SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 54
Download to read offline
bi mixc.pptx
Interception of developing class II malocclusion
Orthodontic interventions in class II
malocclusion during deciduous dentition :
Only limited orthodontic interventions are possible during
the deciduous dentition stage for the interception of
developing class II malocclusion…..
Aforce 350 gm is used from cervical gear to the outer bow.
The cervical headgear is recommended to be worn 12-14
hrs/day, in the evening and at night
It usually takes about 12 months to achieve class I molar
relation.
improvement in over jet. This phase of orthopaedic
correction is followed by full bonded fixed mechanotherapy
Cases involving essentially maxillary excess compared to
the mandible. Involve guiding alveolar growth in class II
division 1 using headgear orthopaedic force.
Used in class 2 with open bite
cases to intrude molars
Used in class 2 with deep bite
cases to extrude molars
The etiology may be attributed to mouth
breathing/prolonged thumb sucking which can be
elicited on carefully recording the history of the
patient….
THUMP SUCKING
MOUTH BREATHING
Orthodontic interventions in class II
malocclusion during mixed dentition..
1- Cases involving essentially maxillary excess compared
to the mandible.
2 - Cases involving essentially mandibular retrusion .
Prevalence of class || malocclusion..
bi mixc.pptx
For type B and E, extraoral traction to maxilla is
suggested while for C, D and F functional jaw
orthopaedics is proposed….
Moyers et al6 (1980) have identified six
horizontal types of class II pattern which they
designated: A, B,C, D, E and F.They identified
five (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) vertical class II types ..
• In general , the occlusal and skeletal features of class ||
malocclusion may remain stable or worsen to the stage of
mixed dentition . There are certainly no favourable
changes into a class | occlusion ..
Kloehn (1953) was the earliest advocate of the use of
orthopaedic forces to change positions of teeth and so
influence the changes of the alveolar process in the maxilla.
During normal craniofacial and alveolar growth, alveolus
and teeth move forward and this can be intercepted. Thus
if the maxilla is restrained in class II patients, mandible will
follow its normal growth and reach to a normal relation with
the maxilla.
their extrusion
The inner bow is expanded, 8 to 10 mm larger than distance
between first molar tubes, and made parallel to the occlusal
plane.
The ends of inner bows are bent inwards to prevent the
rotation of the first molars in their position.
Age of treatment
Kloehn facebow can be used in suitable cases where
maxillary prognathism exists or mesial molar movement has
occurred. The facebow is indicated in early mixed dentition
when permanent maxillary first molars have erupted and can
be banded.
cervical traction is continued during/or till the end of
activeclinical crown height. The purpose is to place it close
to centre of resistance of the first molar which is near the
trifurcation of the roots. The inner bow has stops against
molar tubes and are so adjusted that a space of 4-6 mm is
kept between the bow and incisors. The stops can be either
soldered or bent..
The outer face bow is extended to the tragus of the ear.
The rigid outer bow is maintained at an elevation of about
treatment to prevent relapse and enhance anchorage for
maxillary anterior retraction/overjet correction
bi mixc.pptx
Adverse effects
Unwanted side effects of Kloehn headgear can result from
the use of this method of treatment in high angle cases,
where molar extrusion and distal tipping may be significant.
This coupled with unfavourable growth of mandible and
clockwise rotation may bring about an undesirable outcome.
The success of the treatment is fully compliance dependent.
The appliance, if not worn correctly or in case of loose
molar band, breakage or welding failure of buccal tube(s),
may cause injury of various kinds and severity.
Long-term effects
The long-term effects of early headgear treatment on 8-year
follow-up have shown that headgear treatment shows a
significant reduction in number of extraction treatment as
compared to controls. The appliance inhibits the growth of
the maxilla and results in wider and longer arches. Its main
effect on maxilla is on the orientation of the maxillary plane.
The maxillary arch expansion achieved during early headgear
