1.
Recent advances in
explainable machine
learning research
Bernease Herman, Research Scientist
University of Washington eScience Institute and
Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering
June 6, 2019 - Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence

2.
Recent advances in
explainable machine
learning research
Bernease Herman, Research Scientist
University of Washington eScience Institute and
Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering
June 6, 2019 - Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence
Speed run edition

3.
eScience Institute
University of Washington

4.
Modified graphic. Original from Alice Zheng
Model
interpretation
Data Curation · Evaluation · Interpretation
Personal research interests in ML

5.
Modified graphic. Original from Alice Zheng
Model
interpretation
Data Curation · Evaluation · Interpretation
How do we choose and collect dataset?

6.
Modified graphic. Original from Alice Zheng
Model
interpretation
Data Curation · Evaluation · Interpretation
How to check performance of ML?

7.
Modified graphic. Original from Alice Zheng
Model
interpretation
Data Curation · Evaluation · Interpretation
What’s happening on the inside?

8.
Interpretable vs Explainable

9.
Defining model explainability
No single definition within community.
“component of interpretable modeling process informing
how model works in understandable form” - Me
“process of giving explanations [of ML] to humans”
- Kim & Doshi-Valez 2017
to left, formal definition (I)
that extends beyond humans
- Dhurandhar et al. 2017

10.
Linear regression models
(with a certain number of parameters)
Decision trees (or similar)
(with a certain depth/number of parameters)
Text explanations
Visualizations (e.g., saliency maps)
more
Explanations come in many forms

11.
“Explanation vehicles” (Herman 2017)
Explanations come in many forms

12.
from “The Mythos of Model Interpretability”, Lipton 2016
1. Simulatability, comprehend the entire model
at once; model complexity
2. Decomposability, comprehend the individual
components/parameters; intelligibility [2]
3. Algorithmic transparency, comprehend
the algorithm behavior; loss surface and randomness
Three levels of transparency

13.
Interpretability methods
(with focus on explanations)

14.
Interpretable methods survey
heavily borrowed from Kim & Doshi-Valez ICML 2017 tutorial
1. Fitting new models that are
intrinsically interpretable
2. Post-hoc analysis of existing model
3. Interpretable analysis of raw data
(or model architecture)

15.
Inherently interpretable models
1. Fitting new models that are
intrinsically interpretable
Decision trees, rule lists, rule sets
Generalized linear models (and feature manipulation)
Case-based methods
Sparsity-based methods
Monotonicity-based methods
Conceptual and hierarchical models

16.
1. Fitting new models that are
intrinsically interpretable.
Decision trees, rule lists, rule sets
Generalized linear models (and feature manipulation)
table above from Gehrke et al. 2012
Inherently interpretable models

17.
figure above from Gupta et al. 2016
Monotonicity constraints
Conceptual and hierarchical models
Inherently interpretable models

18.
2. Post-hoc analysis of existing model
Sensitivity analysis
Surrogate models
Gradient-based methods
Hidden layer investigations
Post-hoc for existing models

19.
2.
Sensitivity analysis
Surrogate models
Patrick Hall et al. 2017, O’Reilly Blog
Post-hoc for existing models

20.
2. Post-hoc analysis of existing model.
Sensitivity analysis
Surrogate models
Gradient-based methods
Surrogate models
Hidden layer investigations
Post-hoc for existing models
figures from Ribeiro et al. 2015 (LIME)

21.
2. Post-hoc analysis of existing mode
Gradient-based methods
Surrogate models
Hidden layer investigations
Post-hoc for existing models
Lundberg & Lee 2017 (SHAP)

22.
2. Post-hoc analysis of existing model
Gradient-based methods
Surrogate models
Hidden layer investigations
Post-hoc for existing models
Lundberg et al. (2019)

23.
2.
Sensitivity analysis
Surrogate models
Gradient-based methods
Selvaraju et al. 2017
Post-hoc for existing models

24.
3. Interpretable analysis of raw data
Visualization
Variable Importance
Partial dependence plots
Correlation analysis
Interpretable raw data analysis

25.
Visualizations for AutoML
Wang et al. (2019)

26.
Do interpretability and
explainability methods
always work?

27.
Explanations can be persuasive
Lipton 2016, Herman 2017
When tailoring our model explanations to
human preferences and judges, our models
may learn to prioritize persuasive
explanations over introspective ones.

28.
Potentially unfaithful explanations
Hendricks et al. 2016

29.
Visual saliency explanation methods
Adebayo et al. 2018

30.
Even random labels don’t stop them
Adebayo et al. 2018

31.
How AI detectives are cracking open the black box of
deep learning, Science Magazine, July 2017
Background reading

32.
Ideas on interpreting machine learning,
O’Reilly Ideas, March 2017
Background reading

33.
Thank you!
Let’s discuss this more.
Bernease Herman
bernease@uw.edu
@bernease on Twitter, Github, MSDSE Slack, everything

34.
Splitting model form from simplicity
Herman 2017
Simultaneously
coerced into suitable
model form
(e.g., decision tree)
and reduced in
complexity
(e.g., model size).
Difficult to evaluate
across complexity
preferences.

35.
Splitting model form from simplicity
Herman 2017
Keeps model form
and reduction of
complexity separate.
Improves evaluation
and adaptability.