Nanotechnology - nanotube, nanowires etc... biosynthesis of nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles and gold nanoparticle synthesis etc

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY
• INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION.
• HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
• NANOTUBES AND NANOWIRE
• SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLE
• IT’S APPLICATIONS AND
DISADVANTAGES
-by Mr. S. Seshan
Bharathiar university.

2. INTRODUCTION
• Nanomaterials are very small sibstances having a diameter ranging from 1
to 100nm .
• Nanotechnology is used in our day to day life.
• It is the study and application of extremely small things.
• It ias also called molecularnanotechnology or nanomolecular
manufacturing.
• The word ‘nano’ comes from the Greek word ‘nanos ‘ meaning dwarf.
• It can be used in other science fields such as chemistry, physics,Material
science and Engineering.
• Nanotechnology helps to create mny new materials amd devices.

3. DEFINITION
1. Nanotechnology is the branch of technology that deals with the
dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers especially
the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.
2. Nanotechnoogy is the study and application of extremely small things
and can be used across all the science fields.

4. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
Richard Feynman
• In 1959, Richard Feynman lectured, “there’s plenty of room at
the bottom” that inspired the field of nanotechnology.
• In 1974, Norio Taniguchi was first to use the term
nanotechnology.
• In 1980, K.Eric Drexler who promoted the technological
significance of nano scale phenomena.

5. • In 1981 , Discovery of “Scanning Tunneling
Microscope “.
• In 1985, the discovery of fulllerences by Harry Kroto
(nobel prize) ,Richard smalley, Robert Curl.

6. • The early 2000s also saw the beginins of
commercial applications of nanotechnology ,
although these were limited to bulk applications of
nano materials.
• Silver nano platform for using silver nanoparticles
as an antibacterial agent, nanoparticle-based
transparent sunscreens, and carbon Nanotubes for
stain resisitant textiles.

7. TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY
• There are several important
modern development.
1. The atomic force
microscope (AFM)
2. The Scannig Tunneling
Microscope ( STM) are
scannig probes that
launched nanotechnology.

8. Applications of nanotechnology
• Nanomedicine
• Nanobiotechnology
• Green nanotechnology
• Energy applications of nanotechnology
• Industrial applications of nanotechnology
• Potential applications of carbon nanotubes
• Nanoart

9. Nanomedicine
• Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology.
• Nanotechnology has provided the possibility of delivering drugs to
specific cells using nanoparticles.The overall drug consumption
and side-effects may be lowered significantly by depositing the
active agent in the morbid region only and in no higher dose than
needed.
• Targeted drug delivery is intended to reduce the side effects of
drugs with concomitant decreases in consumption and treatment
expenses. Drug deliveryfocuses on maximizing bioavailability both
at specific places in the body and over a period of time.
• This can potentially be achieved by molecular targeting by
nanoengineered devices.A benefit of using nanoscale for medical
technologies is that smaller devices are less invasive and can
possibly be implanted inside the body, plus biochemical reaction
times are much shorter.

10. • These devices are faster and more sensitive than typical drug
delivery. The efficacy of drug delivery through nanomedicine is
largely based upon: a) efficient encapsulation of the drugs, b)
successful delivery of drug to the targeted region of the body, and c)
successful release of the drug.
• Two forms of nanomedicine that have already been tested in mice
and are awaiting human testing will use gold nanoshells to help
diagnose and treat cancer,alongwith liposomes as vaccine adjuvants
and drug transport vehicles.
• Similarly, drug detoxification is also another application for
nanomedicine which has shown promising results in rats.

11. Some nanotechnology-based drugs that are commercially available or in human
clinical trials include:
• Abraxane, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to
treat breast cancer, non-small- cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer,
is the nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel.
• Doxil was originally approved by the FDA for the use on HIV-related Kaposi's
sarcoma. It is now being used to also treat ovarian cancer and multiple
myeloma. The drug is encased in liposomes, which helps to extend the life of the
drug that is being distributed. Liposomes are self-assembling, spherical, closed
colloidal structures that are composed of lipid bilayers that surround an aqueous
space. The liposomes also help to increase the functionality and it helps to
decrease the damage that the drug does to the heart muscles specifically.
• Onivyde, liposome encapsulated irinotecan to treat metastatic pancreatic cancer,
was approved by FDA in October 2015.

