1424 - System of Rice Intensification Research - A Review

SRI-Rice, Dept. of Global Development, CALS, Cornell University
SRI-Rice, Dept. of Global Development, CALS, Cornell UniversitySRI-Rice, Dept. of Global Development, CALS, Cornell University
System of Rice Intensification Research: a Review 
SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI-Rice) 
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 
1993-2013 
Presentation at the International Rice Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, Oct 31, 2014 
Erika Styger, PhD
System of Rice Intensification 
A. Early and healthy plant establishment 
C. Build fertile soils rich in organic matter and soil biota 
D. Mange water carefully, avoid flooding &water stress 
 
Soil preparation 
 
Seed treatment/pre- germination 
 
Raised bed nursery 
 
Transplanting: 
• 
At 2 leave stage, 8- 12 days old - or - 
 
Direct seeding: 
• 
Precision seeding (at 1 or 2 plants/hill) 
Reduce plant density 
 
1 plant/hill - and - 
 
Increase spacing between plants (25cm x 25cm or more), planted in a grid 
 
Mechanical weeding 
 
Fertilize with organic matter and add chemical fertilizer if needed: 
• 
Manure/compost 
• 
Cover crop / green manure 
• 
Crop residues 
 
Incorporate OM or combine SRI with Conservation Agriculture 
 
Land preparation: Leveling, bunding, application or organic matter 
 
Non flooded conditions during the vegetative period Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) – or - Bunding, additional irrigation or drainage 
Principles 
SRI Practices Indicative and to adapt 
Methodology 
Conceptual Framework 
B. Minimize competition between plants 
(Styger and Jenkins, 2014)
Spread and Adoption of SRI 
More than 10 million farmers benefit from SRI methods in 54 countries (end of 2013) 
SRI-Rice (2014)
SRI Research Review 
• 
How SRI research has evolved 
• 
What has been researched 
• 
Who has carried out the research 
• 
What were the findings
Methodology 
• 
624 Journal Articles 
• 
All articles key-worded (32 kw) 
• 
All references available at http://sri.cals.cornell.edu/ (Refworks, Mendeley)
Number of articles by year and by country group 
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
93 
99 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2009 
2010 
2011 
2012 
2013 
All others 
India 
China 
Number of papers 
India > China
0 
100 
200 
300 
400 
500 
600 
93 
99 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2009 
2010 
2011 
2012 
2013 
Number of papers 
All other countries 
China 
Cumulative Total 
Cumulative number of SRI articles from 1993-2013 by year and by country groups 
576 
244 
332 
0 
20 
40 
60 
80 
100 
120 
140 
160 
180 
93 
99 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2009 
2010 
2011 
2012 
2013 
All others 
India 
161 
171 
273 journals, with 72 Chinese journals (26%)
Number of SRI journal articles published per country 
*no circles for India and China 
14 
3 
21 
1 
2 
2 
1 
3 
2 
2 
5 
2 
244* 
13 
7 
1 
6 
3 
171* 
16 
12 
8 
(by the end of 2013) 
3 
2 
4 
4 
2 
9 
4 
3 
3 
(N=576 Articles)
Evolution of SRI Research 
0 
100 
200 
300 
400 
500 
600 
93 
99 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2009 
2010 
2011 
2012 
2013 
Number of papers 
All other countries 
China 
Cumulative Total 
1st SRI paper 
De Laulanié 
> 10 articles on Madagascar & Reviews: SRI theory (USA, NL), few research articles 
SRI conference Sanya, China 
Controversy: “SRI non scientific, anecdotal, benefits exaggerated” 
4 first authors, 6 papers 
China’s research minimally considered outside of China 
Rapid increase in publications for all other countries especially after 2011 Diversification of publications: 36 countries by end of 2013 
Cumulative number of SRI articles
Number of countries with reported SRI trials and published journal articles (from 1993-2013) 
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
1993 
1999 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2009 
2010 
2011 
2012 
2013 
Number of countries 
Country Trials 
Journal publications 
32 
54 
5 Years 
7 Years
Institutions where SRI research was undertaken and published 
BLUE: Research Centers 
RED: Universities 
India 
China 
BLUE: Universities and research institutes 
RED: Local agricultural extension 
