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Moving 
Towards 
More 
Energy 
Efficient 
Wood-­‐Frame 
Building 
Enclosures 
Implica(ons 
of 
the 
New 
NBC 
Sec(on 
9.36 
! Graham 
Finch, 
MASc, 
P.Eng 
Principal, 
Building 
Science 
Research 
Engineer 
RDH 
Building 
Engineering 
Ltd. 
Vancouver, 
BC 
RCIC 
2013 
Edmonton 
– 
April 
30, 
2013
Presenta<on 
Outline 
! New 
Building 
Enclosure 
Energy 
Efficiency 
Requirements 
Under 
New 
2012 
NBC 
Sec(on 
9.36 
! Highly 
Insulated 
Wood-­‐frame 
Enclosure 
Assemblies 
! Building 
Enclosure 
Design 
Guide 
for 
Highly-­‐ 
Insulated 
Wood-­‐frame 
Buildings
New 
NBC 
Sec<on 
9.36 
Energy 
Efficiency 
Requirements 
! New 
Sec(on 
9.36 
-­‐ 
Whole 
Building 
Energy 
Efficiency 
Requirements 
for 
Part 
9 
houses 
! Reference 
to 
NECB 
2011 
for 
other 
buildings 
(Part 
3) 
! Building 
Enclosure 
(Envelope), 
HVAC, 
Hot-­‐Water 
Components 
! Prescrip(ve, 
Trade-­‐off 
and 
Energy 
Modeling 
Paths 
for 
Compliance 
! Effec(ve 
R-­‐values 
vs 
Nominal 
R-­‐ 
values 
2010 
NBC 
Updated 
in 
December 
2012 
– 
New 
Sec8on 
9.36. 
Energy 
Efficiency
Nominal 
vs 
Effec<ve 
R-­‐values 
! Nominal 
R-­‐values 
= 
Rated 
R-­‐values 
of 
insula(on 
which 
do 
not 
include 
impacts 
of 
how 
they 
are 
installed 
! For 
example 
R-­‐20 
ba 
insula(on 
or 
R-­‐10 
foam 
insula(on 
! Effec(ve 
R-­‐values 
or 
Real 
R-­‐values 
= 
Calculated 
R-­‐values 
of 
assemblies/ 
details 
which 
include 
impacts 
of 
installa(on 
and 
thermal 
bridges 
! For 
example 
nominal 
R-­‐20 
bas 
within 
steel 
studs 
16” 
o.c. 
becoming 
~R-­‐9 
effec(ve, 
or 
in 
wood 
studs 
~R-­‐15
Thermal 
Bridging 
! Thermal 
bridging 
occurs 
when 
a 
conduc(ve 
material 
(e.g. 
aluminum, 
steel, 
concrete, 
wood 
etc.) 
provides 
a 
path 
for 
heat 
to 
flow 
around 
insula(on 
! The 
bypassing 
“bridging” 
of 
the 
less 
conduc(ve 
material 
significantly 
reduces 
its 
effec(veness 
as 
an 
insulator 
! Examples: 
! Wood 
framing 
(studs, 
plates) 
in 
insulated 
wall 
! Steel 
framing 
in 
insulated 
wall 
! Conduc(ve 
cladding 
aachments 
through 
insula(on 
(metal 
girts, 
clips, 
anchors, 
screws 
etc) 
! Concrete 
slab 
edge 
(balcony, 
exposed 
slab 
edge) 
through 
a 
wall 
! Window 
frames 
and 
windows 
themselves
Why 
Thermal 
Bridging 
is 
Important 
! Effec(ve 
R-­‐values 
account 
for 
thermal 
bridges 
and 
represent 
actual 
heat 
flow 
through 
enclosure 
assemblies 
and 
details 
! Heat 
flow 
finds 
the 
path 
of 
least 
resistance 
! Dispropor(onate 