treatment results in a corresponding wide lower arch as an
adaptation to maxillary arch..
The arch expansion has been found to be maintained during
long-term follow-up
bi mixc.pptx
Summary
The forward growing maxilla can be intercepted during
mixed dentition utilising orthopaedic forces in right
direction and amount with Kloehn face bow
This modality of treatment was once very popular
especially in USA. The appliance is effective however
requires patient compliance..
bi mixc.pptx
Supervisor . Dr Maher
Fouda
Prepared by Hawwa
Shoaib
Class II division 1 malocclusion:
features and early intervention of
growing maxillary excess
 Prevalence of malocclusion of class 2
malocclusion.
Cephalometric finding.
Clinical findings.
Interception of growing class2 division 1
malocclusion.
OVERVIEW
Class 2 malocclusion comprises agroup of specific
skeletal. Dental and facial features. It is second in
frequency. Distribution and prevalence amongAngle’s
malocclusion classes .
It is the most frequently encountered and treated
malocclusion in orthodontic practice
Class 2 malocclusion is a synonym with distal position of
the lower molar or mandible or protrusion of the maxilla
and maxillary teeth or a variable combination
Prevalence
The prevalence of Angle’s class 2 malocclusion varies
among population groups.. It is high among caucasians
and lowest among the primitive races..
Class 2 malocclusions are observed in a wide – spectrum
of presentation and severity …
Clinical findings
Presentation during deciduous and early mixed
dentition..
• Adistal step relationship 2nd deciduous molars is an
indication of a devoloping class 2 malocclusion during
the mixed dentition ..
Mixed dentition Permanent dentition
Occlusal and craniofacial characteristics from
deciduous to mixed dentition
• Distal terminal plane of second deciduous molars . Large
over jet and overbite .
• Narrow maxillary basal bone
• Poor or no spacing in the deciduous dentition
• Transverse discrepancy ( TD) between maxillary and
mandibular deciduous intermolar withs (2.8-1.1) mm
compared to nil among normal occlusal groups .
• Retruded mandible and shorter mandibular length ( Co-Pg)
on cephalometric examination
• The maxilla can also displaced forward in class || subjects
with or without difference in the mandible ..
Occlusal and craniofacial characteristics from
deciduous to mixed dentition
• It has been stated by Bishara et al that a distal step deciduous
molar relationship is never self - correcting in growing
children.
• Children with straight terminal plane may develop into a class |
molar or class || molar relationship influenced by the
mandibular growth pattern and adjustment of occlusion during
the late mixed dentition .that would in clinical sense .
• Infer that when we encounter a class|| distal molar relation
early in the mixed or permanent dentition.
• Some sort of interceptive measures may have to be undertaken
or planned because nature would not take care
• During transition from deciduous to mixed dentition ,the
craniofacial skeletal patteren shows an abnormal and
variable patteren of growth in class || children compared
to the control group of normal occlusion .
• The upper jaw becomes more prominent due to larger
increments of maxillary protrusion relative to stable basal
cranial structures .
• The mandible grows at a lesser pace than children with
normal occlusion.
• A more backward and downward inclination of the
mandibular body leading to a lesser decrease in the facial
angle is seen .
Occlusal and craniofacial findings of class II
malocclusion during late mixed/permanent dentition stage
• A child with class II malocclusion presents with a
protrusive mid-face and/or a retrusive chin. They often
report with complaints of superior protrusion, front teeth
jutting out or showing too much.
.
Mid – face protrusive
Retrusive chin
This is often accompanied by a large overjet,
deep bite (open bite can be seen in some) and a
class II (distal) molar, premolar and canine
relationship.
.
Large over jet
Deep bite
These children have an aberrant pattern of
muscle activity of the facial musculature such as
a flaccid upper lip hyperactive mentalis and
lower lip trap under the procumbent upper
incisors.
Lower lip trap
under the
procumbent
upper incisors
The underlying craniofacial pattern of class II children has
been extensively investigated. Most of the studies have
concentrated on angular, sagittal and vertical
measurements on lateral cephalograms. A few studies are
