaluated using performance measures including tank-to-wheel
efficiency and average speed.
According to the study's findings, there are big disparities in the hybrid configurations in
terms of CO2 emissions, fuel usage, and energy effectiveness. In comparison to typical
petrol automobiles, the parallel hybrid arrangement exhibits improved fuel efficiency and
decreased CO2 emissions. Series hybrids, on the other hand, show even larger reductions
in CO2 emissions and fuel usage, especially in city driving situations. With their ability to
run entirely on electricity, PHEVs have a promising future in terms of significantly
lowering CO2 emissions and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
The results of this study have significant repercussions for environmental laws and policy.
They emphasise the necessity of encouraging the usage of hybrid cars, especially series
hybrids and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), in order to significantly reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel use. These insights can also be used by
manufacturers to produce more energy-efficient hybrid systems that are suited to
particular driving scenarios and consumer demands.
Future research directions are also suggested by the study. Further investigation is
required to create sophisticated power management techniques, improve hybrid system
topologies, and assess the long-term dependability and longevity of hybrid vehicle
components. Future research has intriguing prospects for examining the use of

6. renewable energy sources and the environmental impact of hybrid cars over their entire
lifecycles.
In summary, this comparison analysis offers useful information about how various hybrid
car designs perform in terms of CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, and energy efficiency.
The findings guide next research and developments in hybrid vehicle technology while
also advancing the development of sustainable transportation networks.
Keywords:
CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, energy efficiency, parallel hybrids, series hybrids, plug-
in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), performance metrics, tank-to-wheel efficiency,
environmental impact, renewable energy integration,