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PEMS IN THE UNITED STATES:
AND A BROAD LOOK AT ITS APPLICATIONS
Prepared by: Brent Schuchmann, Ph.D.
Senior Research Engineer
SGS North America, Inc
October 24-26, 2017
Automotive Testing Expo North America

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OVERVIEW
 SGS AT A GLANCE
 PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR
 THE ROLE OF TESTING SERVICES WITH PEMS
 MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR
 ROAD-TO-LAB PEMS CORRELATION
 PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
 PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS USING MACHINE LEARNING
 TRANSPORTATION ANALYTICS PLATFORM (TAPSM)

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CHEMICAL CONSUMERGOODS ANDRETAIL
MINING OIL AND GAS PUBLIC SECTORLIFE SCIENCES
TRANSPORTATIONAGRICULTURE AND FOOD
ENERGY
INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING
CONSTRUCTION

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AURORA, CO
 High Feature Test Cells with Extreme Environmental Conditions
 Variable Altitude Engine and Chassis Dynamometer Testing
• Diesel and Spark Ignited Engines
• AWD/FWD/RWD Vehicles
• Motorcycle and ATV Chassis Dynamometer
• EPA and CARB Compliant Cells
 Particulate Matter Characterization
 PEMS & RDE Real Driving Emissions Testing
 Variable Temperature SHEDs for Evaporative Emissions
 Ideal for catalyst conversion efficiency determination,
light-off, drive cycle effects, complete system performance
 On-Road program design, consulting and data analytics
 7 Eddy Current absorbing, Single 40” Roll, FWD/AWD, rapid non-road
Mileage Accumulation Dynamometers in a modern, secure facility.
Research, Development and Emissions Certification Testing
Mileage Accumulation Facility in Jackson, MI

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PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR
 NON-ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
 IN-USE, MODAL, ALTITUDE, COLD-START EMISSIONS
 ON-ROAD HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT
 ON-TRACK HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT
 LIGHT-DUTY CORRELATION CVS TO PEMS
 LIGHT-DUTY RDE DEVELOPMENT
 LIGHT-DUTY IN-USE VERIFICATION
 LIGHT-DUTY ROAD TO LAB

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
 Available Non-road Excavator
 MY 2015, Final Tier 4 engine
 124kW rated engine
 Emission Control Technologies:
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Turbocharger, Charge Air Cooler, Direct Fuel Injection,
SCR-U, AMOX
 PM standard: 0.02 g/kWhr (0.015 g/hphr)
 NOx standard: 0.4 g/kWhr (0.3 g/hphr)
 Series of modal operations were performed mimicking in-use
applications
 Several ambient conditions (ambient temperature and
elevations)
 Data were analyzed for cold starts, warmups, crawls,
operation, shutdowns and the whole test

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
 AVL 493 GAS PEMS
 CO/CO2, NO/NO2, THC
 AVL 494 PM PEMS
 Real-time soot concentration (black carbon)
 Gravimetric collection of total PM
 40CFR1065 compliant
494 PM PEMS 493 GAS PEMS

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Brake-Specific g/kWh
< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m
 13 days of testing:
 300m (MI)
• 1400 ft
 1980-2650m (CO)
• 6500 – 8700 ft
 -10C to 35C
• 14 - 95F
 Data processed with
no exclusions
comparing similar
“modal operations”
 Warmups, crawls,
operations
Outside NTE Zone
~ 20x NOx
emissions
at 2650 m

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m
 13 days of testing:
 300m (MI)
• 1400 ft
 1980-2650m (CO)
• 6500 – 8700 ft
 -10C to 35C
• 14 - 95F
 Data processed with
no exclusions
comparing similar
“modal operations”
 Warmups, crawls,
operations
Fuel-Specific g/kg
~ 20x NOx
emissions
at 2650 m

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
< -1 °C 1670 m 2650 m
 NOx emission
reduction strategies
can be observed in
real-time with PEMS
streaming data
 It is easy to observe
when EGR and urea
dosing are shut off or
reduced when above
the altitude
requirements for NTE

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m
 NOx emissions
during “operations”
are similar to the
overall result for each
testing day
 An “operation”
represents the work
performed for a
specific job (i.e.
excavation,
trenching)
Fuel-Specific g/kg

