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Marginalization of Tribal people of
Western Odisha & their
Organized Efforts to overcome it
PRESENTED BY
Raju Tiwary
Student, Master of Social Work
B. Tech. ( Mechanical)
email - rajutiwary@gmail.com
Tribal ?
• Tribe is a social division in a traditional society
consisting of families or communities linked by
social, economic, religious or blood ties with a
common culture and dialect typically having a
recognized leader.
• In medieval English, the word tribe conveyed a
neutral sense- “ a primary aggregate of people
claiming descent form a common ancestor.”
Defining a Tribe:
• The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1911,defines a tribe
as a :
“collection of families bearing a common name,
speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing
to occupy a common territory and is not usually
endogamous though originally it might have been
so”.
• Dr. W.H.R. Rivers says: Tribe is a simple type of
social group whose members speak a common
dialect and work together at the time of war.
Tribes of western Odisha
• Some of the tribes of western Odisha are
Munda, Kishan, Gond, Oram, Sohara etc.
• Western Odisha tribals are farmers, food
gatherers and they are famous for their
Dance and Music.
About the study Area
• The study area is in Sambalpur and Bargarh
district of Odisha( Rengali & Attabira Block).
• In kantal village all are migrated people and the
village population is 639.
• In village Rujhenmal all are ST families, they are
also migrated people. The village population is 811.
• The village Kudamunda, Tabdabahal, Khapsadera,
Kanibandli & Chandnimal, all are dense tribal
populated, dependent on monsoon irrigation.
CAUSES OF MARZINALIZATION
• Poverty.
• Literacy & Education.
• Discrimination.
• Money lending by mortgage of land.
• Displacement.
Marginalization of Tribal People
Social Justice (Atrocities) – Loss of Self respect
Source : Crime in India, 2006; NCRB.
Crimes committed against members of the Scheduled Tribes
under the P.C.R. Act 1955, of a total pendency of 217 cases,
trials were completed in only 70 cases and only 2 cases
ended in conviction in the year 2006 and as many as 145
cases were pending trial, at the end of 2006. For crimes
committed against the members of the Scheduled Tribes
under the provisions of the SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities
Act 1989, out of 5621 cases pending trial, 40 cases were
compounded by the government, only 255 ended in
conviction and as many as 4565 cases were still pending trial
in the courts at the end of the year 2006.
The Percentage of Tribal Population
displaced due to large dams in India
Sl. No. Project State No. of people
displaced
% of tribals
displaced
01 Karjan Gujarat 11,600 100
02 Sardar Sarovar Gujarat 200,000 57.6
03 Maheshwar M.P. 20,000 60
04 Bodhghat M.P. 12,700 73.91
05 Icha Bihar 30,800 80
06 Chandil Bihar 37,600 87.92
07 Koel Karo Bihar 66,000 88
08 Mahi Bajaj Sagar Rajasthan 38,400 76.28
09 Polavaram A.P. 150,000 52.90
10 Upper Indravati Orissa 18,500 89.20
11 Bhakra H.P. 36,000 34.76
12 Tultuli Maharashtra 13,600 51.61
13 Maithon & Panchet Bihar 93,874 56.46
14 Pong H.P. 80,000 56.25
15 Daman Ganga Gujarat 8,700 48.70
16 Masan Reservoir Bihar 3,700 31
17 Ukai Reservoir Gujarat 52,000 18.92
18 Ichampalli A.P.- Maharastra 38,100 76.28
Source: Satyajit Singh, Taming the Waters, (Oxford University Press, 1997) and
Government Figures
Case study on Hirakud Dam Project
The Hirakud Dam:
• It is the first post independence major multipurpose river
valley project in India
• intended for flood control, irrigation and power generation.
• provides for 1, 55,635 hectares of Kharif and 1,08,385
hectares of Rabi irrigation of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Bolangir
and Subarnapur.
• Out of about 22,000 families 12,700 families belonging to
the scheduled castes and scheduled Tribes were forcibly
displaced.
• So far 700 families have been resettled in 17 rehabilitation
camps and neighbouring village.
• It is estimated that about 9,944 families have not yet been
rehabilitated or paid their due compensation.