also available ontransverse dimensions using PA
cephalograms.
Cephalometric findings
PA. CEPHALOGRAM
LA
T. CEPHALOGRAM
Aclass II skeletal pattern may be associated with:
prognathic maxilla retrognathic mandible or combination
of these in varying severity…
Prognathic maxilla
Rertognathic mandible
McNamara5 observed two types of skeletal
combinationsin class II children. He found
mandibular retrusion thesingle most
characteristic feature which was attributed
toenvironmental factors such as :
abnormal muscle
function which
altered occlusal
interdigitations.
The skeletal maxillary protrusion was not the major finding.
But was rather neutral.
The 2nd was a combination of maxillary and mandibular
skeletal retrusion, often in association with altered mode of
respiration, i.e. mouth breathing.
These children with maxillary and mandibular retrusion
showed :
Greater vertical
development of the
face
An excessive labial
proclination and forward
position of the maxillary
anterior teeth is a
common finding in class
IIdivision 1
malocclusion.
The maxillary first
molar is more mesially
positioned ..
Class 2 division 1 , division 2 : the upper first molar mesially
positioned.
The anterior segment of maxilla is more
protrusive and superiorly positioned. Excessive
anterior cranial base length and enlarged frontal
and maxillary sinus may be a contributing factor in
the development of class IIdiv. 1 malocclusion.
The mandible and dentition were identical to those
of the controls in size, form and position..
bi mixc.pptx
bi mixc.pptx
Maintenance of healthy primary dentition.
All efforts are directed
towards maintenance of the
healthy primary dentition
and thus integrity of arch
length. This is achieved
through education and
home care by all the
measures that minimize
occurrence of dental caries.
.
Restoration of carious teeth to their correct antero posterior
dimensions is absolutely essential especially proximal
carious lesions on deciduous molars.
The sole purpose is that permanent first molars should
occupy the space distal to 2nd deciduous molars and
should not prematurely migrate forward.
6
E
Habits. Non-nutritive sucking habits such as prolonged
thumb and finger sucking are taken care of with appropriate
counselling and interceptive habit breaking appliance.A
child with recurrent throat infection, nasal blockages or
allergies should have ENT consultation to prevent mouth
breathing.
Mouth breathing ENT consultation
Acervical headgear with
a face bow is used to
restrain maxillary growth
and distalize the upper
dentition to
class I dentition.
Components of a face bow
Kloehn cervical facebow consists of an inner bow of 0.045"
diameter and an outer bow of 0.071" diameter. The inner
bow fits in the round headgear tube on the first molar
bands. Conventionally, a double buccal tube is welded and
soldered on to the maxillary first molar bands..
The inner face bow fits in the headgear tube on
first molar bands
Inner and outer facebow
bi mixc.pptx
bi mixc.pptx
Filho et al8 recommended the onset of treatment
in the late mixed dentition or beginning of the permanent
dentition based on the belief that it often coincides with the
facial growth spurt. It may also have the advantage of
continuing the treatment with full-banded fixed appliance,
following completion of 12 months of the first phase.
Effect o f cervical headgear on dental/
craniofacial structures in sagittal, vertical and
transverse dimensions..
Following 12-18 months of treatment, there is a reduction
in maxillary protrusion, while mandible continues to
Grow normally. The distalizing effect on maxillary molars
causes them to erupt backward and downward, thus inhibit
loweringof the posterior region of the maxilla, while
anterior region continues to move downward.
.
There is a downward tipping
of palatal plane at the anterior nasal spine (ANS).
causes rotation of the palatal plane and slight increase in
SN-PP angle. The inferior descent or extrusion of upper
molars is essentially prevented by the forces of occlusion
from the masticatory muscles.
Transverse width of the maxilla improves from the
expanded inner bow, and allows an anterior displacement of
mandible and hence, improvement in the facial convexity.
The maxillary protrusion is reduced while sagittal position
of the mandible improves, which is measured as a reduction
in angleANB. The improvement in craniofacial skeletal and
dental profile is sustained during the period of fixed
appliance therapy and post retention period.
bi mixc.pptx