YELLOW: Government departments of agriculture 
GREEN: Companies 
By Christine Ly, SRI-Rice, 2014 
By Zhoucen Feng, 
SRI-Rice, 2013 
Maps available at sririce.org
Types of research articles 
Comparison Trials (335 papers) 
Trials with SRI as BMP (121 papers) 
Reviews (81 papers) 
Others (87 papers) 
(N=624 papers) 
SRI: young, single seedling/hill, wider/adjusted spacing, cono-weeding, AWD, organic matter & chemical fertilization 
Conventional : several older seedlings/hill, higher plant density, hand weeding/ herbicides, continuous flooding, chemical fertilization 
Comparison Trials: most common practices for the 2 Systems
0 
20 
40 
60 
80 
100 
120 
140 
160 
180 
Social impact and gender 
Pest and diseases 
Soil biota 
Adoption 
Weed management 
Root studies 
Organic matter management 
Review 
Plant establishment 
Seedling age 
Variety trials 
Economic evaluation 
Morphology and Physiology 
Nutrient management 
Plant density 
Water management 
Main SRI Research Topics 
(N = 624 papers) 
Number of papers 
25% of N 
13% of N
Findings: Tendencies and Trends I - in relation to SRI: 
• 
Water management - 168 papers 
– 
Improved water productivity 
– 
Reduction of irrigation water use (20-50%) 
– 
In combination with increased yields 
• 
Nutrient management 155 papers 
– 
Optimum treatments include organic and inorganic fertilization 
– 
Improved nutrient use efficiency 
• 
Age of seedlings: 88 papers 
– 
Testing transplanting from 6d to >30d 
– 
Highest yields with 10-14d old seedlings; 
– 
Confirms theory to plant before 4th phyllochron
Findings: Tendencies and Trends II 
• 
Economic evaluation 129 papers 
– 
Production costs and labor: higher/equal/lower 
– 
Net return and benefit/cost ratio: most often higher 
• 
Adoption Studies 52 papers 
– 
Quality of training and technical follow up 
– 
Importance of rice crop and opportunity costs 
– 
Market access and policy support 
– 
Social organization of labor and water management
• 
Morphology and Physiology: 132 papers; 86 from China 
(2004-2008); 26 from India (2009-2013) 
– 
Wider canopy angle and higher leaf area index 
– 
Higher light interception, chlorophyll 
content, photosynthesis rate 
– 
Delayed leaf and root senescence 
• 
Root studies: 57 papers (70% since 2010) 
– 
Higher root biomass, volume 
and root length density 
– 
Higher soil microbial activity 
longer grain filling period and higher yields 
Thakur, et al. 2014 
Findings: Tendencies and Trends III
Findings: Tendencies and Trends IV 
• 
Greenhouse gas emissions (10 papers of which 7 papers in 2013 and 2014) 
– 
Methane reduction (6 papers): all reduced by 10- 64% 
– 
Nitrous oxide (2 papers): increase 22.5%, reduced 12.5% 
– 
Global warming potential: (4 papers): all reduced by 21-73%
0 
5 
10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2009 
2010 
2011 
2012 
2013 
neg 
equal 
pos 
9 % (15p) 14% (23p) 77% (134p) 
Yield effect for SRI System in Comparison Trials 
N= 162 papers 
Number of papers
Conclusions 
• 
> 600 journal articles on SRI largely confirm what can be empirically observed in farmers’ fields of >50 countries 
– 
More efficient phenotype 
– 
Increased grain productivity 
– 
Reduced seed, water, agro-chemical use 
• 
In most countries, SRI was first introduced at farmers’ level – research publications lag several years behind farmer field results 
• 
Most research undertaken by National Institutions
Recommendations I 
Research foci 
Deepen topical analysis 
– 
E.g. water, weed, nutrient management 
– 
Optimize physiological processes to produce more effective phenotypes 
– 
Strengthen synergies between plant, soil and soil biota 
– 
Influence genetic expression for reaching plant’s genetic potential through management approaches
Recommendations II 
Broaden to Farming Systems Level 
– 
Apply a broader farming systems and landscape analysis 
– 
Integrate socio-economic and socio-cultural research with technical research 
– 
Integrate other agro-ecological approaches Conservation Agriculture, Agroforestry, IPM with SRI 
Apply New Research Models 
– 
Include farmers actively in research to identify optimal agronomic practices
Thank You! www.sririce.org eds8@cornell.edu
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1424 - System of Rice Intensification Research - A Review