Source: Field Survey (2000) – MASS NGO
in Western Odisha
Loss of Income/Resources from Forest,
more dependency on Dailey wages works
Source: Field Survey 2000 (done by MASS NGO) & SU
students in 2015
Money Sources of Tribal Village of
Western Odisha
Yearly Income from forest has
fall from 50% to 15%
Source: Field Survey 2000 (done
by MASS NGO) & SU students in
2015
The above graph shows the
different money source of tribal
people of Khapsadera. Out of 100
respondents, 40-50% respondents
were totally dependent on
monsoon based agriculture, 20-
30% of respondents were daily
wages labors. Around 40-50%
respondents were taking money
from Money Lenders for
treatments
/marriages/functions/festivals etc.
Organized efforts by Tribal people
of Western Odisha
Freeing of Mortgage Land by Tribal People: A
Case Study of Western Odisha
Success story of a SHG of Khapsadera
• SHG Name - Mahalaxmi Sanchay Samiti formed in 2001
later on restructured in 2004.
• President – Shriya Manjhi, Previously 22 members, now 7
members, collecting Rs 30/- month ,Paddy 25 Tambi/year
each and Rice 25 Tambi/year, interest – 1/4th
per year on loan.
• Till date they have collected Rs 68,000 and they started giving
micro-finance to members at very nominal interest rate.
• Member- Shanti Mirdha, previously he had taken Rs 4000 to
Rs 6000 from money lenders mortgaging her land of 1 acre.
Around 4 years she and her husband were forced to work like
daily wages labor for their livelihood. After SHG, In 2006 –
2007- 2008 3 times she took amounts from SHG for freeing of
her mortgage land. Apart from that, In 2007-2008 she took
amounts 2 times for her daughter marriage and treatment
from malaria.
Success story of another village -
kanibandali
SHG - Swayam Sahayak Goshthi formed in 2001,
president- Binodini Dehuri
Rs 40 per month, so far collected Rs 71,714.
One lady named Saraojini Bag took credit 8 times from 2006 to
2015 for freeing of mortgage land to various uses of agriculture.
Prior to that for every uses, she was forced to keep her1 acre of
land as mortgage to money lenders out of her 3 acres of land.
SHG - Swayam Sahayak Goshthi at
Kanibandli
Fight against Malaria by Tribal
People: A Case Study of western
OdishaSource: Field Survey (2000) and Interview by Students of Sambalpur University
• Out of 100 respondents, 60% respondents were suffering from Malaria, 25%
respondents having problem of viral fever, 15% respondents having all type of
other diseases. This data reveals that the majority of respondents were facing
frequent attacks of Malaria and Diarrhea.
Table : Health Problems faced by tribal people in Tabdabahal
Sl
No
Problem Frequency
/Year
Deaths/
Year
Annual
Income
Expenditure
Percentage
1 Malaria 1.4
times
per
person
3 10% of
Income
2 Diarrhoea 0.8
times
0 -
3 Viral 0.8
times
0 -
Success story of Tabdabahal – A
Malaria hit village
• Cooperative Name - Jagruti
• President- Subhadra Manjhi
• In 2004, there were 250 SHG groups, with around
3500 women, under 3 federations. These women
were encouraged to set up a co-operative to manage
the community health program after getting training
from NGO – Skill Share International & MASS on
Malaria/Diarrheoa .
Cooperative Name - Jagruti
Cont...
- Skillshare International provided support to MASS in 2003-
2005 under the KCHL program. 60 village health workers
from 49 villages, nominated by their self-help groups, were
trained in preventive, palliative and curative health care.
The village health workers reach out to nearly 27,000
people.
- Subhadra Manjhi & team collected Chloroquinn from
nearest medical, 10 tab each person,
- Gutkhadaka/Ganga Shiwali – herbal treatments
- Her group members and other villagers contributed
amounts to purchase – Mosquito Net but their financial
status was not so sound, hence they purchased 2 nets in the
beginning and gave to the most affected family by lottery.
- Neem - smoke drive, evening bell time, cleanliness drive
every week in their village
Success story of Farmers Club and
Water Harvesting Structures
Table : Problems faced by tribal
people of Khapsadera in
Percentage & Chandanimal
Source: Field Survey (2000) & SU
Out of 100 respondents, 50%
respondents were suffering
due to irrigation water
scarcity, 40% respondents
with food scarcity, 50-60%
respondents with Seed
scarcity. This data reveals that
the majority of respondents
were suffering with water
scarcity.
Farmers Club & SHG members of
Khapsadera
Water Harvesting Structure
• Due to un uniform distribution of rain, many times crops got damaged
in last moment. Once crop got damaged means, farmers were forced to
migrate for daily wages. Food scarcity, seed scarcity and money lending
were common problem afterward.
• People himself compromised many meetings to decide the best places
where they can store maximum water as per natural arrangements of
lands and slopes. 11 such structures were developed in Khapsadera
village and another 4 in Chanadanimal to end this scarcity of irrigation
water. WHS were developed as per availability of lands from 0.5 acre to
1 acre. A maximum depth 8-10 feet has compromised to get maximum
storage of water. WHS are sufficient enough to store water for at least 6
to 8 months means from August to March month and are sufficient
enough to irrigate 2 acres to 5 acres of land as per their size.
Farmers Club in Khapsadera &
Chandanimal
Birsa Munda Krishak Club
Size – 21 members
Seed Bank – 25 Tambi per member (1
Tambi=1.2kg)
Grain Bank – 25 Tambi per member
Collection – Rs 20 per month
Total Collection, till July 2015 – Rs 1.53 lakhs
4 water structures developed, irrigating 10 acres
of land.
WHS in Chandanimal in 0.5 acre
Changes @ Tabdabahal, Khapsadera,
Kudamunda, Kanibandali & Chandanimal
• Credit or Micro-Finance at nominal rates, Economical Power
• Financial inclusion – Bank Accounts via SHG
• Money lending at cost of land minimizes
• Health Awareness/Change in health practices
• Use of bio- fertilizers, Kitchen garden
• Irrigation water through WHS , crop damage minimizes
• Capacity & strength building, change in social practices
• End of food & Seed scarcity through Grain Bank & Seed Bank
• PRI involvement and Leadership in social activities
• Improvement in Education Standards
• Awareness – change of mind set , group formation, Unity
• Dependency on market for Seed & Grain minimizes
Thank You 
We are Developing at the cost of
LOGICAL deaths of tribes .....
Any Queries Plzzz ???????

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Marginalization of Tribal People of Western Odisha and their Organized efforts to Overcome It

  • 1. Marginalization of Tribal people of Western Odisha & their Organized Efforts to overcome it PRESENTED BY Raju Tiwary Student, Master of Social Work B. Tech. ( Mechanical) email - rajutiwary@gmail.com
  • 2. Tribal ? • Tribe is a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious or blood ties with a common culture and dialect typically having a recognized leader. • In medieval English, the word tribe conveyed a neutral sense- “ a primary aggregate of people claiming descent form a common ancestor.”
  • 3. Defining a Tribe: • The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1911,defines a tribe as a : “collection of families bearing a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not usually endogamous though originally it might have been so”. • Dr. W.H.R. Rivers says: Tribe is a simple type of social group whose members speak a common dialect and work together at the time of war.
  • 4. Tribes of western Odisha • Some of the tribes of western Odisha are Munda, Kishan, Gond, Oram, Sohara etc. • Western Odisha tribals are farmers, food gatherers and they are famous for their Dance and Music.
  • 5. About the study Area • The study area is in Sambalpur and Bargarh district of Odisha( Rengali & Attabira Block). • In kantal village all are migrated people and the village population is 639. • In village Rujhenmal all are ST families, they are also migrated people. The village population is 811. • The village Kudamunda, Tabdabahal, Khapsadera, Kanibandli & Chandnimal, all are dense tribal populated, dependent on monsoon irrigation.
  • 6. CAUSES OF MARZINALIZATION • Poverty. • Literacy & Education. • Discrimination. • Money lending by mortgage of land. • Displacement.
  • 7. Marginalization of Tribal People Social Justice (Atrocities) – Loss of Self respect Source : Crime in India, 2006; NCRB. Crimes committed against members of the Scheduled Tribes under the P.C.R. Act 1955, of a total pendency of 217 cases, trials were completed in only 70 cases and only 2 cases ended in conviction in the year 2006 and as many as 145 cases were pending trial, at the end of 2006. For crimes committed against the members of the Scheduled Tribes under the provisions of the SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act 1989, out of 5621 cases pending trial, 40 cases were compounded by the government, only 255 ended in conviction and as many as 4565 cases were still pending trial in the courts at the end of the year 2006.