More Related Content

Similar to bi mixc.pptx

Similar to bi mixc.pptx (20)

bvfdcxswer.pptx
bvfdcxswer.pptxbvfdcxswer.pptx
bvfdcxswer.pptx
 
mnbgfr.pptx
mnbgfr.pptxmnbgfr.pptx
mnbgfr.pptx
 
CAN BE.pptx
CAN BE.pptxCAN BE.pptx
CAN BE.pptx
 
12WER.pptx
12WER.pptx12WER.pptx
12WER.pptx
 
ALL.pptx
ALL.pptxALL.pptx
ALL.pptx
 
table.pptx
table.pptxtable.pptx
table.pptx
 
HEAL.pptx
HEAL.pptxHEAL.pptx
HEAL.pptx
 
finghrt.pptx
finghrt.pptxfinghrt.pptx
finghrt.pptx
 
while sagital.pptx
while sagital.pptxwhile sagital.pptx
while sagital.pptx
 
gghoi.pptx
gghoi.pptxgghoi.pptx
gghoi.pptx
 
STOPS.pptx
STOPS.pptxSTOPS.pptx
STOPS.pptx
 
cimaaa.pptx
cimaaa.pptxcimaaa.pptx
cimaaa.pptx
 
NBGT.pptx
NBGT.pptxNBGT.pptx
NBGT.pptx
 
aqwsxdrs43asuydtd.pptx
aqwsxdrs43asuydtd.pptxaqwsxdrs43asuydtd.pptx
aqwsxdrs43asuydtd.pptx
 
ttrasdfggty.pptx
ttrasdfggty.pptxttrasdfggty.pptx
ttrasdfggty.pptx
 
cannttbee.pptx
cannttbee.pptxcannttbee.pptx
cannttbee.pptx
 
doublich.pptx
doublich.pptxdoublich.pptx
doublich.pptx
 
aqwsedc.pptx
aqwsedc.pptxaqwsedc.pptx
aqwsedc.pptx
 
eedce345.pptx
eedce345.pptxeedce345.pptx
eedce345.pptx
 
jgf7c6vy.pptx
jgf7c6vy.pptxjgf7c6vy.pptx
jgf7c6vy.pptx
 

More from SPradhan10

s346sfyitdfuvgiufuvliuv9fyxtuxcytcxturxyxtxykxtjc.ppt
s346sfyitdfuvgiufuvliuv9fyxtuxcytcxturxyxtxykxtjc.ppts346sfyitdfuvgiufuvliuv9fyxtuxcytcxturxyxtxykxtjc.ppt
s346sfyitdfuvgiufuvliuv9fyxtuxcytcxturxyxtxykxtjc.pptSPradhan10
 
MOLD BBRTHT.ppt
MOLD BBRTHT.pptMOLD BBRTHT.ppt
MOLD BBRTHT.pptSPradhan10
 
COMMUNICATION.ppt
COMMUNICATION.pptCOMMUNICATION.ppt
COMMUNICATION.pptSPradhan10
 
reqyhjg8ifevf.ppt
reqyhjg8ifevf.pptreqyhjg8ifevf.ppt
reqyhjg8ifevf.pptSPradhan10
 
IT7F8YGU9IHJPO[.pptx
IT7F8YGU9IHJPO[.pptxIT7F8YGU9IHJPO[.pptx
IT7F8YGU9IHJPO[.pptxSPradhan10
 

More from SPradhan10 (20)

s346sfyitdfuvgiufuvliuv9fyxtuxcytcxturxyxtxykxtjc.ppt
s346sfyitdfuvgiufuvliuv9fyxtuxcytcxturxyxtxykxtjc.ppts346sfyitdfuvgiufuvliuv9fyxtuxcytcxturxyxtxykxtjc.ppt
s346sfyitdfuvgiufuvliuv9fyxtuxcytcxturxyxtxykxtjc.ppt
 