amount 
of 
heat 
flow 
occurs 
through 
thermal 
bridges 
! Ofen 
adding 
more/thicker 
insula(on 
can’t 
help 
! Required 
for 
almost 
all 
energy 
and 
building 
code 
calcula(ons 
! Energy 
code 
compliance 
has 
historically 
focused 
on 
assembly 
R-­‐values 
– 
however 
more 
importance 
is 
being 
placed 
on 
details 
and 
interfaces 
& 
thermal 
bridges 
! Air(ghtness 
also 
as 
important
New 
NBC 
Sec<on 
9.36 
Energy 
Efficiency 
Requirements 
! Increased 
emphasis 
on 
con(nuous 
insula(on, 
higher 
effec(ve 
R-­‐values 
! Minimum 
R-­‐value 
Tables 
for 
Above 
& 
Below 
Grade 
Enclosures 
(Walls, 
Roofs, 
Floors) 
– 
dependent 
on 
whether 
HRV 
present 
in 
house 
(minor 
tradeoff 
allowance) 
! Maximum 
U-­‐value 
(minimum 
R-­‐value) 
& 
Minimum 
Energy 
Ra(ng 
(ER) 
Tables 
for 
Windows, 
Doors, 
Skylights 
! Prescrip(ve 
air(ghtness 
requirements 
(no 
blower 
door 
yet) 
! HVAC 
duct 
sealing/insula(on, 
minimum 
equipment 
efficiency 
! Domes(c 
Hot 
Water, 
minimum 
equipment 
efficiency 
! Energy 
modeling 
op(on 
& 
Trade-­‐off 
op(ons
New 
NBC/NECB 
Climate 
Zone 
Divisions 
• >7000 HDD 
• 6000 to 6999 HDD 
• 5000 to 5999 HDD 
• 4000 to 4999 HDD 
• 3000 to 3999 HDD 
• < 3000 HDD
Wall, 
Roof 
& 
Window 
Requirements 
for 
Alberta 
(NBC 
9.36) 
Climate 
Zone 
Wall 
-­‐ 
Above 
Grade: 
Minimum 
R-­‐value 
(IP) 
Roof 
– 
Flat/ 
Cathedral: 
Minimum 
R-­‐ 
value 
(IP) 
Roof 
– 
AXc: 
Minimum 
R-­‐value 
(IP) 
Window: 
Max. 
U-­‐ 
value 
(IP) 
/ 
Min. 
ER 
8 
21.9 
28.5 
59.2 
0.25 
/ 
29 
7B 
21.9 
28.5 
59.2 
0.25 
/ 
29 
7A 
17.5 
28.5 
59.2 
0.28 
/ 
25 
6 
17.5 
26.5 
49.2 
0.28 
/ 
25 
Without 
a 
HRV 
Climate 
Zone 
Wall 
-­‐ 
Above 
Grade: 
Minimum 
R-­‐value 
(IP) 
Roof 
– 
Flat/ 
Cathedral: 
Minimum 
R-­‐ 
value 
(IP) 
Roof 
– 
AXc: 
Minimum 
R-­‐value 
(IP) 
Window: 
Max. 
U-­‐ 
value 
(IP) 
/ 
Min. 
ER 
8 
17.5 
28.5 
59.2 
0.25 
/ 
29 
7B 
17.5 
28.5 
59.2 
0.25 
/ 
29 
7A 
16.9 
28.5 
49.2 
0.28 
/ 
25 
6 
16.9 
26.5 
49.2 
0.28 
/ 
25 
With 
a 
HRV
Wall, 
Roof 
& 
Windows 
(NECB 
2011/ASHRAE 
90.1-­‐2010) 
Climate 
Zone 
Wall 
– 
Above 
Grade: 
Minimum 
R-­‐value 
(IP) 
Roof 
– 
Flat 
or 
Sloped: 
Minimum 
R-­‐value 
(IP) 
Window: 
Max. 
U-­‐ 
value 
(IP) 
8 
31.0 
40.0 
0.28 
7B 
27.0 
35.0 
0.39 
7A 
27.0 
35.0 
0.39 
6 
23.0 
31.0 
0.39 
NECB 
2011 
ASHRAE 
90.1-­‐2010 
– 
Residen<al 
Building 
Climate 
Zone 
Wall 
(Mass, 
Wood, 
Steel): 
Min 
R-­‐value 
Roof 
(AXc, 
Cathedral/ 
Flat): 
Min 
R-­‐ 
value 
Window 
(Alum, 
PVC/ 
fiberglass): 
Max. 