12. Nanobiotechnology.
• Nanobiotechnology (sometimes referred to as nanobiology) is best described
as helping modern medicine progress from treating symptoms to
generating cures and regenerating biological tissues.
• Three American patients have received whole cultured bladders with the help
of doctors who use nanobiology techniques in their practice. Also, it has been
demonstrated in animal studies that a uterus can be grown outside the body
and then placed in the body in order to produce a baby. Stem cell
treatments have been used to fix diseases that are found in the human
heart and are in clinical trials in the United States.
• There is also funding for research into allowing people to have new limbs
without having to resort to prosthesis. Artificial proteins might also become
available to manufacture without the need for harsh chemicals and expensive
machines. It has even been surmised that by the year 2055, computers may
be made out of biochemicals and organic salts.

13. Green nanotechnology
• Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance
the environmental sustainability of processes producing negative
externalities.
• It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to
enhance sustainability. It includes making green nano-products and using
nano-products in support of sustainability.
• Green nanotechnology has been described as the development of clean
technologies, "to minimize potential environmental and human health
risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology
products, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new
nano-products that are more environmentally friendly throughout
their lifecycle."[1]

14. Industrial applications of nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology is impacting the field of consumer goods, several products that
incorporate nanomaterials are already in a variety of items; many of which people do not
even realize contain nanoparticles, products with novel functions ranging from easy-to-
clean to scratch-resistant.
• Examples of that car bumpers are made lighter, clothing is more stain repellant,
sunscreen is more radiation resistant, synthetic bones are stronger, cell phone screens
are lighter weight, glass packaging for drinks leads to a longer shelf-life, and balls for
various sports are made more durable.
• Using nanotech, in the mid-term modern textiles will become "smart", through
embedded "wearable electronics", such novel products have also a promising potential
especially in the field of cosmetics, and has numerous potential applications in heavy
industry.
• Nanotechnology is predicted to be a main driver of technology and business in this
century and holds the promise of higher performance materials, intelligent systems and
new production methods with significant impact for all aspects of society.

15. Nanotechnology in Medicine:
• Nanotechnology is used in developing countries to treat
diseases and prevent health issues.
• Nanoparticles deliver drugs, heat, light or other substance to
specific types of cells.
• Nanoparticles deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer
cells .
• Gelatin nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs to damaged
brain tissues.
• Nanoparticles deliver an enzyme that prevents the reproduction
of virus molecules in the patients blood stream .
• Nanosponge absorb toxins and remove them from the blood
Stream.

16. • Nanoparticles contain nitric oxide gas that kill bacteria.
• Nano capsules containing antibiotic are coated in burn dressing.
• Gold nanoparticles are used for the delivery of drugs to tumour.
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD:
• Clay nanocomposts provide an impermeable barrier to gases such as
oxygenor CO2 in light weight bottles , cartons and packaging films.
• Storage bins are produced with silver nanoparticles embedded in the
plastic. This Nanoparticles kill the bacteria from any material that was
previously stored in the bins.
• Silicate nanoparticles provide a barrier to gases are moisture in a
plastic film used for packaging.
• Zinc oxide Nano particles can be incorporated into plastic packaging to
block UV rays and provide anti bacterial protection.

17. NANOTUBES
• Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with cylindrical
nanostructure.
• They have length-to- diameter ratio upto
132,000,000:1.
• Nanotubes are the member of the fullerence
structural family. Their name is derived from
their ling ,hollow structure with the walls
formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon,
called Graphene.

18. Properties
• Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in
creating light weight spacecrafts.
• Easily penetrate membranes such as cell
walls, helps in cancer treatment.
• Electrical resistance Changes significantly
when often molecules attach themselves to
the carbon atoms. Helps in developing
sensors that can detect chemical vapours.

19. Applications of nanotube
CNTs may be used as
delivery vehicles or heat
sources for treating cancer.
CNTs may continue to
find applications in life
sciences and medical
diagnosis.
CNTs are increasingly
being used as scaffolds
for tissue engineering.
CNT–enzyme conjugates
are being used to
develop antimicrobial
surfaces.