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C
 Average NOx g/mi
during a “crawl” event
are nearly 2x during
cold temperatures
excluded from the NTE
Zone at the same
elevation
 A “crawl” event
represents the machine
traveling to or from job
site, refueling, or
maintenance
 The “crawls” shown to
the right represent a
distance of 0.6 - 1 km
 2000 – 3000 ft

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C
 Average NOx
emissions during a
“Warmup” event are
37g/kg for multiple
conditions outside of
the NTE Zone
 A “Warmup” event
represents first
stationary 10-15
minutes after engine
start. In most cases
the ECU controlled
the RPM until the
coolant reached a
certain temperature
> 1670 m > 1670 m > 1670 m
< -1 °C

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ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION
Highwa
y
FTP and
City
Real World Cycle
LA9
2
Downhi
ll Uphill
SR
C
US0
6
Accel
s
 NOx vs CO2 (g/mi)
for a variety of drive
cycles for on-road
and on-dyno
 2013 Jeep Wrangler
 3.6L V6
 T2B4: 40 mg/mi
NOx
 Similar emissions are
measured within the
standards for both
on-road and on-dyno
cycles
 Simulated road-grade
for on-dyno cycles

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ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION
12mg/mi
Average
(±3mg/mi
St.Dev)
18.2mpg
Average
(±0.5mpg
St.Dev)
50mg/mi
Average
(±6mg/mi
St.Dev)
21mpg Average
(±0.4mpg
St.Dev)

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PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
American
WLTP
Duration
Stop
Duration
Distance p_stop v_max
v_ave w/o
stops
v_ave w/
stops
a_min a_max
s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²
Low 589 156 1.9 26.50% 35.1 16.0 11.7 -1.47 1.47
Middle 433 48 3.0 11.10% 47.6 27.7 24.5 -1.49 1.57
High 455 31 4.4 6.80% 60.5 37.8 35.2 -1.49 1.58
Extra-High 323 7 5.1 2.20% 81.6 58.4 57.2 -1.21 1.03
Total 1800 242 14.5 81.6 28.9
Phase
PEMS route
IUVP
Duration
Stop
Duration
Distance p_stop v_max
v_ave w/o
stops
v_ave w/
stops
a_min a_max
s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²
Low 471 - 1.8 - 25.5 - 7.3 -2.361 2.0809
Middle 259 - 2.1 - 41.0 - 15.3 -1.944 2.3611
High 591 - 5.2 - 63.4 - 21.9 -2.639 3.1944
Extra-High 738 - 7.5 - 70.2 - 35.5 -2.5 2.6389
Total 2059 16.6 70.2 29.3
Phase
Urban Rural Motorway
% % %
Low 100 0 0
Middle 58.9 41.1 0
High 23 55.5 21.5
Extra-High 14.4 18.1 67.5
Whole Trip 32.4 30.6 37
Phase
 An IUVP on-road test
route was created
based from the
WLTP
 26.7km (16.6 miles)
and 34 minutes long

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PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
 On-road NOx
emissions for
gasoline vehicles
were at or below their
respective standard.
 On-road NOx
emissions for the
diesel vehicle were 4-
5x greater than its
respective standard
(200 mg/mi)

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PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
 On-road routes were
driven for different
durations and over
different locations
 Urban, Rural, and
Motorway sections
were driven in
different orders and
magnitudes

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CASE STUDY:
PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS FOR LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE
PERFORMANCE
Chassis Dyno Testing
On-Road Testing
 PEMS provides laboratory-grade fuel consumption and emissions
data but may not be practical for testing all fleet vehicles over long
duration test campaigns
 SGS has used “machine learning” to determine if vehicle
performance can be learned in the chassis dyno lab and then used
to predict on-road fuel consumption and emissions
 MY 2013 Jeep Wrangler, 3.6L V6, PFI, EPA T2B4, no MAF
• On Dyno: 122 micro trips, 3.1 hours of operation
• On Road: 93 micro trips, 3.8 hours of operation
 Predictions were compared to measurements from AVL 493
MOVES

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LDV FUEL ECONOMY PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
The range of engine operation on-dyno was similar
to on-road tests
Micro Trip R2 = 0.972
Good fuel economy predictions were achieved,
and were more accurate than “OBD dongle”
estimates (not shown)

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LDV EMISSIONS PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
 Vehicle Specific Power bins were used to compare overall emissions rates
 The predictions showed potential to faithfully represent the real-world emissions rate
distribution by Vehicle Specific Power operating mode
 More explanatory data would improve predictions at the highest power conditions

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THANK YOU