U-­‐value 
8 
19.2, 
27.8, 
27.0 
47.6, 
20.8 
0.45, 
0.35 
7B 
14.1, 
19.6, 
23.8 
37.0, 
20.8 
0.45, 
0.35 
7A 
14.1, 
19.6, 
23.8 
37.0, 
20.8 
0.45, 
0.35 
6 
12.5, 
19.6, 
15.6 
37.0, 
20.8 
0.55, 
0.35 
*7A/7B 
combined 
in 
ASHRAE 
90.1
Guidance: 
Effec<ve 
R-­‐values 
within 
NBC 
9.36 
! Some 
guidance 
(Table 
A-­‐9.36.2.6.(1)A 
provided 
for 
calcula(on 
of 
effec(ve 
R-­‐values 
of 
some 
assemblies 
(to 
help 
transi(on 
from 
nominal 
R-­‐values) 
! Sufficient 
for 
most 
wood-­‐frame 
/ICF 
wall 
assemblies 
! No 
provisions 
for 
cladding 
aachment/ 
thermal 
bridging
Typical 
Wood-­‐frame 
Wall 
Assemblies 
– 
Effec<ve 
R-­‐values 
Wall 
Assembly 
/ 
Insula<on 
Rated 
R-­‐ 
value 
Effec<ve 
Wall 
R-­‐value 
** 
Studs 
at 
16”, 
25% 
F.F.* 
Studs 
at 
24”, 
22% 
F.F.* 
2x4 
w/ 
R-­‐12 
baes 
10.7 
-­‐ 
2x4 
w/ 
R-­‐14 
baes 
11.5 
-­‐ 
2x6 
w/ 
R-­‐19 
baes 
15.5 
16.1 
2x6 
w/ 
R-­‐22 
baes 
16.6 
17.4 
2x6 
w/ 
2pcf 
18.3 
19.3 
sprayfoam 
(R-­‐5/in, 
R-­‐27.5) 
2x6 
w/ 
2pcf 
sprayfoam 
(R-­‐6/in, 
R-­‐33) 
18.6 
19.8 
*Studs at 16” o.c.=25% total Framing Factor (F.F.) and Studs at 24” o.c. =22% total framing factor. This 
includes typical framing arrangements of studs, sill and top plates, window headers, corners, built-up 
studs etc. 
** All values calculated using three-dimensional thermal modeling calibrated to hot-box testing
Beyond 
2x6 
Framed 
Walls 
! Effec(ve 
R-­‐value 
targets 
above 
~R-­‐17 
essen(ally 
means 
that 
standard 
prac(ce 
of 
ba 
insula(on 
in 
2x6 
stud 
frame 
wall 
is 
inadequate 
! Shifs 
code 
minimum 
baseline 
wall 
assembly 
to: 
! Insulated/Foam 
Sheathing 
! Sprayfoam? 
! Exterior/Split 
Rigid 
Insula(on 
! Double/Deep 
Stud 
! Structurally 
Insulated 
Panels 
(SIPs) 
! Insulated 
Concrete 
Forms 
(ICFs)
Insula<on 
Placement 
& 
Wall 
Design 
Considera<ons 
Interior 
Insula(on 
Exterior 
Insula(on 
Split 
Insula(on
GeXng 
to 
Higher 
R-­‐values 
– 
Insula<on 
Placement 
Baseline 
2x6 
w/ 
R-­‐22 
bas 
= 
R-­‐16 
effec<ve 
Exterior 
Insula(on 
– 
R-­‐20 
to 
R-­‐40+ 
effec<ve 
• Constraints: 
cladding 
aachment, 
wall 
thickness 
• Good 
for 
wood/steel/concrete 
Deep/Double 
Stud– 
R-­‐20 
to 
R-­‐40+ 
effec<ve 
• Constraints 
wall 
thickness 
• Good 
for 
wood, 
wasted 
for 
steel 
Split 
Insula(on– 
R-­‐20 
to 
R-­‐40+ 
effec<ve 
• Constraints: 
cladding 
aachment 
• Good 
for 
wood, 
palatable 
for 
steel
Exterior 
Insulated 
Walls 
! Insula(on 
outboard 
of 
structure 
and 
control 
layers 
(air/vapor/water) 
! Thermal 
mass 
at 
interior 
where 
useful 
! Excellent 
performance 
in 
all 
climate 
zones 
! Cladding 
Aachment 
biggest 
source 
of 
thermal 
loss/bridging 
! Not 
the 
panacea, 
can 
s(ll 
mess 
it 
up 
Steel Stud Concrete Heavy Timber (CLT)
Exterior 
Insula<on 
Assemblies 
! Key 
Considera(ons: 
! Cladding 
Aachment 
! Wall 
Thickness 
! Heat 
Control: 
Exterior 
Insula(on 
! Air 
Control: 
Membrane 
on 
exterior 
of 
structure 
! Vapor 
Control: 
Membrane 
on 
exterior 
of 
structure 
! Water 
Control: 
Membrane 
on 
exterior 
of 
structure 
(possibly 
surface 
of 
insula(on)
Cladding 
Aeachment 
through 
Exterior 
Insula<on 
! Many 
Possible 
Strategies 
– 
Wide 
Range 
of 
Performance
Minimizing 
Thermal 
Bridging 
through 
Exterior 
Insula<on 
Longer cladding 
Fasteners directly 
through rigid 
insulation (up to 2” 
for light claddings) 
Long screws through 
vertical strapping and rigid 
insulation creates truss 
(8”+) – short cladding 
fasteners into vertical 
strapping Rigid shear block type connection 
through insulation, cladding to 
vertical strapping
Key 
Considera<ons 
-­‐ 
Split 
Insula<on 
Assemblies 
! Key 
Considera(ons: 
! Exterior 
insula(on 
type 
! Cladding 
aachment 
! Sequencing 
& 
detailing 
! Heat 
Control: 
Exterior 
and 
stud 
space 
Insula(on 
! Air 
Control: 
House-­‐wrap 
adhered/sheet/ 
liquid 
membrane 
on 
sheathing, 
sealants/ 
tapes 
etc. 
Ofen 
vapor 
permeable 
! Vapor 
Control: 
Poly 
or 
VB 
paint 
at 
interior, 
plywood/OSB 
sheathing 
! Water 
Control: 
Rainscreen 
cladding*, 
WRB 
membrane, 
surface 
of 
insula(on
Split 
Insula<on 
Assemblies 
– 
Exterior 
Insula<on 
Selec<on 
! Foam 
insula(ons 
(XPS, 
EPS, 
Polyiso, 
ccSPF) 
are 
vapor 
impermeable 
! Is 
the 
vapor 
barrier 
on 
the 
wrong 
side? 
! Does 
your 
wall 
have 
two 
vapor 
barriers? 
! How 
much 
insula(on 
should 
be 
put 
outside 
of 
the 
sheathing? 
– 
More 
the 
beer, 
but 
room? 
! Rigid 
mineral 
or 
glass 
fiber 
insula(on 
are 
vapor 
permeable 
which 
can 
address 
these 
concerns 
! Vapor 
permeability 
of 
WRB 
and 
air-­‐barrier 
also 
important 
! Risk 
is 
dependant 
on 
interior 
condi(ons 
(RH) 
and 
poten(al 
for 
air-­‐leakage, 
and 
on 
exterior 
condi(ons 
(rain/RH) 
and 
poten(al 
for 
water 
leaks
Double/Deep 
Stud 
Insulated 
! Double 
2x4/2x6 
stud, 
Single 
Deep 
2x10, 
2x10, 
I-­‐Joist 
etc… 
! Common 
wood-­‐frame 
wall 
assembly 
in 
many 
passive 
houses 
! Lends 
itself 
well 
to 
pre-­‐fabricated 
wall/roof 
assemblies 
! Interior 
service 
wall 
– 
greater 
control 
over 
interior 
air(ghtness 
! Higher 
risk 
for 
damage 
if 
sheathing 
gets 
wet 
(rainwater, 
air 
leakage, 
vapor 
diffusion)
Key 
Considera<ons 
– 
Double 
Stud/Deep 
Stud 
! Key 
Considera(ons: 
! Air-­‐sealing 
! Rainwater 
management/detailing 
! Heat 
Control: 
Double 
stud 
cavity 
fill 
insula(on(s) 
! Air 
Control: 
House-­‐wrap/membrane 
on 
sheathing, 
poly, 
air(ght 
drywall 
on 
interior, 
OSB/plywood 
at 
interior, 
tapes, 
sealants, 
sprayfoam. 
