Presented by - Naseer Ahmad Topics you will read- 1.Introduction to transplantation,graft,Donar , recipient's. 2.Types of of transplantation and grafts. 3.procedure for transplantation. 4.Application of Allotransplantation. 5.Allograft rejection and Acceptance. 6. Types of Allograft rejection. 7.immunosuppression. 3

1. Govt. College Of Engineering and Technology
Safapora, Ganderbal Kashmir
(Department Of Biomedical Engineering)
Transplantation And Grafts
(Allotransplantation- Homografts/ Allografts)
By
Naseer Ahmad (190112)

2. Contents
Introduction
Types of transplantation and grafts
Procedure of allotransplantation
Applications of allografts
 Allograft rejection
 Immunosuppression
 Application of allografts

3. Introduction
• What is Transplantation?
Transfer of cells , tissues or organs from one site to
another.
Graft: The tissue or organ that is transplanted.
Donor: Individual from whom the graft is taken is
referred to as donor. Organ donors may be living or
brain dead. Brain dead donors are referred to as
cadaveric donors or Deceased donors.
Recipient: Individual in whom the graft is transplanted.

4. Types of transplantation and graft
AutoTransplantation
Autograft
Allotransplantation
Allograft
Isotransplantation
Isograft
Xenotransplantation
Xenograft

5. Continue…
• Allograft: A graft transplanted between individuals belonging to the same species, genetically
not identical. Also called homografts. Graft from one man to another.
• Autograft : It is a graft transplanted from one site to another site in the same individual. Eg:
Skin graft done in burns, blood vessel during bypass surgery.
• Isograft: Grafts transplanted between identical twins (monozygotic) .Also called syngrafts / syngenic .
• Xenograft : Grafts transplanted between members of different species is called xenograft. Pig
heart or kidney transplant into man in many experimental research. Aslo called as
heterografts. A common example is the use of pig heart valves in humans.

6. Procedure
Physical exam and review of donor’s medical records
Screening for pathology and risk factors for communicable
diseases - HIV, Hepatitis B and C.
Donor- Living or deceased
If any of these tests is positive then donor’s graft is rejected

7. Applications of Allotransplantation
Major Allograft organs, fluids and tissues are:
• Thoracic organs
Heart (deceased-donor only)
Lung (deceased-donor and living-donor)
• Abdominal organs
Kidney (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Liver (deceased-donor and living-donor)
 Pancreas (deceased-donor only)
 Intestine (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Stomach (deceased-donor only)

8. Continue…
• Tissues, cells, fluids
Cornea (Deceased-donor only)
Bone (Deceased-Donor and Living-Donor)
Bone marrow
Tendon
Islet cell

9. Allograft Rejection and Acceptance
• Immune system is important defense system against bacterial, fungal
and other pathogens.
• Immune system turns against the new graft, causing the graft
rejection.
• Graft rejection is triggered when T and B lymphocytes recognize
foreign antigens.
• If recipient possesses all the antigens present in the graft there will be
no immune response, and no graft rejection is triggered.
• An allograft will be made acceptable if recipient is made
immunologically tolerant.

10. Types of Allograft Rejection
• Hyper-acute rejection-occurs immediately and is irreversible
• Accelerated acute rejection- occurs within first few days
• Acute rejection-occurs within first six months
• Chronic rejection- occurs after six months

11. Immunosuppression
• Immunosuppression is the suppression of body’s immune system to fight
infections and other diseases.
• It is induced to prevent graft rejection.
• Drugs used for this purpose are know as immunosuppressant. Few
important immunosuppressant are:
oIMMUNOSUPPRENTS
oCORTICOSTEROIDS
oCYCLOSPORIN
oTACROLIMUS
oSIROLIMUSMONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

12. THANK YOU!