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O Estado Novo

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Ascensão de Salazar ao poder e características do Estado Novo entre 1933-1945.

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O Estado Novo

  1. 1. O Estado Novo 1933 - 1945 Autoria: Prof.ª Cristina Romba
  2. 2. INTRODUÇÃO <ul><li>Em 1926 foi implantada uma ditadura militar que pôs fim à 1.ª República. </li></ul><ul><li>O marechal Carmona, então eleito Presidente da República, nomeou Salazar para Ministro das Finanças (como não lhe deram plenos poderes, este demitiu-se e voltou a ser nomeado para o cargo em 1928). </li></ul>
  3. 3. A ascensão de Salazar <ul><li>1928 : Nomeação de Salazar para Ministro das Finanças; </li></ul><ul><li>1932 : Nomeação de Salazar para Presidente do Conselho; </li></ul><ul><li>1933 : Aprovação em plebiscito de uma nova Constituição (que legitimaria o Estado Novo) ; </li></ul><ul><li>1936 : Salazar assumiu as pastas da Defesa e da Guerra e dos Negócios Estrangeiros. </li></ul>
  4. 4. <ul><li>Enquanto Ministro das Finanças, Salazar conseguiu eliminar o défice financeiro através de uma: </li></ul>Política de austeridade - aumentou os impostos; - reduziu as despesas públicas (sobretudo nos Ministérios da Saúde e da Educação). Ou seja: Saldos das contas públicas (1925-1931)
  5. 5. Cartaz de propaganda comparando Salazar a D. Afonso Henriques Como tal, Salazar foi considerado “salvador da pátria” , o que viria a ser usado pelo regime para o enaltecer, para desenvolver o culto da personalidade . Culto da personalidade
  6. 6. Cartaz de propaganda alusivo ao plebiscito que aprovaria a Constituição do Estado Novo (1933) A Constituição
  7. 7. A organização do poder político segundo a Constituição de 1933
  8. 8. A edificação do Estado Novo <ul><li>A partir da Constituição de 1933 termina a ditadura militar e inicia-se o Estado Novo . </li></ul><ul><li>Adoptam-se várias medidas que farão do Estado Novo um estado totalitário de tipo fascista: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Abolição dos partidos políticos e aprovação da União Nacional como “partido único” (1932); </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>As liberdades e os direitos dos cidadãos foram suspensos (direito à greve, direito de associação e reunião, …); </li></ul></ul>
  9. 9. <ul><ul><li>Limitação do poder da Assembleia Nacional (legislativo), que passou a ser desempenhado pelo Presidente do Conselho (Salazar); a Assembleia Nacional passou a órgão consultivo; </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Instituição da censura; </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Abolição dos sindicatos livres, substituídos por sindicatos nacionais ( corporações ). </li></ul></ul>
  10. 10. <ul><li>Artº 5º, § 1º- A forma do regime é a República Corporativa. [...] </li></ul><ul><li>Artº 16º- Incumbe ao Estado autorizar [...] todos os organismos corporativos [...]. </li></ul><ul><li>Da Constituição da República Portuguesa , de 1933. </li></ul>Corporativismo Aprovação do Estatuto do Trabalho Nacional Ideologia do Estado Novo Corporativismo
  11. 11. Alguns organismos corporativos do Estado Novo Casas dos Pescadores Casas do Povo Grémios Lavoura Comércio Indústria Sindicatos Nacionais
  12. 12. Cartaz alusivo à Exposição do Mundo Português de 1940: propaganda ao nacionalismo Nacionalismo económico Nacionalismo
  13. 13. <ul><li>Exaltação dos heróis nacionais, do orgulho da História pátria, sobretudo da fundação da nacionalidade, da consolidação da independência (1383-1385; 1640; 1808-1810), da epopeia dos Descobrimentos ; </li></ul><ul><li>engrandecimento do papel de missionário de Portugal no Mundo; </li></ul><ul><li>ruralismo/ conservadorismo acentuado; </li></ul><ul><li>papel da família como núcleo central da sociedade e único agrupamento aceite pelo regime; </li></ul><ul><li>forte ligação à Igreja Católica. </li></ul>
  14. 14. Comparação de Portugal e suas colónias a uma boa parte da Europa Colonialismo/ Imperialismo
  15. 15. <ul><li>1930: Acto Colonial </li></ul>Define as formas de relacionamento entre a metrópole (Portugal) e as colónias (estas sempre subordinadas a Lisboa).
  16. 16. Enquadramento ideológico da sociedade <ul><li>Legião Portuguesa (milícia armada); </li></ul><ul><li>Mocidade Portuguesa; </li></ul><ul><li>Ensino fortemente dirigista e comprometido com o regime. </li></ul>
  17. 17. Salazar e alguns generais a desfilarem perante a Mocidade Portuguesa Mocidade Portuguesa A Legião Portuguesa
  18. 18. Capa do livro da primeira classe Mocidade Portuguesa
  19. 19. <ul><li>Resumindo, os princípios ideológicos do Estado Novo são: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Corporativismo; </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Nacionalismo; </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Culto da personalidade; </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Imperialismo/ colonialismo; </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Totalitarismo (antiparlamentarismo, anti partidarismo, anticomunismo, anti sindicalismo, controlo total da vida de uma nação pelo chefe – Salazar). </li></ul></ul>
  20. 20. A trilogia do Estado Novo: Deus, Pátria, Família
  21. 21. <ul><li>Deus : forte ligação do Estado Novo à Igreja, o que se comprova pela assinatura da Concordata e se traduz num grande conservadorismo. </li></ul><ul><li>Pátria : forte sentimento nacionalista e patriótico que se reflectiu na exaltação dos heróis nacionais e da História. </li></ul><ul><li>Família : base nuclear da sociedade, o único grupo aceite pelo regime, ainda que controlado e subordinado ao “salvador da pátria”. </li></ul>
  22. 22. Educação e Repressão A juventude passou, por força da legislação sobre o ensino começada a publicar em 1930, a sofrer uma manipulação permanente , no sentido de lhe incutir a apreensão de uma concepção da história fundada no papel dos homens providenciais que tudo podem resolver, no culto do chefe, da disciplina, da trilogia central do Estado Novo: Deus-Pátria-Família. [...] um clima de medo manifestou-se em vários domínios do pensamento e, sobretudo, na acção. A imprensa livre desapareceu. A rádio e os jornais, assim como o serviço das agências noticiosas, passaram a ser submetidos a uma censura que, de facto, acabava por isolar os Portugueses dos grandes acontecimentos mundiais. César de Oliveira, “Da Ditadura Militar à implantação do Salazarismo”, in Portugal Contemporâneo , dir. António Reis, vol. IV, Alfa, Lisboa, 1990 (adaptado).
  23. 23. O Estado Novo: um estado repressivo Marinheiros revoltosos, detidos em Setembro de 1936 Repressão policial sobre mulheres de trabalhadores em greve
  24. 24. <ul><li>Organismos repressivos : </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Polícia política , PVDE (Polícia de Vigilância e Defesa do Estado), mais tarde PIDE (Polícia Internacional de Defesa do Estado), que perseguia, vigiava, prendia, torturava pessoas com ideias diferentes (os presos políticos); </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Censura que controlava toda a informação e produção cultural e artística, logo não havia liberdade de expressão nem de opinião; </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Criação de prisões políticas (Caxias, Peniche); </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Criação de um campo de concentração em Cabo Verde (Tarrafal). </li></ul></ul>
  25. 25. Algumas das torturas infligidas pela PIDE aos presos políticos
  26. 26. <ul><li> Um campo de concentração em Cabo Verde </li></ul><ul><li>O campo de concentração no pântano de Cabo Verde é dotado de todos os meios de extermínio: a fome, o trabalho forçado, o paludismo, a falta de assistência médica e, entre todos, a câmara das torturas – a frigideira! (…) </li></ul><ul><li>É um cubo de cimento armado, sem janelas nem luz interior, tendo como única abertura uma porta de ferro. (…) É um verdadeiro forno crematório. (…) O sol ardentíssimo, batendo continuamente nas não muito espessas paredes de cimento, origina no interior, com a ajuda de falta de ventilação e de renovação do ar, uma temperatura que deve oscilar entre os 40 e os 60 graus! </li></ul><ul><li>Cândido de Oliveira, cit. in A.H. de Oliveira Marques, </li></ul><ul><li>História de Portugal , vol. III (adaptado) </li></ul>

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