  • 8. The Percentage of Tribal Population displaced due to large dams in India Sl. No. Project State No. of people displaced % of tribals displaced 01 Karjan Gujarat 11,600 100 02 Sardar Sarovar Gujarat 200,000 57.6 03 Maheshwar M.P. 20,000 60 04 Bodhghat M.P. 12,700 73.91 05 Icha Bihar 30,800 80 06 Chandil Bihar 37,600 87.92 07 Koel Karo Bihar 66,000 88 08 Mahi Bajaj Sagar Rajasthan 38,400 76.28 09 Polavaram A.P. 150,000 52.90 10 Upper Indravati Orissa 18,500 89.20 11 Bhakra H.P. 36,000 34.76 12 Tultuli Maharashtra 13,600 51.61 13 Maithon & Panchet Bihar 93,874 56.46 14 Pong H.P. 80,000 56.25 15 Daman Ganga Gujarat 8,700 48.70 16 Masan Reservoir Bihar 3,700 31 17 Ukai Reservoir Gujarat 52,000 18.92 18 Ichampalli A.P.- Maharastra 38,100 76.28 Source: Satyajit Singh, Taming the Waters, (Oxford University Press, 1997) and Government Figures
  • 9. Case study on Hirakud Dam Project The Hirakud Dam: • It is the first post independence major multipurpose river valley project in India • intended for flood control, irrigation and power generation. • provides for 1, 55,635 hectares of Kharif and 1,08,385 hectares of Rabi irrigation of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Bolangir and Subarnapur. • Out of about 22,000 families 12,700 families belonging to the scheduled castes and scheduled Tribes were forcibly displaced. • So far 700 families have been resettled in 17 rehabilitation camps and neighbouring village. • It is estimated that about 9,944 families have not yet been rehabilitated or paid their due compensation.
  • 10. Source: Field Survey (2000) – MASS NGO in Western Odisha
  • 11. Loss of Income/Resources from Forest, more dependency on Dailey wages works Source: Field Survey 2000 (done by MASS NGO) & SU students in 2015
  • 12. Money Sources of Tribal Village of Western Odisha Yearly Income from forest has fall from 50% to 15% Source: Field Survey 2000 (done by MASS NGO) & SU students in 2015 The above graph shows the different money source of tribal people of Khapsadera. Out of 100 respondents, 40-50% respondents were totally dependent on monsoon based agriculture, 20- 30% of respondents were daily wages labors. Around 40-50% respondents were taking money from Money Lenders for treatments /marriages/functions/festivals etc.
  • 13. Organized efforts by Tribal people of Western Odisha Freeing of Mortgage Land by Tribal People: A Case Study of Western Odisha
  • 14. Success story of a SHG of Khapsadera • SHG Name - Mahalaxmi Sanchay Samiti formed in 2001 later on restructured in 2004. • President – Shriya Manjhi, Previously 22 members, now 7 members, collecting Rs 30/- month ,Paddy 25 Tambi/year each and Rice 25 Tambi/year, interest – 1/4th per year on loan. • Till date they have collected Rs 68,000 and they started giving micro-finance to members at very nominal interest rate. • Member- Shanti Mirdha, previously he had taken Rs 4000 to Rs 6000 from money lenders mortgaging her land of 1 acre. Around 4 years she and her husband were forced to work like daily wages labor for their livelihood. After SHG, In 2006 – 2007- 2008 3 times she took amounts from SHG for freeing of her mortgage land. Apart from that, In 2007-2008 she took amounts 2 times for her daughter marriage and treatment from malaria.
  • 15. Success story of another village - kanibandali SHG - Swayam Sahayak Goshthi formed in 2001, president- Binodini Dehuri Rs 40 per month, so far collected Rs 71,714. One lady named Saraojini Bag took credit 8 times from 2006 to 2015 for freeing of mortgage land to various uses of agriculture. Prior to that for every uses, she was forced to keep her1 acre of land as mortgage to money lenders out of her 3 acres of land.
