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Global Warming
Introduction
• Is the world getting warmer?
• If so, are the actions of mankind to
blame for earth’s temperature
increases?
• What can/should be done about these
issues?
History of Earth’s Climate
• Earth formed ~4.6 billion years ago
• Originally very hot
• Sun’s energy output only 70% of
present
• Liquid water present ~4.3 billion years
History of Earth’s Climate
• Life appeared ~3.8 billion years ago
• Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion years
ago
– Produced oxygen and removed carbon
dioxide and methane (greenhouse gases)
– Earth went through periods of cooling
(“Snowball Earth”) and warming
• Earth began cycles of glacial and
interglacial periods ~3 million years ago
Sun
Earth’s Temperature
Solar
Energy
Solar
Energy
Sun
Earth’s Temperature
Solar
Energy
Radiation
Cooling
Sun
Earth’s Temperature
Solar
Energy
Radiation
Cooling
Sun
Earth’s Temperature
Solar
Energy
Radiation
Cooling
Greenhouse EffectSun
Earth’s Atmospheric Gases
Nitrogen (N2)
Oxygen (O2)
Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Non-
Greenhouse
Gases
99%
Greenhouse
Gases
1%
Global Warming
The U.S. emits about 6.4 billion metric
tons of greenhouse gases annually, 25%
of the world’s total.
Carbon dioxide stays in the
atmosphere for approximately
100 years, methane lasts about
12 years. Other greenhouse
gases last even longer.
As these gases continue to raise surface
temperatures, they trigger the release of even
greater quantities of carbon dioxide and methane
that are currently trapped in frozen Arctic
permafrost and tundra soils, further increasing
temperatures.
…potentially causing “runaway global warming”.
6.4 billion metric tons
CO2/yr
These greenhouse gases last a
long time…
Warming begets more warming…
A feedback mechanism ensues…
Worldwide Carbon EmissionsCarbon(109metrictons)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Year
Liquid fuel
Total
Gas fuel
Solid fuel
Annual Carbon Emissions
Annual carbon emissions
Atmospheric CO2
Atmospheric CO2 average
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
0
4
6
8
2
Year
Carbon(109metrictons)
Future Carbon Dioxide
Levels
• Increasing CO2 emissions, especially
in China and developing countries
• Likely to double within 150 years:
– Increased coal usage
– Increased natural gas usage
– Decreased petroleum usage (increased
cost and decreasing supply)
Of all U.S. greenhouse gas
emissions come from
households:
• Vehicles
• Home Heating
• Electricity
Households are Big Contributors to Climate Change
So how can each of us slow
global warming now?
Because greenhouse gas emissions are tied very closely to our
energy consumption, using less fossil fuel based energy puts fewer
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
This will help slow global warming.
Reduce our consumption of fossil fuels
Mountaintop removal for
coal mining near Rawl,
West Virginia.
50% of electricity in the
United States is produced
from coal.
(
Average Electricity Emission
Factors
Region/State CO2lb/kWh CO2tons/MWh CO2Metrictons/MWh CH4lbs/MWh NO2lbs/MWh
SouthAtlantic 1.35 0.674 0.612 0.0127 0.0207
NorthCarolina 1.24 0.621 0.563 0.0105 0.0203
Virginia 1.16 0.582 0.528 0.0137 0.0192
WestVirginia 1.98 0.998 0.897 0.0137 0.0316
Kitchen Light Fixture
Three 60 Watt Bulbs
How much energy are those bulbs using?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Wattage
of the bulbs
# of
bulbs
Watts
Used
(Wattage
x number
of bulbs)
Hours used
per day
Watts Used
(#3) x Total
Hours/ day
(#4)
Watts
hours /
year
(# 5 x 365
days)
Kilowatt
hours /
year
(1000Wh =
1kWh)
(divide # 6
by 1000)
(Incandescent
bulbs)
60 W
3
bulbs
(60 x 3)
180 W
10 hours a
day
(180 x 10)
1800
Wh/ day
(1800 x 365)
640,800
Wh/ year
(640,800/ 10
00)
640.8
kWh per
year
(CFLbulbs)
18 W 3
bulbs
18 x3
54 W
10 hours a
day
54 x 10
540
Wh/day
540x365
197,100
Wh/day
197,100
1000
197.1
kWh/yr
Inc andescents
Compac t Fluoresc ents
(CFLs)
Total kWh for 3 bulb (# 7 from
above)
640.8 kWh
Cost (kWh # 7 x $.18)
CO2 produced @1.16 lbs/ kWh lbs lbs
CO2 not emitted by switching 3 bulbs
(C O2 of inc andescents - C O2 of CFLs)
lbs
Money saved in energy
(Cost inc andescents - c ost of CFLs)
3 BULBREPLACEMENTEMISSION and COSTCOMPARISON
INCANDESCENTvs. COMPACTFLUORESCENT
197 kWh
$115.34 $35.46
743.3 228.52
514.8
$79.88
We can make some simple substitutions
Replacing just 1 incandescent light bulb with 1 compact
florescent bulb saves about 150 pounds of carbon
dioxide per year!
