A Powerpoint presentation on NeoBehaviorism by Tolman and Bandura. Ideal for reporting in Education classes.

1. Neo Behaviorism
Tolman and Bandura

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6. What is NEO Behaviorism?
The prediction and control of human behavior
in which introspection and/or independent
thinking play no essential part of its
teaching methods.
It is a behavior that cannot be fully
understood simply in terms of observable
stimuli and reactions. Neo behaviorism
introduce mediating variables into the
behaviorist stimulus-response scheme.

8. Tolman’s Purposive
Behaviorism

9. Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism
*Also referred to as Sign Learning Theory
*Often seen as the link between behaviorism
and cognitive theory
*Learning involves forming beliefs and obtaining
knowledge about the environment and
revealing that knowledge through purposeful
and goal oriented behavior

10. Tolman’s Key Concepts of
Purposive Behaviorism
▶ Learning is always purposive and
goal-oriented.
▶ Cognitive maps in rats
▶ Latent Learning
▶ The concept of intervening variable
▶ Reinforcement is not essential for
learning.

11. 1. Learning is always
purposive and goal-directed
Tolman believes that an organism
acted or responded for some
adaptive purpose and that
individuals do more than just
responding to stimuli but act on
beliefs, attitudes, changing
conditions and strive towards goals.
He saw behavior as holistic,
purposive and cognitive.

12. 2.Cognitive Maps in Rats

13. 2.Cognitive Maps in Rats
▶ Rats have learned the
location rather than the
turns which signified that
they have formed cognitive
maps.
▶ He also found out that they
will select the shortest or
easiest path to achieve a
goal.

14. 3. Latent Learning
▶ The kind of learning that remains or
stays with the individual until
needed.
▶ It is not outwardly manifested at
once and can exist without
reinforcement.
▶ Example: the rats apparently
“learned the maze” by forming
cognitive maps of the maze but
manifested this knowledge only
when needed.

15. 4. The concept of intervening
variable.
▶ Intervening variables are variables
that are not readily seen but serve
as determinants of behavior.
▶ Tolman believed that learning is
mediated or is influenced by
expectations, perceptions,
representations, needs and other
internal or environmental variables.

16. 5. Reinforcement not
essential for learning
▶ Tolman concluded that
reinforcement is not essential
for learning, although it
provides an incentive for
performance.
▶ Example: the rats were able to
acquire knowledge even without
reinforcement.

17. Let’s have a Break!

18. Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura

19. Proponent

22. What is Social Learning Theory?
, ,

23. Social Context
---- is how someone
reacts to something
depending on their
immediate social or
physical environment.
Social context can
influence how someone
perceives something.

24. Basic Social Learning Concepts

25. Observational Learning

26. General Principles of Social Learning Theory
1.People learn by observing the
behaviours of others.
2.Learning occurs without changes
in behaviour.
3.Cognition plays a certain role in
learning.
4.Social learning theory is a type of
bridge or transition between
behaviourist learning theories and
cognitive theories.

27. How the Environment Reinforces and Punishes Modeling
People are often reinforced to model the behaviours
of others. Bandura says that the environment
reinforces modeling in several ways:
1. The observer is reinforced by the model.
2. The observer is reinforced by a third person.
3. Imitated behaviours lead to reinforcing
consequences.
4. Consequences of the model’s behaviour
affect observers vicariously.

28. Positive & Negative Reinforcement
Reinforcement
-stimuli that can strengthen or weaken
specific behaviours
Positive reinforcement occurs when a token or
reward is given to strengthen a desired
behaviour.
Negative reinforcement also strengthens a
behaviour, but it does so by removing something
that is unwanted

29. Positive & Negative Punishment
Punishment
Punishment is another form of reinforcement, and
it can be both positive and negative, as well. As
opposed to reinforcement, punishment is intended
to decrease the likelihood of an undesirable
behaviour.
Positive punishment occurs when we introduce
something to stop an unwanted behaviour.
Negative punishment is when we take something
away after an undesirable behaviour occurs.

30. How Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
Influence Behavior

31. 1. Proposes that reinforcement and
punishment have indirect effects on
learning; they are not the sole or main
cause.
2. Reinforcement and punishment influence
the extent to which individuals exhibit
behaviors that have been learned.
3. Expectation of reinforcement influences
cognitive processes that promote learning.
Contemporary Social Learning Perspective
of Reinforcement and Punishment

32. Cognitive factors in Social Learning
● Learning without Performance
● Cognitive Processing during Learning
● Expectations
● Reciprocal causation
● Modeling

33. Learning without Performance
● Learning can occur without a
behavioral change.
● There is a distinction between
“Learning through observation” and
“the actual imitation of what has
been learned.”
Cognitive factors in Social Learning

34. Cognitive Processing during Learning
● Attention is a critical factor in
learning.
● Learning depends upon the subject
focusing on the behavior being
demonstrated.
Cognitive factors in Social Learning

35. Expectations
● As a result of being reinforced,
people form expectations about the
consequences that future behaviors
are likely to bring.
● They expect certain behaviors to be
either rewarded or punished.
Cognitive factors in Social Learning

36. Reciprocal causation
Usually,
Person + Environment = Behavior
● Behavior can also influence both the
environment and the person.
Person ------- Environment
/
/
/
Behavior
These three can have an influence on each other.
Cognitive factors in Social Learning

37. Modeling
● People can learn by observing the behaviors
of others and their consequences.
● There are different types of models.
Live Model - an actual person
Verbal Model - a desired behavior is described in detail,
with instructions on how to perform it.
Symbolic Model - real/fictional character portrayed in some
other medium, tv, radio, etc.
● Behaviors can be learned, as least partly,
through modeling.
Reading, Aggression, Moral Behavior, Bravery
Cognitive factors in Social Learning

38. 4Conditions necessary for Effective Modeling
Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
Motivation
must be able to remember the behavior.
must replicate the behavior.
must want to demonstrate the behavior.
should focus and pay attention on the model.
The learner...

39. Effects of Modeling on Behavior
Modeling ...
● teaches a new behavior.
● influences the frequency of previously
learned behaviors.
● may encourage previously forbidden
behaviors.
● increase the frequency of similar
behaviors.

40. Effects of Modeling on Behavior
Modeling ...
● teaches a new behavior.
● influences the frequency of previously
learned behaviors.
● may encourage previously forbidden
behaviors.
● increase the frequency of similar
behaviors.

41. Educational Implications
of Social Learning Theory

42. Educational Implications of Social Learning Theory
● Students learn a great deal by just
observing.
● Describing the consequences of behavior can
effectively increase appropriate behaviors
and decrease inappropriate ones.
● Modeling is an alternative to shaping.
● Teachers and parents must model appropriate
behaviors.
● Teachers should expose students to a variety
of other models.