The International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) was established in 2003 as a joint project between SCOPE and IGBP to address the nitrogen paradox and find solutions to the problems caused by excess nitrogen. INI has regional centers, including INI-Europe which is directed by Wilfried Winiwarter at IIASA. Key areas of focus for INI-Europe include regional nitrogen budgets, effects of nitrogen on ecosystems and human health, and links between nitrogen and phosphorus use and environmental impacts. INI-Europe has produced several reports including the European Nitrogen Assessment and has contributed to several conferences on nitrogen issues.