If every American household replaced just 5 high-use
incandescent bulbs with compact florescent lights we'd
collectively save more than $8 billion each year in energy costs
and we would prevent the greenhouse gases equivalent to the
emissions from nearly 10 million cars.
Source: http://www.energystar.gov
Small changes really add up
Replace your old refrigerator
with a new Energy Star:
Annual savings:
$90; 700 pounds CO2
Set your thermostat down a few
degrees in the winter
Annual savings:
$135; 1400 pounds CO2
Wash clothes in cold water only
Annual savings:
$70; 500 pounds CO2
Drive JUST 10 fewer miles per week
Annual savings:
$80; 520 pounds CO2
Reduce your garbage by 10%
through greater recycling or reduced
packaging
Annual savings:
1200 pounds CO2
Caulk and weather-strip around doors and
windows
Annual savings:
$80; 650 pounds CO2
* These are mid-range estimates from
published sources; your savings may vary.
Blowing Up Your World
• 1. How many of you leave your
bedroom light on when you are
not in the room?
• Turning off lights saves energy and
money. The more energy used, the
more rivers are dammed or more fossil
fuel is burned, causing air pollution
and increased levels of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere. 2 pts d
Blowing Up Your World
• How many of you walked, bicycled or
took public transportation to get to
school today, instead of coming by
private automobile?
Our reliance on cars that burn fossil fuels
is one of the major causes of increased
levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
and it is the primary cause of urban smog.
3 pts u
Blowing Up Your World
• How many of you, when you drink a
soft drink, throw the container into the
garbage?
• Throwing away containers of any kind wastes
energy and resources and adds to our waste
problem. Many towns are running out of landfill
space. 3 pts d
Blowing Up Your World
How many of you eat fresh vegetables
instead of canned or frozen?
Fresh vegetables cook more quickly and are
usually more nutritious than frozen or canned
foods. Canned and frozen vegetables are often
over-processed, contain additives, contribute to
air pollution (transport and packaging) and add
to our waste problem. 4 pts u
Blowing Up Your World
Blowing Up Your World
• How many of you use a hairdryer or
other energy-consuming convenience
appliance, especially in the morning?
• Hairdryers use a lot of energy. In the
morning so much energy demand is put
on our grids that power companies have
to find other sources of energy just to
meet the morning rush hour 2 pts d
Blowing Up Your World
• . How many of you, when you go to a store,
get a bag for your purchases, even if you
have only one or two small items to carry?
• Making paper and plastic bags uses energy
and resources. The bags add to our litter
and waste problems, and plastic is not
biodegradable. Recycling is not the best
answer because collecting and recycling
materials requires energy. Instead, carry a
reusable cloth bag or a knapsack with you.
3 pts d
Blowing Up Your World
How many of you carry your lunch to
school in a lunch box or reusable
container?
Making paper and plastic bags uses
energy and resources. 3 pts u
Blowing Up Your World
• How many of you eat take-out or cafeteria
food that is served in foam or plastic
containers?
• Polystyrene and other plastic containers
are made from precious petrochemicals,
do not decompose in landfills, and
release toxic gases when they are
burned in incinerators.
10 pts d
Blowing Up Your World
• How many of you use handkerchiefs
instead of tissues and use cloth
towels instead of paper towels?
• Paper comes from trees. The more of
it we use, the more trees that are cut
down 2 pts d
Blowing Up Your World
• How many are changing incandescent
bulbs for new compact fluorescent
bulbs?
Changing one bulb could save 150
pounds of carbon dioxide per year!
10 pts u
Blowing Up Your World
• 31 - 40 Very good. You're an
environmentalist!
• 21 - 30 Good, you're starting to save
the world.
• 11 - 20 Lots of room for improvement.
• 0 - 10 You're exiled to the town dump!
Our take-home message…
Each of us must take steps to protect
our Earth's climate.

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Global Warming

  • 2. Introduction • Is the world getting warmer? • If so, are the actions of mankind to blame for earth’s temperature increases? • What can/should be done about these issues?
  • 3. History of Earth’s Climate • Earth formed ~4.6 billion years ago • Originally very hot • Sun’s energy output only 70% of present • Liquid water present ~4.3 billion years
  • 4. History of Earth’s Climate • Life appeared ~3.8 billion years ago • Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion years ago – Produced oxygen and removed carbon dioxide and methane (greenhouse gases) – Earth went through periods of cooling (“Snowball Earth”) and warming • Earth began cycles of glacial and interglacial periods ~3 million years ago
  • 10. Earth’s Atmospheric Gases Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2) Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Non- Greenhouse Gases 99% Greenhouse Gases 1%
  • 12. The U.S. emits about 6.4 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases annually, 25% of the world’s total. Carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere for approximately 100 years, methane lasts about 12 years. Other greenhouse gases last even longer. As these gases continue to raise surface temperatures, they trigger the release of even greater quantities of carbon dioxide and methane that are currently trapped in frozen Arctic permafrost and tundra soils, further increasing temperatures. …potentially causing “runaway global warming”. 6.4 billion metric tons CO2/yr These greenhouse gases last a long time… Warming begets more warming… A feedback mechanism ensues…
  • 13. Worldwide Carbon EmissionsCarbon(109metrictons) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year Liquid fuel Total Gas fuel Solid fuel
  • 14. Annual Carbon Emissions Annual carbon emissions Atmospheric CO2 Atmospheric CO2 average 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 0 4 6 8 2 Year Carbon(109metrictons)
  • 15. Future Carbon Dioxide Levels • Increasing CO2 emissions, especially in China and developing countries • Likely to double within 150 years: – Increased coal usage – Increased natural gas usage – Decreased petroleum usage (increased cost and decreasing supply)
  • 16. Of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from households: • Vehicles • Home Heating • Electricity Households are Big Contributors to Climate Change
  • 17. So how can each of us slow global warming now?
  • 18. Because greenhouse gas emissions are tied very closely to our energy consumption, using less fossil fuel based energy puts fewer greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This will help slow global warming. Reduce our consumption of fossil fuels Mountaintop removal for coal mining near Rawl, West Virginia. 50% of electricity in the United States is produced from coal. (
  • 19. Average Electricity Emission Factors Region/State CO2lb/kWh CO2tons/MWh CO2Metrictons/MWh CH4lbs/MWh NO2lbs/MWh SouthAtlantic 1.35 0.674 0.612 0.0127 0.0207 NorthCarolina 1.24 0.621 0.563 0.0105 0.0203 Virginia 1.16 0.582 0.528 0.0137 0.0192 WestVirginia 1.98 0.998 0.897 0.0137 0.0316
  • 21. How much energy are those bulbs using? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wattage of the bulbs # of bulbs Watts Used (Wattage x number of bulbs) Hours used per day Watts Used (#3) x Total Hours/ day (#4) Watts hours / year (# 5 x 365 days) Kilowatt hours / year (1000Wh = 1kWh) (divide # 6 by 1000) (Incandescent bulbs) 60 W 3 bulbs (60 x 3) 180 W 10 hours a day (180 x 10) 1800 Wh/ day (1800 x 365) 640,800 Wh/ year (640,800/ 10 00) 640.8 kWh per year (CFLbulbs) 18 W 3 bulbs 18 x3 54 W 10 hours a day 54 x 10 540 Wh/day 540x365 197,100 Wh/day 197,100 1000 197.1 kWh/yr
  • 22. Inc andescents Compac t Fluoresc ents (CFLs) Total kWh for 3 bulb (# 7 from above) 640.8 kWh Cost (kWh # 7 x $.18) CO2 produced @1.16 lbs/ kWh lbs lbs CO2 not emitted by switching 3 bulbs (C O2 of inc andescents - C O2 of CFLs) lbs Money saved in energy (Cost inc andescents - c ost of CFLs) 3 BULBREPLACEMENTEMISSION and COSTCOMPARISON INCANDESCENTvs. COMPACTFLUORESCENT 197 kWh $115.34 $35.46 743.3 228.52 514.8 $79.88
