1. ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﺭﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ‬:
‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺏ‬‫ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ‬:
‫ﻣﺤﺴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪ‬

2. ‫ﺏ‬
...‫ﺭﺳﻮﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺒﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻳﺰﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻔﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻴﺮﺍﻟﻤﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬:
‫ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻘﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬‫ﻢ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺖ‬:
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﺞ‬ ‫ﻌﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻴﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﺟﺮﻡ‬،‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺖ‬:
‫ﻳﻘﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺩﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬
)‫ﺍﺑﻦ‬‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﺍﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺹ‬ ،3(

3. 1
‫ﻓ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺐ‬
‫ﭘ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬...................................................................................................................3
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬...................................................................................................................6
‫ﺍﺑﻦ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬................................................................................6
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬....................................................................................................................7
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬:‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬‫ﺍﺑﻦ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻨﺎ‬.....................................................................................8
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬:‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬.....................................................................................................8
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬:‫ﻗﻮﺍ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧ‬‫ﻲ‬.........................................................................................14
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬:‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬‫ﺍﺑﻦ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻨﺎ‬..................................................................................18
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬:‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬.................................................................................................18
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪ‬‫ﻱ‬.............................................................................................................23
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬.................................................................................................................25
‫ﻣﻼﺻﺪﺭﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬............................................................................25
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬..................................................................................................................26
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬:‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬‫ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻪ‬........................................................................28
‫ﺍﺻﻞ‬‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬:‫ﺍﺻﺎﻟﺖ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬.........................................................................................28
‫ﺍﺻﻞ‬‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬:‫ﺗﺸﻜ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬....................................................................................29
‫ﺍﺻﻞ‬‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬:‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬‫ﻱ‬.....................................................................................29
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬:‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬‫ﻣﻼﺻﺪﺭﺍ‬.................................................................................31
‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬................................................................................................................32
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬:‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬‫ﻣﻼﺻﺪﺭﺍ‬.......................................................................37
‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬.......................................................................................................38
‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬....................................................................................41
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬................................................................................................................47

4. 2
،‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﺧﺪﺍﻭﻧﺪ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬.............................................................................................47
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬..................................................................................................................48
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬:‫ﻧﻈ‬‫ﺎﻡ‬‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻝ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻪ‬..............................................................51
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬:‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬.............................................................................53
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬:‫ﻧﺘ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺠﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﺨﻦ‬‫ﭘﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎﻧ‬‫ﻲ‬............................................................................56
‫ﺿﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤﻪ‬1..................................................................................................................60
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬‫ﻟﻐﻮ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻦ‬،‫ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬،‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬...................................................60
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬.......................................................................................................................62

5. 3
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬:
x‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬،‫ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬-‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬-‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻔ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‬‫ﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺲ‬
)‫ّﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺠ‬(‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.
x‫ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬.
x‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬‫ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬،‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻥ‬‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻤﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬،ّ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺠ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﻻﺕ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.
x‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ّﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺠ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬-‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬-‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬.‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﱠﻖ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌ‬‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬،‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﺍﻭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬1
.‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
1
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﺠﺮﺩ‬‫ﻓﻼﺳﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.

6. 4
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻖ‬‫ﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﮔﻴ‬‫ﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺮﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬.
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬.‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬...‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬‫ﺩﻫ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬)‫ﺫﻫﻦ‬(‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ‬‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻨﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ‬‫ﺫﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺪ‬،‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬.
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ‬‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔﻮ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬‫ﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ﻃﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬

7. 5
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬:‫ﺍﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬.‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻼﺻﺪﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬.‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻲ‬‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺻﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﭼﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻫﻦ‬ ،‫ﭘﻮﭘﺮ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻔﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺁﻧﭽ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻔﺴﻲ‬‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺩﭼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ‬‫ﻧﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬.
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺻﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺳﻔﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬،‫ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬.
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﻭﺍژﻩ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻠﺴﻔﻲ‬‫ﻭﺍژﻩ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬2
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﮔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬.
2
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬1‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬.