1.
Change Alley: Open Science in High-Energy Physics
a.k.a. what’s impossible and what’s not
November 14th, 2015
OpenCon 2015 - Brussels
Salvatore.Mele@CERN.ch

2.
HEP – High Energy Physics (crawling Wikipedia)

3.
What is the world made of ?
International Catalog of World Coins

4.
How does stuff work ?
flickr.com/photos/paulm/2253776428/

5.
International co-operation

6.
LHC 10’000+ scientists+engineers, 113 countries, 20+ years

7.
27 Km, -271.25°C, 99.999999% of speed of light

8.
Four “detectors”

9.
Large as a cathedral
flickr.com/photos/the_yes_man/4012514457

10.
100 million “sensors”, 40 million pictures/second

11.
More than 100PB(=100’000TB) on tape at CERN

12.
Welcome to CERN
Discovery of the Higgs boson

13.
article
2899 authors
references

14.
90% of HEP articles: 1-5 authors (mostly theorists)

15.
Change Alley: Open Science in High-Energy Physics
a.k.a. what’s impossible and what’s not
November 14th, 2015
OpenCon 2015 - Brussels
Salvatore.Mele@CERN.ch

16.
L3 detector at CERN LEP accelerator

17.
Head of Open Access at CERN

18.
Wikipedia

19.
Change Alley: Open Science in High-Energy Physics
a.k.a. what’s impossible and what’s not
November 14th, 2015
OpenCon 2015 - Brussels
Salvatore.Mele@CERN.ch

20.
flickr.com/photos/londonmatt/3163571645

21.
flickr.com/photos/funky64/3925955346

22.
impossible

23.
Observer,Alamy

24.
Wikipedia

25.
Scholarly communication
would have been impossible
without scientific journals

26.
Observer,Alamy

27.
smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras

28.
Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi

29.
Once upon a time, when air-mail was fast…

30.
…HEP scientists wrote papers…

31.
…passed them through the cyclostyle/mimeograph…
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh

32.
…then mailed them to journals AND colleagues…

33.
…other scientists read these PREPRINTS…

34.
…libraries catalogued these PREPRINTS…

35.
… into Open Access repositories.

36.
T. Berners-Lee, CERN, ’91: the web is born

37.
P. Ginsparg ’91:“Preprints on the internet?” arXiv.org

38.
97% of HEP journals’ content is in arXiv.org

39.
Effects of global (green) Open Access in HEP
Open Access accelerates Science!
Scientific dialogue on subject repositories
% of HEP journals content is OA as preprin
Journals no longer have a communication role!
en Access subject repositories accelerate Scienc
HEP articles also available OA!
Years !
Citatations!
0 ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 8 !-1 ! 4! 5 ! 6 ! 7 !
Only published !
Gentil-Beccot, Mele, Brooks arXiv:0906.5418

40.
Is impossible to convert
existing journals to Open Access
limiting the use of fresh money,
and with no burden for researchers

41.
flickr.com/photos/ipalatin/6031936991

42.
Observer,Alamy

43.
SCOAP3.org
Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access
Publishing in Particle Physics

44.
Re-use the CERN model…

45.
…of international co-operation…

46.
build
a global
partnership

47.
Re-use money …

48.
…spent by libraries for subscriptions…

49.
…and liaise with Funding Agencies…

50.
…to pay peer-review/publishing services…

51.
…and not for content...

52.
…which is “mostly open” anyhow!

53.
Keep scientists happy !

54.
Sweden 0,8%
Mexico 0,8%
Taiwan 0,8%
Portugal 0,9%
Netherlands 0,9%
Iran 0,9%
Israel 1,0%
Poland 1,3%
Switzerland 1,4%
Korea 1,8%
CERN 2,0%
India 2,6%
Brazil 2,6%
Canada 2,7%
Spain 2,9%
Russia 3,4%
France 3,8%
China 5,3%
United Kingdom 6,7%
Italy 6,9%
Japan 7,2%
Germany 9,1%
United States 24,9%
Other Countries 9,3%
Cern Scientific Information Service
Distribution of HEP publications, average 2005-2006
J. Krause et al. CERN-OPEN-2007-014
Estimated cost: 5M€/year fairly distributed:
each country contributes share of HEP publications

55.
Took some time to get organized

56.
Publisher Journal
Nuclear Physics B
Physics Letters B
Advances in High Energy Physics
Chinese Physics C
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
New Journal of Physics
Acta Physica Polonica B
Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics
European Physical Journal C
Journal of High Energy Physics

57.
Start
SCOAP3

58.
Publisher Journal articles
Nuclear Physics B 605
Physics Letters B 1’659
Advances in High Energy Physics 312
Chinese Physics C 44
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 414
New Journal of Physics 17
Acta Physica Polonica B 33
Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics 148
European Physical Journal C 1’045
Journal of High Energy Physics 3’839
Articles as of November 13th 2015:
Share of all HEP
8’116
>50%

59.
3 times cheaper than hybrid APCs
~10 times cheaper for public purse
99.98% compliance

60.
Publisher Journal APC
Nuclear Physics B $ 2’000
Physics Letters B $ 1’800
Advances in High Energy Physics $ 1’000
Chinese Physics C £ 1’000
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics £ 1’400
New Journal of Physics £ 1’200
Acta Physica Polonica B € 500
Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics £ 1’000
European Physical Journal C € 1’500
Journal of High Energy Physics € 1’200
Average effective APC 2014:
(In 2014 SCOAP3 pays max 2011 #articles, rest free)
€ 1’042

61.
SCOAP3 journals
APC (2014, in Euro)
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Sources: Journal Cita?on Report, publishers’ websites, scoap3.org, webarchive.org
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Impact Factor (2012)
Chart: C. Romeu et al. (2014) The SCOAP3 ini1a1ve and the Open Access - Ar1cle-
Processing-Charge market: global partnership and compe11on improve value in the
dissemina1on of science DOI: 10.2314/CERN/C26P.W9DT
a) hUps://github.com/OpenAPC/openapc-de;
b) hUp://figshare.com/ar?cles/2015_Jan_June_UK_APC_data_combined/1509860
c) hUp://blog.wellcome.ac.uk/2015/03/03/the-reckoning-an-analysis-of-wellcome-
trust-open-access-spend-2013-14/
Average APC 2014 paid by
German universi?es: € 1,234a
SCOAP3 average effec?ve
APC 2014: € 1,042
Average APC 2015 paid by UK
higher educa?on inst: € 2,351b
Average APC 2013-2014 paid by
the Wellcome Trust: € 2,502c
Real costs to the system
(very liUle fresh money)

62.
Partnership Dec 2013
Partners joined during 2014
Partners joining in 2015
Partnership today:
43 countries
+ 3 IGOs
Austria
Belgium
Canada
CERNa
China
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
Hungary
IAEAb
NEW: Iceland
Israel
Italy
Japan
JINRc
Korea
Mexico
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
NEW: Taiwan
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States of America
NEW: 12 additional U.S. Universities
a) European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva
b) International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
c) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna representing 12 of its member states
46 countries, 3 IGO, 3’000 libraries today, and growing

63.
Research intensive countries supporting SCOAP3
Territory size shows the proportion of all scientific papers published in 2001 written by authors living there
http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=205

64.
SCOAP3 Partner
Other countries with at least one SCOAP3 author
18’000 authors from 90 countries

65.
Piled Higher and Deeper by Jorge Cham www.phdcomics.com
title: "Sharing" - originally published 9/4/2015
phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1818