  • 23. We can make some simple substitutions Replacing just 1 incandescent light bulb with 1 compact florescent bulb saves about 150 pounds of carbon dioxide per year! If every American household replaced just 5 high-use incandescent bulbs with compact florescent lights we'd collectively save more than $8 billion each year in energy costs and we would prevent the greenhouse gases equivalent to the emissions from nearly 10 million cars. Source: http://www.energystar.gov
  • 24. Small changes really add up Replace your old refrigerator with a new Energy Star: Annual savings: $90; 700 pounds CO2 Set your thermostat down a few degrees in the winter Annual savings: $135; 1400 pounds CO2 Wash clothes in cold water only Annual savings: $70; 500 pounds CO2 Drive JUST 10 fewer miles per week Annual savings: $80; 520 pounds CO2 Reduce your garbage by 10% through greater recycling or reduced packaging Annual savings: 1200 pounds CO2 Caulk and weather-strip around doors and windows Annual savings: $80; 650 pounds CO2 * These are mid-range estimates from published sources; your savings may vary.
  • 25. Blowing Up Your World • 1. How many of you leave your bedroom light on when you are not in the room? • Turning off lights saves energy and money. The more energy used, the more rivers are dammed or more fossil fuel is burned, causing air pollution and increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 2 pts d
  • 26. Blowing Up Your World • How many of you walked, bicycled or took public transportation to get to school today, instead of coming by private automobile? Our reliance on cars that burn fossil fuels is one of the major causes of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and it is the primary cause of urban smog. 3 pts u
  • 27. Blowing Up Your World • How many of you, when you drink a soft drink, throw the container into the garbage? • Throwing away containers of any kind wastes energy and resources and adds to our waste problem. Many towns are running out of landfill space. 3 pts d
  • 28. Blowing Up Your World How many of you eat fresh vegetables instead of canned or frozen? Fresh vegetables cook more quickly and are usually more nutritious than frozen or canned foods. Canned and frozen vegetables are often over-processed, contain additives, contribute to air pollution (transport and packaging) and add to our waste problem. 4 pts u Blowing Up Your World
  • 29. Blowing Up Your World • How many of you use a hairdryer or other energy-consuming convenience appliance, especially in the morning? • Hairdryers use a lot of energy. In the morning so much energy demand is put on our grids that power companies have to find other sources of energy just to meet the morning rush hour 2 pts d
  • 30. Blowing Up Your World • . How many of you, when you go to a store, get a bag for your purchases, even if you have only one or two small items to carry? • Making paper and plastic bags uses energy and resources. The bags add to our litter and waste problems, and plastic is not biodegradable. Recycling is not the best answer because collecting and recycling materials requires energy. Instead, carry a reusable cloth bag or a knapsack with you. 3 pts d
  • 31. Blowing Up Your World How many of you carry your lunch to school in a lunch box or reusable container? Making paper and plastic bags uses energy and resources. 3 pts u
  • 32. Blowing Up Your World • How many of you eat take-out or cafeteria food that is served in foam or plastic containers? • Polystyrene and other plastic containers are made from precious petrochemicals, do not decompose in landfills, and release toxic gases when they are burned in incinerators. 10 pts d
  • 33. Blowing Up Your World • How many of you use handkerchiefs instead of tissues and use cloth towels instead of paper towels? • Paper comes from trees. The more of it we use, the more trees that are cut down 2 pts d
  • 34. Blowing Up Your World • How many are changing incandescent bulbs for new compact fluorescent bulbs? Changing one bulb could save 150 pounds of carbon dioxide per year! 10 pts u
  • 35. Blowing Up Your World • 31 - 40 Very good. You're an environmentalist! • 21 - 30 Good, you're starting to save the world. • 11 - 20 Lots of room for improvement. • 0 - 10 You're exiled to the town dump!
  • 36. Our take-home message… Each of us must take steps to protect our Earth's climate.