behaviour.ppt
behaviour.pptbehaviour.ppt
behaviour.ppt
 
joint.ppt
joint.pptjoint.ppt
joint.ppt
 
VVVVV.pptx
VVVVV.pptxVVVVV.pptx
VVVVV.pptx
 
planets.pptx
planets.pptxplanets.pptx
planets.pptx
 
fcxycfu.ppt
fcxycfu.pptfcxycfu.ppt
fcxycfu.ppt
 
trfuyfyuk.ppt
trfuyfyuk.ppttrfuyfyuk.ppt
trfuyfyuk.ppt
 
hdykfi.ppt
hdykfi.ppthdykfi.ppt
hdykfi.ppt
 
holiii.ppt
holiii.pptholiii.ppt
holiii.ppt
 
pechy.ppt
pechy.pptpechy.ppt
pechy.ppt
 
ASUURRR.ppt
ASUURRR.pptASUURRR.ppt
ASUURRR.ppt
 
MOLD BBRTHT.ppt
MOLD BBRTHT.pptMOLD BBRTHT.ppt
MOLD BBRTHT.ppt
 
MOLD.ppt
MOLD.pptMOLD.ppt
MOLD.ppt
 
REFTA.ppt
REFTA.pptREFTA.ppt
REFTA.ppt
 
BEHAVIOUR.ppt
BEHAVIOUR.pptBEHAVIOUR.ppt
BEHAVIOUR.ppt
 
COMMUNICATION.ppt
COMMUNICATION.pptCOMMUNICATION.ppt
COMMUNICATION.ppt
 
SATE4.ppt
SATE4.pptSATE4.ppt
SATE4.ppt
 
reqyhjg8ifevf.ppt
reqyhjg8ifevf.pptreqyhjg8ifevf.ppt
reqyhjg8ifevf.ppt
 
aerthtfmh.ppt
aerthtfmh.pptaerthtfmh.ppt
aerthtfmh.ppt
 
IT7F8YGU9IHJPO[.pptx
IT7F8YGU9IHJPO[.pptxIT7F8YGU9IHJPO[.pptx
IT7F8YGU9IHJPO[.pptx
 

Recently uploaded

solar wireless electric vechicle charging system
solar wireless electric vechicle charging systemsolar wireless electric vechicle charging system
solar wireless electric vechicle charging systemgokuldongala
 
Phase noise transfer functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer      functions.pptxPhase noise transfer      functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer functions.pptxSaiGouthamSunkara
 
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & LoggingDev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & LoggingMarian Marinov
 
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.docx
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.docxSUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.docx
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.docxNaveenVerma126
 
The relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyThe relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyabdulkadirmukarram03
 
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdfHow to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdfRedhwan Qasem Shaddad
 
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....santhyamuthu1
 
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdfSummer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdfNaveenVerma126
 
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdfsdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdfJulia Kaye
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS Bahzad5
 
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxTest of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxHome
 
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entenderASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entenderjuancarlos286641
 
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part Ame3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part Akarthi keyan
 
Guardians and Glitches: Navigating the Duality of Gen AI in AppSec
Guardians and Glitches: Navigating the Duality of Gen AI in AppSecGuardians and Glitches: Navigating the Duality of Gen AI in AppSec
Guardians and Glitches: Navigating the Duality of Gen AI in AppSecTrupti Shiralkar, CISSP
 
Power System electrical and electronics .pptx
Power System electrical and electronics .pptxPower System electrical and electronics .pptx
Power System electrical and electronics .pptxMUKULKUMAR210
 
Basic Principle of Electrochemical Sensor
Basic Principle of  Electrochemical SensorBasic Principle of  Electrochemical Sensor
Basic Principle of Electrochemical SensorTanvir Moin
 

Recently uploaded (20)

solar wireless electric vechicle charging system
solar wireless electric vechicle charging systemsolar wireless electric vechicle charging system
solar wireless electric vechicle charging system
 
計劃趕得上變化
計劃趕得上變化計劃趕得上變化
計劃趕得上變化
 
Phase noise transfer functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer      functions.pptxPhase noise transfer      functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer functions.pptx
 
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & LoggingDev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
 
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.docx
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.docxSUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.docx
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.docx
 
The relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyThe relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technology
 
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdfHow to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
 
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
 
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdfSummer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
 
Présentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdfPrésentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdf
 
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdfsdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
 
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxTest of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
 
Lecture 2 .pdf
Lecture 2                           .pdfLecture 2                           .pdf
Lecture 2 .pdf
 
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entenderASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
 
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part Ame3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
 