66.
Piled Higher and Deeper by Jorge Cham www.phdcomics.com
title: "Sharing" - originally published 9/4/2015
data

67.
Open Data in High-Energy Physics
is impossible
(too complex, large, dangerous, un-understandable, useless…)

68.
Observer,Alamy

69.
L3 detector at CERN LEP accelerator

70.
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002

71.
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002

72.
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002

73.
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002

74.
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002

75.
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002

76.
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002

77.
Welcome to CERN
To find the Higgs boson…

78.
…analyse ~100PB(=100’000TB) on tape at CERN

79.
What you really need to understand the Universe?

80.
flickr.com/photos/mbiddulph/3240818979

81.
Persistent Identifiers:
no-profit, community-driven, infrastructures

82.
width.
Acknowledgments
AF thanks Dean Carmi, Erik Kuflik, Francesco Riva, Alfredo Urbano, Tomer Volansky and
Jure Zupan for collaboration on closely related projects. AF also thanks the organizers of the
conference Windows on the Universe for the invitation and support.
References
1. G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B 716, 1 (2012) [arXiv:1207.7214
[hep-ex]]. S. Chatrchyan et al. [CMS Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B 716, 30 (2012)
[arXiv:1207.7235 [hep-ex]].
2. B. Grzadkowski et al. , JHEP 1010, 085 (2010) [arXiv:1008.4884 [hep-ph]],
3. R. Contino et al. JHEP 1307 (2013) 035 [arXiv:1303.3876 [hep-ph]].
4. A. Falkowski, F. Riva and A. Urbano, arXiv:1303.1812 [hep-ph].
5. G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B 726 (2013) 88 [arXiv:1307.1427
[hep-ex]].
6. ATLAS Collaboration, “Data from Figure 7 from: Measurements of Higgs boson produc-
tion and couplings in diboson final states with the ATLAS detector at the LHC: H ! ,”
http://doi.org/10.7484/INSPIREHEP.DATA.A78C.HK44
7. ATLAS Collaboration, “Data from Figure 7 from: Measurements of Higgs boson pro-
duction and couplings in diboson final states with the ATLAS detector at the LHC:
H ! ZZ⇤ ! 4`,” http://doi.org/10.7484/INSPIREHEP.DATA.RF5P.6M3K
8. ATLAS Collaboration, “Data from Figure 7 from: Measurements of Higgs boson pro-
duction and couplings in diboson final states with the ATLAS detector at the LHC:
H ! WW⇤ ! `⌫`⌫,” http://doi.org/10.7484/INSPIREHEP.DATA.26B4.TY5F
9. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-034.
10. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-079.
11. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2012-135.
12. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-080.
13. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-009.
14. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-010.
15. CMS Collaboration, CMS-HIG-13-001.

83.
flickr.com/photos/nationalmuseumofamericanhistory/12619971753

84.
Global community response

85.
CMS detector

86.
CMS collaboration: 3000 scientists, 85 countries - Consensus

87.
CMS data preservation, re-use and open access policy
CMS data are unique and are the result of vast and long-term moral, human and financial investment by
the international community. There is unique scientific opportunity in re-using these data, at different
level of abstraction and at different points in time1
. This opportunity calls for our collective responsibility,
and poses unprecedented challenges as no data sample of this complexity and value has ever been
preserved or made available for later re-use.
The CMS collaboration is committed to preserve its data, at different levels of complexity, and to allow
their re-use by a wide community including: collaboration members long after the data are taken,
experimental and theoretical HEP scientists who were not members of the collaboration, educational
and outreach initiatives, and citizen scientists in the general public.
CMS upholds the principle that open access to the data will, in the long term, allow the maximum
realization of their scientific potential. To that extent, CMS will provide open access to its data after a
suitable but relatively short embargo period, allowing CMS collaborators to fully exploit their scientific
potential.
This policy describes the CMS principles of data preservation, re-use and open access, as well as the
relevant actors in all these tasks and their roles and responsibilities. CMS understands that in order to
fully exploit all these re-use opportunities, immediate and continued resources are needed. The level of
support that CMS will be able to provide to external users depends on the available funding. This policy
addresses the moral responsibility of CMS for its data, as well as the increasing concern of fundingDOI: 10.7483/OPENDATA.CMS.UDBF.JKR9

88.
DOI: 10.7483/OPENDATA.CMS.UDBF.JKR9

89.
G. Organtini

90.
G. Organtini

91.
G. Organtini

92.
Wikipedia

93.
flickr.com/photos/londonmatt/3163571645

94.
flickr.com/photos/funky64/3925955346

95.
Observer,Alamy

96.
flickr.com/photos/hernanpc/16418578245

97.
Salvatore.MELE@cern.ch