20. • A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order of a
nanometer (10−9meters). It can also be defined as the ratio of the
length to width being greater than 1000.
• Alternatively, nanowires can be defined as structures that have a
thickness or diameter constrained to tens of nanometers or less and
an unconstrained length. At these scales, quantum mechanical effects
are important — which coined the term "quantum wires".
• Many different types of nanowires exist, including superconducting
(e.g. YBCO[1]), metallic (e.g. Ni, Pt, Au), semiconducting (e.g. silicon
nanowires (SiNWs), InP, GaN) and insulating (e.g. SiO2, TiO2).
• Molecular nanowires are composed of repeating molecular units either
organic (e.g. DNA) or inorganic (e.g. Mo6S9−xIx).
Nanowires

21. SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES FROMBACTERIA
• Bacteria are a potential biofactory for the synthesis of nanoparticles.
• The synthesis can be classified into two types based om the location
where nanoparticles formed
1. Intracellular Synthesis
2. Extracellular synthesis
PROCESS
• Nanoparticles are synthesized by bacteria.
• The steps involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by bacteria
are as follows:
1. The bacterial isolate is inoculated into 250ml Erylenmeyer flask
containing 100ml sterile nutrient broth.
2. The culture flasks are incubated in rotating shaker at 200rpm
for 48 hrs at room temperature.

22. 3. After this , the culture is centrifuged at 12,000rpm for 10 mins .
4. The biomass and supernatent are seperated.
5. Both the biomass and supernatent are seperately used for the
synthesis of silver Nanoparticles.
6. Biomass is used for intracellular synthesis.
7. Supernatent is used for extracellular synthesis.
8. 2g of wet biomass is resuspended in 100ml of 1 mM aqueous
solution of AgNO3 in a 250 ml erylenmeyer flask.
9. The supernatent is mixed with sterilized AgNO3 solution at 1ml
final concentration.
10.All the reaction which are incubated On raotating shaker at
200rpm, room temperature for 72 hrs in light.
11.The microbial enzymes reduce silver ions into silver
nanoparticles

23. Ag+ + e- Ag
silver ions silver nanoparticles
12.Color change indicates the silver nanoparticle formation .
13.A color change from pale yellow to brown occurs for both biomass
and supernatent within 24 hrs in the presence of light.
14.Formation of brown color indicates the silver nanoparticle synthesis.
15.The reduced filtrate containing silver nanoparticles is initially
centrifuged at 2000rpm for 5 mins.
16.This will remove any microparticles in the pellet.
17.The supernatent is transferred to fresh centrifuge tube.
18.Centrifuge at 13000 rpm for 15mins to seperate the nanoparticles in
the form of pellets.
Enzyme

25. Diagramatic representation of synthesis of silver
nanoparticles by bacteria.

26. SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES BY
FUNGI
The steps involved in tha synthesis of gold
nanoparticles
By fungi are as follows:
• The fungi are grown aerobically in liquid broth
containing Malt extract power , glucose,,yeast
extract and peptone.
• The culture flasks are incubated at 28°C on a
rotatory shaker at 120 rpm for 4 days .
• The biomass is harvested by filteration
through filter paper .
• It is then washed with distilled water to remove
any components of the medium.

27. • 5g of wet biomass is tranferred into 250 ml
erylenmeyer flask containing 100 ml double
distilled water.
• Incubate at 30°C for three days on a rptatory
shaker incubator for 120rpm.
• Filter the content by filter paper.
• Cell free filterate is obtained .
• 5ml of filterate is treated with 5ml of 1 mM
chloroauric acid(HAuCl4) in an erylenmeyer
flask .
• Incubate at room temperature in dark .
• During incubatio, the enzymes in fungal filtrate
reduce gold substrate , Au3+ions of chloroauric
acid to Au0 gold nanoparticles.)

28. • The reduction is indicated by the color change .
• A color change from slight yellow to purple color indicates
the formation of gold nanoparticles.
• The reduced filterate containing gold nanoparticles is initially
centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 mins.thismins.this will remove
any micro particles in the filterate
• The supernatent is transferred to fresh centrifuge tube .
• Centrifuge at 13000rpm for 15mins to seperate the
nanoparticles

29. APPLICATION :
• Nanotechnology involves in cancer and bone treatment.
• It helps to deliver the drugs
• It helps in drug development. It helps to manufacture medical
tools.
• It involves in the diagnosis of disease.
• It is used in molecular imaging.
• It improves display screens on elactrinuc devices.