Guardians and Glitches: Navigating the Duality of Gen AI in AppSec
Guardians and Glitches: Navigating the Duality of Gen AI in AppSecGuardians and Glitches: Navigating the Duality of Gen AI in AppSec
Guardians and Glitches: Navigating the Duality of Gen AI in AppSec
 
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdfPrésentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
 
Power System electrical and electronics .pptx
Power System electrical and electronics .pptxPower System electrical and electronics .pptx
Power System electrical and electronics .pptx
 
Basic Principle of Electrochemical Sensor
Basic Principle of  Electrochemical SensorBasic Principle of  Electrochemical Sensor
Basic Principle of Electrochemical Sensor
 

bi mixc.pptx

  • 2. Interception of developing class II malocclusion Orthodontic interventions in class II malocclusion during deciduous dentition : Only limited orthodontic interventions are possible during the deciduous dentition stage for the interception of developing class II malocclusion…..
  • 3. Aforce 350 gm is used from cervical gear to the outer bow. The cervical headgear is recommended to be worn 12-14 hrs/day, in the evening and at night It usually takes about 12 months to achieve class I molar relation. improvement in over jet. This phase of orthopaedic correction is followed by full bonded fixed mechanotherapy
  • 4. Cases involving essentially maxillary excess compared to the mandible. Involve guiding alveolar growth in class II division 1 using headgear orthopaedic force. Used in class 2 with open bite cases to intrude molars Used in class 2 with deep bite cases to extrude molars
  • 5. The etiology may be attributed to mouth breathing/prolonged thumb sucking which can be elicited on carefully recording the history of the patient…. THUMP SUCKING MOUTH BREATHING
  • 6. Orthodontic interventions in class II malocclusion during mixed dentition.. 1- Cases involving essentially maxillary excess compared to the mandible. 2 - Cases involving essentially mandibular retrusion .
  • 7. Prevalence of class || malocclusion..
  • 9. For type B and E, extraoral traction to maxilla is suggested while for C, D and F functional jaw orthopaedics is proposed….
  • 10. Moyers et al6 (1980) have identified six horizontal types of class II pattern which they designated: A, B,C, D, E and F.They identified five (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) vertical class II types ..
  • 11. • In general , the occlusal and skeletal features of class || malocclusion may remain stable or worsen to the stage of mixed dentition . There are certainly no favourable changes into a class | occlusion ..
  • 12. Kloehn (1953) was the earliest advocate of the use of orthopaedic forces to change positions of teeth and so influence the changes of the alveolar process in the maxilla. During normal craniofacial and alveolar growth, alveolus and teeth move forward and this can be intercepted. Thus if the maxilla is restrained in class II patients, mandible will follow its normal growth and reach to a normal relation with the maxilla.
  • 13. their extrusion The inner bow is expanded, 8 to 10 mm larger than distance between first molar tubes, and made parallel to the occlusal plane. The ends of inner bows are bent inwards to prevent the rotation of the first molars in their position.
  • 14. Age of treatment Kloehn facebow can be used in suitable cases where maxillary prognathism exists or mesial molar movement has occurred. The facebow is indicated in early mixed dentition when permanent maxillary first molars have erupted and can be banded.
  • 15. cervical traction is continued during/or till the end of activeclinical crown height. The purpose is to place it close to centre of resistance of the first molar which is near the trifurcation of the roots. The inner bow has stops against molar tubes and are so adjusted that a space of 4-6 mm is kept between the bow and incisors. The stops can be either soldered or bent..
  • 16. The outer face bow is extended to the tragus of the ear. The rigid outer bow is maintained at an elevation of about treatment to prevent relapse and enhance anchorage for maxillary anterior retraction/overjet correction
  • 18. Adverse effects Unwanted side effects of Kloehn headgear can result from the use of this method of treatment in high angle cases, where molar extrusion and distal tipping may be significant. This coupled with unfavourable growth of mandible and clockwise rotation may bring about an undesirable outcome. The success of the treatment is fully compliance dependent. The appliance, if not worn correctly or in case of loose molar band, breakage or welding failure of buccal tube(s), may cause injury of various kinds and severity.
