3. AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLES
CONTENTS :
• Introduction
• History of AGV’S
• What is AGV?
• Types of AGV’s
• Why consider AGV’s
• Types of navigations in AGV’s
• Applications of AGV’s
4. INTRODUCTION
• AGVs increase efficiency and reduce costs by
helping to automate a manufacturing facility or
warehouse.
• AGVs can carry loads or drag objects behind
them in trailers. The trailers can be used to move
raw materials or finished product.
• The AGV can also store objects on a bed. some AGVs
use fork lifts to lift objects for storage.
• AGVs are employed in nearly every industry,
including, paper, metals, newspaper and
general manufacturing.
5. Continue ….
• AGVs are available in a variety of models and
can be used to move products on an assembly
line, transport goods throughout a plant or
warehouse.
• An AGV can also be called as a Laser Guided
Vehicle (LGV) or Self-Guided Vehicle
(SGV) .
6. History of AGV’S
The first AGV was brought to market in the 1950s, by
Barrett Electronics of Northbrook, and at the time it
was simply a tow truck that followed a wire in the floor
instead of a rail. over the years the technology has
become more sophisticated and today automated
vehicles are mainly Laser navigated ex: LGV.
In an automated process, LGVs are programmed to
communicate with other robots to ensure product is
moved smoothly through the warehouse, whether it is
being stored for future use or sent directly to shipping
areas. Today the AGV plays an important role in the
design of new factories and warehouses.
7. What is AGV?
AGV is a material handling system that uses independently
operated, self-propelled vehicles guided along defined
pathways.
8. Types of AGV’s
1. Driverless Trains
2. AGV’s Pallet Trucks
3. Unit load Carriers
9. 1. DRIVERLESS TRAINS
• It consists of a towing vehicle that pulls one or
more trailers to form a train.
• This type is applicable in moving heavy pay
loads over large distance in warehouses or
factories with or without intermediate pickup
and drop off points along the route.
• It consists of 5-10 trailers and is an efficient
transport system.
• The towing capacity is up to 60,000 pounds
12. 2. AGV PALLET TRUCKS
• Pallet trucks are used to move palletized loads
along predetermined routes.
• The capacity of an AGV pallet truck ranges up to
several thousand kilograms and some are
capable of handling two pallets.
• It is achieved for vertical movement to reach
loads on racks and shelves.
15. 3. UNIT LOAD CARRIERS
• These are used to move unit loads from one
station to another.
• It is also used for automatic loading and
unloading of pallets by means of rollers.
• Load capacity ranges up to 250 kg or less.
• Especially these vehicles are designed to move
small loads.
18. WHY CONSIDER AGV’S?
• Reduces the labor cost.
• Flexible.
• Intelligent.
• Time consuming.
• Can significantly reduce production &
warehouse costs.
• Transforming the materials handling industry.
19. TYPES OF NAVIGATION IN AGV’S
• Wired navigation
• Guide tape navigation
• Laser target navigation
20. APPLICATIONS OF AGV’S
• Automated Guided Vehicles can be used in a wide variety
of applications to transport many different types of
material including pallets, rolls, racks, carts, and
containers.
• Raw Material Handling:-
AGVs are commonly used to transport raw materials
such as paper, steel, rubber, metal, and plastic.
This includes transporting materials from receiving to
the warehouse, and delivering materials directly to
production lines.
21. Applications ….
• Work-in-Process Movement:-
Work-in-Process movement is one of the first
applications where automated guided vehicles were
used, and includes the repetitive movement of
materials throughout the manufacturing process.
• Pallet Handling:-
Pallet handling is an extremely popular application for
AGVs as repetitive movement of pallets is very
common in manufacturing and distribution facilities.
22. Applications….
• Finished Product Handling:-
Moving finished goods from manufacturing to
storage or shipping is the final movement of
materials before they are delivered to customers.
These movements often require the gentlest
material handling because the products are
complete and subject to damage from rough
handling.
24. GROUP TECHNOLOGY
• Group technology (GT) is a manufacturing
philosophy that seeks to improve productivity by
grouping parts and products with similar
characteristics into families and forming
production cells with a group of dissimilar
machines and processes.
• It is management philosophy based on the
similarities exist in design and manufacture of
discrete parts.
25. Introduction Continue…
• In ” family of parts manufacturing” Group
Technology achieves advantages on the basis of
these similarities. Similar parts are arranged
into part families.
• Group Technology examines products, parts and
assemblies then groups similar items to simplify
design, manufacturing, purchasing and other
business processes.
26. History
• It was formatted by Russian engineer,
S.P.Mitrofanov, working with Leningrad Optical
Mechanical association by publishing the book
in 1959, entitled as ,” The scientific principle of
Group technology”.
• He suggested that grouping together of
component parts into families based on their
having common features would enable resetting
time to be minimized.
27. Designing a Group Technology
Technique
Component Families
• Grouping of component parts into families
based on their common features.
Machine Groups
• Grouping of machines into cells.
30. Basic Approaches of Group Technology
• Family Formation ‘by eye’
• Coding & Classification
• Tailor made component & classification system
• Production flow analysis
• Designing products for group technology
manufacture.
31. Just In Time
Learning Objectives
• Introduction
• History
• Objectives
• Principles of JIT
• Requirements of JIT
• Advantages & Drawbacks
32. Introduction
• JIT is a manufacturing philosophy involving an
integrated set of procedures/activities designed
to achieve a volume of production using minimal
inventories.
• A highly coordinated processing system in which
goods move through the system, and services are
performed, just as they need.
34. HISTORY
• Evolved in Japan after World War II, as a result
of their diminishing market share in the auto
industry.
• Founded by Taiichi Ohno, a vice president of
Toyota.
• Basically implemented in Toyota plant 1950,
well established after 1970.
35. FOLLOWERS
Adopted by General Electrical in the USA in the
1980.Some companies referred JIT with different
names:
• TOYOTA – ‘Toyota System’
• IBM – ‘Continuous flow manufacturing’
• GE- ‘Management by sight’
• HEWLETT- PACKARD- ‘stockless
production & repetitive manufacturing system’
36. Objectives of JIT ..
By using JIT technique we can reduce followings
1) Waste of over production
2) Waste of waiting
3) Waste of transportation
4) Waste of Underutilization of Employees
5) Waste of Inventory
6) Waste of motion
7) Waste of making defective products
37. PRINCIPLES OF JIT
• Total Quality Management
• Production Management
• Supplier Management
• Inventory Management
• Human Resource Management
39. REQUIREMENTS OF JIT
• Respond to Customer Requirements
• Integrate all Processes
• Employee Participation
• Company wide Commitment to education
• Eliminate redundancy
• Reduce all Inventory
• Establish Continuous Improvement Goals
• Use a Pull Production System
• Design products for Manufacturing
• Develop Controllable Production Processes
• Have Defect Prevention Program
• Reduce Setup Times
• Build Products to Specification
40. OBSTACLES IN CONVERSION
• Management not committed
• Workers not cooperative
• Decide which parts need most effort
• Start by trying to reduce setup times
• Gradually convert operations
• Convert suppliers to JIT
• Prepare for obstacles
• Suppliers may
resist
41. ADVANTAGES OF JIT
• High quality
• Flexibility
• Reduced setup times
• Reduced need for indirect labor
• Less waste
• Low warehouse cost
• Synchronization between production scheduling and
work hour
42. Drawbacks of JIT
• Time consuming
• No spare product to meet un expected order
• Supply Shock : If products do not reach on time
• High risk factor