  • 1. System of Rice Intensification Research: a Review SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI-Rice) College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 1993-2013 Presentation at the International Rice Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, Oct 31, 2014 Erika Styger, PhD
  • 2. System of Rice Intensification A. Early and healthy plant establishment C. Build fertile soils rich in organic matter and soil biota D. Mange water carefully, avoid flooding &water stress  Soil preparation  Seed treatment/pre- germination  Raised bed nursery  Transplanting: • At 2 leave stage, 8- 12 days old - or -  Direct seeding: • Precision seeding (at 1 or 2 plants/hill) Reduce plant density  1 plant/hill - and -  Increase spacing between plants (25cm x 25cm or more), planted in a grid  Mechanical weeding  Fertilize with organic matter and add chemical fertilizer if needed: • Manure/compost • Cover crop / green manure • Crop residues  Incorporate OM or combine SRI with Conservation Agriculture  Land preparation: Leveling, bunding, application or organic matter  Non flooded conditions during the vegetative period Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) – or - Bunding, additional irrigation or drainage Principles SRI Practices Indicative and to adapt Methodology Conceptual Framework B. Minimize competition between plants (Styger and Jenkins, 2014)
  • 3. Spread and Adoption of SRI More than 10 million farmers benefit from SRI methods in 54 countries (end of 2013) SRI-Rice (2014)
  • 4. SRI Research Review • How SRI research has evolved • What has been researched • Who has carried out the research • What were the findings
  • 5. Methodology • 624 Journal Articles • All articles key-worded (32 kw) • All references available at http://sri.cals.cornell.edu/ (Refworks, Mendeley)
  • 6. Number of articles by year and by country group 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 93 99 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 All others India China Number of papers India > China
  • 7. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 93 99 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Number of papers All other countries China Cumulative Total Cumulative number of SRI articles from 1993-2013 by year and by country groups 576 244 332 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 93 99 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 All others India 161 171 273 journals, with 72 Chinese journals (26%)
  • 8. Number of SRI journal articles published per country *no circles for India and China 14 3 21 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 5 2 244* 13 7 1 6 3 171* 16 12 8 (by the end of 2013) 3 2 4 4 2 9 4 3 3 (N=576 Articles)
  • 9. Evolution of SRI Research 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 93 99 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Number of papers All other countries China Cumulative Total 1st SRI paper De Laulanié > 10 articles on Madagascar & Reviews: SRI theory (USA, NL), few research articles SRI conference Sanya, China Controversy: “SRI non scientific, anecdotal, benefits exaggerated” 4 first authors, 6 papers China’s research minimally considered outside of China Rapid increase in publications for all other countries especially after 2011 Diversification of publications: 36 countries by end of 2013 Cumulative number of SRI articles
  • 10. Number of countries with reported SRI trials and published journal articles (from 1993-2013) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1993 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Number of countries Country Trials Journal publications 32 54 5 Years 7 Years
  • 11. Institutions where SRI research was undertaken and published BLUE: Research Centers RED: Universities India China BLUE: Universities and research institutes RED: Local agricultural extension YELLOW: Government departments of agriculture GREEN: Companies By Christine Ly, SRI-Rice, 2014 By Zhoucen Feng, SRI-Rice, 2013 Maps available at sririce.org
  • 12. Types of research articles Comparison Trials (335 papers) Trials with SRI as BMP (121 papers) Reviews (81 papers) Others (87 papers) (N=624 papers) SRI: young, single seedling/hill, wider/adjusted spacing, cono-weeding, AWD, organic matter & chemical fertilization Conventional : several older seedlings/hill, higher plant density, hand weeding/ herbicides, continuous flooding, chemical fertilization Comparison Trials: most common practices for the 2 Systems
  • 13. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Social impact and gender Pest and diseases Soil biota Adoption Weed management Root studies Organic matter management Review Plant establishment Seedling age Variety trials Economic evaluation Morphology and Physiology Nutrient management Plant density Water management Main SRI Research Topics (N = 624 papers) Number of papers 25% of N 13% of N
  • 14. Findings: Tendencies and Trends I - in relation to SRI: • Water management - 168 papers – Improved water productivity – Reduction of irrigation water use (20-50%) – In combination with increased yields • Nutrient management 155 papers – Optimum treatments include organic and inorganic fertilization – Improved nutrient use efficiency • Age of seedlings: 88 papers – Testing transplanting from 6d to >30d – Highest yields with 10-14d old seedlings; – Confirms theory to plant before 4th phyllochron
  • 15. Findings: Tendencies and Trends II • Economic evaluation 129 papers – Production costs and labor: higher/equal/lower – Net return and benefit/cost ratio: most often higher • Adoption Studies 52 papers – Quality of training and technical follow up – Importance of rice crop and opportunity costs – Market access and policy support – Social organization of labor and water management
  • 16. • Morphology and Physiology: 132 papers; 86 from China (2004-2008); 26 from India (2009-2013) – Wider canopy angle and higher leaf area index – Higher light interception, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate – Delayed leaf and root senescence • Root studies: 57 papers (70% since 2010) – Higher root biomass, volume and root length density – Higher soil microbial activity longer grain filling period and higher yields Thakur, et al. 2014 Findings: Tendencies and Trends III
  • 17. Findings: Tendencies and Trends IV • Greenhouse gas emissions (10 papers of which 7 papers in 2013 and 2014) – Methane reduction (6 papers): all reduced by 10- 64% – Nitrous oxide (2 papers): increase 22.5%, reduced 12.5% – Global warming potential: (4 papers): all reduced by 21-73%
  • 18. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 neg equal pos 9 % (15p) 14% (23p) 77% (134p) Yield effect for SRI System in Comparison Trials N= 162 papers Number of papers
  • 19. Conclusions • > 600 journal articles on SRI largely confirm what can be empirically observed in farmers’ fields of >50 countries – More efficient phenotype – Increased grain productivity – Reduced seed, water, agro-chemical use • In most countries, SRI was first introduced at farmers’ level – research publications lag several years behind farmer field results • Most research undertaken by National Institutions
  • 20. Recommendations I Research foci Deepen topical analysis – E.g. water, weed, nutrient management – Optimize physiological processes to produce more effective phenotypes – Strengthen synergies between plant, soil and soil biota – Influence genetic expression for reaching plant’s genetic potential through management approaches
  • 21. Recommendations II Broaden to Farming Systems Level – Apply a broader farming systems and landscape analysis – Integrate socio-economic and socio-cultural research with technical research – Integrate other agro-ecological approaches Conservation Agriculture, Agroforestry, IPM with SRI Apply New Research Models – Include farmers actively in research to identify optimal agronomic practices
  • 22. Thank You! www.sririce.org eds8@cornell.edu