  • 19. Long-term effects The long-term effects of early headgear treatment on 8-year follow-up have shown that headgear treatment shows a significant reduction in number of extraction treatment as compared to controls. The appliance inhibits the growth of the maxilla and results in wider and longer arches. Its main effect on maxilla is on the orientation of the maxillary plane. The maxillary arch expansion achieved during early headgear treatment results in a corresponding wide lower arch as an adaptation to maxillary arch.. The arch expansion has been found to be maintained during long-term follow-up
  • 21. Summary The forward growing maxilla can be intercepted during mixed dentition utilising orthopaedic forces in right direction and amount with Kloehn face bow This modality of treatment was once very popular especially in USA. The appliance is effective however requires patient compliance..
  • 23. Supervisor . Dr Maher Fouda Prepared by Hawwa Shoaib Class II division 1 malocclusion: features and early intervention of growing maxillary excess
  • 24.  Prevalence of malocclusion of class 2 malocclusion. Cephalometric finding. Clinical findings. Interception of growing class2 division 1 malocclusion. OVERVIEW
  • 25. Class 2 malocclusion comprises agroup of specific skeletal. Dental and facial features. It is second in frequency. Distribution and prevalence amongAngle’s malocclusion classes . It is the most frequently encountered and treated malocclusion in orthodontic practice
  • 26. Class 2 malocclusion is a synonym with distal position of the lower molar or mandible or protrusion of the maxilla and maxillary teeth or a variable combination
  • 27. Prevalence The prevalence of Angle’s class 2 malocclusion varies among population groups.. It is high among caucasians and lowest among the primitive races.. Class 2 malocclusions are observed in a wide – spectrum of presentation and severity …
  • 28. Clinical findings Presentation during deciduous and early mixed dentition.. • Adistal step relationship 2nd deciduous molars is an indication of a devoloping class 2 malocclusion during the mixed dentition .. Mixed dentition Permanent dentition
  • 29. Occlusal and craniofacial characteristics from deciduous to mixed dentition • Distal terminal plane of second deciduous molars . Large over jet and overbite . • Narrow maxillary basal bone • Poor or no spacing in the deciduous dentition • Transverse discrepancy ( TD) between maxillary and mandibular deciduous intermolar withs (2.8-1.1) mm compared to nil among normal occlusal groups . • Retruded mandible and shorter mandibular length ( Co-Pg) on cephalometric examination • The maxilla can also displaced forward in class || subjects with or without difference in the mandible ..
  • 30. Occlusal and craniofacial characteristics from deciduous to mixed dentition • It has been stated by Bishara et al that a distal step deciduous molar relationship is never self - correcting in growing children. • Children with straight terminal plane may develop into a class | molar or class || molar relationship influenced by the mandibular growth pattern and adjustment of occlusion during the late mixed dentition .that would in clinical sense . • Infer that when we encounter a class|| distal molar relation early in the mixed or permanent dentition. • Some sort of interceptive measures may have to be undertaken or planned because nature would not take care
  • 31. • During transition from deciduous to mixed dentition ,the craniofacial skeletal patteren shows an abnormal and variable patteren of growth in class || children compared to the control group of normal occlusion . • The upper jaw becomes more prominent due to larger increments of maxillary protrusion relative to stable basal cranial structures . • The mandible grows at a lesser pace than children with normal occlusion. • A more backward and downward inclination of the mandibular body leading to a lesser decrease in the facial angle is seen .
  • 32. Occlusal and craniofacial findings of class II malocclusion during late mixed/permanent dentition stage • A child with class II malocclusion presents with a protrusive mid-face and/or a retrusive chin. They often report with complaints of superior protrusion, front teeth jutting out or showing too much. . Mid – face protrusive Retrusive chin
  • 33. This is often accompanied by a large overjet, deep bite (open bite can be seen in some) and a class II (distal) molar, premolar and canine relationship. . Large over jet Deep bite
  • 34. These children have an aberrant pattern of muscle activity of the facial musculature such as a flaccid upper lip hyperactive mentalis and lower lip trap under the procumbent upper incisors. Lower lip trap under the procumbent upper incisors