  • 16. SHG - Swayam Sahayak Goshthi at Kanibandli
  • 17. Fight against Malaria by Tribal People: A Case Study of western OdishaSource: Field Survey (2000) and Interview by Students of Sambalpur University • Out of 100 respondents, 60% respondents were suffering from Malaria, 25% respondents having problem of viral fever, 15% respondents having all type of other diseases. This data reveals that the majority of respondents were facing frequent attacks of Malaria and Diarrhea. Table : Health Problems faced by tribal people in Tabdabahal Sl No Problem Frequency /Year Deaths/ Year Annual Income Expenditure Percentage 1 Malaria 1.4 times per person 3 10% of Income 2 Diarrhoea 0.8 times 0 - 3 Viral 0.8 times 0 -
  • 18. Success story of Tabdabahal – A Malaria hit village • Cooperative Name - Jagruti • President- Subhadra Manjhi • In 2004, there were 250 SHG groups, with around 3500 women, under 3 federations. These women were encouraged to set up a co-operative to manage the community health program after getting training from NGO – Skill Share International & MASS on Malaria/Diarrheoa .
  • 20. Cont... - Skillshare International provided support to MASS in 2003- 2005 under the KCHL program. 60 village health workers from 49 villages, nominated by their self-help groups, were trained in preventive, palliative and curative health care. The village health workers reach out to nearly 27,000 people. - Subhadra Manjhi & team collected Chloroquinn from nearest medical, 10 tab each person, - Gutkhadaka/Ganga Shiwali – herbal treatments - Her group members and other villagers contributed amounts to purchase – Mosquito Net but their financial status was not so sound, hence they purchased 2 nets in the beginning and gave to the most affected family by lottery. - Neem - smoke drive, evening bell time, cleanliness drive every week in their village
  • 21. Success story of Farmers Club and Water Harvesting Structures Table : Problems faced by tribal people of Khapsadera in Percentage & Chandanimal Source: Field Survey (2000) & SU Out of 100 respondents, 50% respondents were suffering due to irrigation water scarcity, 40% respondents with food scarcity, 50-60% respondents with Seed scarcity. This data reveals that the majority of respondents were suffering with water scarcity.
  • 22. Farmers Club & SHG members of Khapsadera
  • 23. Water Harvesting Structure • Due to un uniform distribution of rain, many times crops got damaged in last moment. Once crop got damaged means, farmers were forced to migrate for daily wages. Food scarcity, seed scarcity and money lending were common problem afterward. • People himself compromised many meetings to decide the best places where they can store maximum water as per natural arrangements of lands and slopes. 11 such structures were developed in Khapsadera village and another 4 in Chanadanimal to end this scarcity of irrigation water. WHS were developed as per availability of lands from 0.5 acre to 1 acre. A maximum depth 8-10 feet has compromised to get maximum storage of water. WHS are sufficient enough to store water for at least 6 to 8 months means from August to March month and are sufficient enough to irrigate 2 acres to 5 acres of land as per their size.
  • 24. Farmers Club in Khapsadera & Chandanimal Birsa Munda Krishak Club Size – 21 members Seed Bank – 25 Tambi per member (1 Tambi=1.2kg) Grain Bank – 25 Tambi per member Collection – Rs 20 per month Total Collection, till July 2015 – Rs 1.53 lakhs 4 water structures developed, irrigating 10 acres of land.
  • 25. WHS in Chandanimal in 0.5 acre
  • 26. Changes @ Tabdabahal, Khapsadera, Kudamunda, Kanibandali & Chandanimal • Credit or Micro-Finance at nominal rates, Economical Power • Financial inclusion – Bank Accounts via SHG • Money lending at cost of land minimizes • Health Awareness/Change in health practices • Use of bio- fertilizers, Kitchen garden • Irrigation water through WHS , crop damage minimizes • Capacity & strength building, change in social practices • End of food & Seed scarcity through Grain Bank & Seed Bank • PRI involvement and Leadership in social activities • Improvement in Education Standards • Awareness – change of mind set , group formation, Unity • Dependency on market for Seed & Grain minimizes
  • 28. We are Developing at the cost of LOGICAL deaths of tribes ..... Any Queries Plzzz ???????