  • 35. The underlying craniofacial pattern of class II children has been extensively investigated. Most of the studies have concentrated on angular, sagittal and vertical measurements on lateral cephalograms. A few studies are also available ontransverse dimensions using PA cephalograms. Cephalometric findings PA. CEPHALOGRAM LA T. CEPHALOGRAM
  • 36. Aclass II skeletal pattern may be associated with: prognathic maxilla retrognathic mandible or combination of these in varying severity… Prognathic maxilla Rertognathic mandible
  • 37. McNamara5 observed two types of skeletal combinationsin class II children. He found mandibular retrusion thesingle most characteristic feature which was attributed toenvironmental factors such as : abnormal muscle function which altered occlusal interdigitations.
  • 38. The skeletal maxillary protrusion was not the major finding. But was rather neutral. The 2nd was a combination of maxillary and mandibular skeletal retrusion, often in association with altered mode of respiration, i.e. mouth breathing. These children with maxillary and mandibular retrusion showed : Greater vertical development of the face
  • 39. An excessive labial proclination and forward position of the maxillary anterior teeth is a common finding in class IIdivision 1 malocclusion. The maxillary first molar is more mesially positioned .. Class 2 division 1 , division 2 : the upper first molar mesially positioned.
  • 40. The anterior segment of maxilla is more protrusive and superiorly positioned. Excessive anterior cranial base length and enlarged frontal and maxillary sinus may be a contributing factor in the development of class IIdiv. 1 malocclusion. The mandible and dentition were identical to those of the controls in size, form and position..
  • 43. Maintenance of healthy primary dentition. All efforts are directed towards maintenance of the healthy primary dentition and thus integrity of arch length. This is achieved through education and home care by all the measures that minimize occurrence of dental caries. .
  • 44. Restoration of carious teeth to their correct antero posterior dimensions is absolutely essential especially proximal carious lesions on deciduous molars. The sole purpose is that permanent first molars should occupy the space distal to 2nd deciduous molars and should not prematurely migrate forward. 6 E
  • 45. Habits. Non-nutritive sucking habits such as prolonged thumb and finger sucking are taken care of with appropriate counselling and interceptive habit breaking appliance.A child with recurrent throat infection, nasal blockages or allergies should have ENT consultation to prevent mouth breathing. Mouth breathing ENT consultation
  • 46. Acervical headgear with a face bow is used to restrain maxillary growth and distalize the upper dentition to class I dentition.
  • 47. Components of a face bow Kloehn cervical facebow consists of an inner bow of 0.045" diameter and an outer bow of 0.071" diameter. The inner bow fits in the round headgear tube on the first molar bands. Conventionally, a double buccal tube is welded and soldered on to the maxillary first molar bands.. The inner face bow fits in the headgear tube on first molar bands Inner and outer facebow
  • 50. Filho et al8 recommended the onset of treatment in the late mixed dentition or beginning of the permanent dentition based on the belief that it often coincides with the facial growth spurt. It may also have the advantage of continuing the treatment with full-banded fixed appliance, following completion of 12 months of the first phase.
  • 51. Effect o f cervical headgear on dental/ craniofacial structures in sagittal, vertical and transverse dimensions.. Following 12-18 months of treatment, there is a reduction in maxillary protrusion, while mandible continues to Grow normally. The distalizing effect on maxillary molars causes them to erupt backward and downward, thus inhibit loweringof the posterior region of the maxilla, while anterior region continues to move downward. .
  • 52. There is a downward tipping of palatal plane at the anterior nasal spine (ANS). causes rotation of the palatal plane and slight increase in SN-PP angle. The inferior descent or extrusion of upper molars is essentially prevented by the forces of occlusion from the masticatory muscles.
  • 53. Transverse width of the maxilla improves from the expanded inner bow, and allows an anterior displacement of mandible and hence, improvement in the facial convexity. The maxillary protrusion is reduced while sagittal position of the mandible improves, which is measured as a reduction in angleANB. The improvement in craniofacial skeletal and dental profile is sustained during the period of fixed appliance therapy and post retention period.