Air(ghtness 
on 
both 
sides 
of 
cavity 
recommended 
! Vapor 
Control: 
Poly, 
VB 
paint 
or 
OSB/ 
plywood 
at 
interior 
! Water 
Control: 
Rainscreen 
cladding*, 
WRB 
at 
house-­‐wrap/membrane, 
flashings 
etc.
Building 
Enclosure 
Design 
Guidance 
! Energy-­‐Efficient 
Building 
Enclosure 
Design 
Guide 
for 
Wood-­‐frame 
Mul(-­‐Unit 
Residen(al 
Buildings 
in 
Marine 
to 
Cold 
Climates 
! Builds 
off 
of 
Previous 
Building 
Enclosure 
Design 
Guides 
& 
CMHC 
Best 
Prac(ce 
Guides 
! Focus 
on 
durable 
and 
highly 
insulated 
wood-­‐frame 
assemblies 
to 
meet 
current 
and 
upcoming 
energy 
codes 
! Guidance 
for 
taller 
and 
alternate 
wood-­‐frame 
structures 
(ie 
post 
& 
beam, 
CLT) 
up 
to 
6 
stories
What 
is 
in 
the 
Guide? 
! Chapter 
1: 
Introduc(on 
! Context 
! Chapter 
2: 
Building 
and 
Energy 
Codes 
across 
North 
America 
! Canadian 
Building 
and 
Energy 
Code 
Summaries 
& 
R-­‐value 
requirements 
! US 
Building 
and 
Energy 
Code 
Summaries 
& 
R-­‐value 
requirements 
! Performance 
Ra(ng 
Systems 
& 
Green 
Building 
Programs
What 
is 
in 
the 
Guide? 
! Chapter 
3: 
Moisture, 
Air 
and 
Thermal 
Control 
! Building 
as 
a 
System 
! Climate 
Zones 
! Interior 
Climate, 
HVAC 
Interac(on 
! Cri(cal 
Barriers 
! Control 
of 
Rainwater 
Penetra(on 
! Control 
of 
Air 
Flow 
! Controlling 
Condensa(on 
! Construc(on 
Moisture 
! Controlling 
Heat 
Flow 
and 
Insula(on 
! Whole 
Building 
Energy 
Efficiency 
! Computer 
Simula(on 
Considera(ons 
for 
Wood-­‐frame 
Enclosures
What 
is 
in 
the 
Guide? 
! Chapter 
4: 
Energy 
Efficient 
Wall 
and 
Roof 
Assemblies 
! Above 
Grade 
Wall 
Assemblies 
• Split 
Insulated, 
Double 
Stud/Deep 
Stud, 
Exterior 
Insulated 
• Infill 
Walls 
for 
Concrete 
Frame 
! Below 
Grade 
Wall 
Assemblies 
• Interior 
and 
Exterior 
Insulated 
! Roof 
Assemblies 
• Steep 
Slope 
& 
Low 
Slope 
! Chapter 
5: 
Detailing 
! 2D 
CAD 
(colored) 
and 
3D 
build-­‐sequences 
for 
various 
typical 
enclosure 
details 
! Chapter 
6: 
Further 
Reading 
& 
References
Air 
Flow 
Control 
– 
Air 
Barrier 
Strategies 
! Air 
Barrier 
Systems 
(Fundamentals, 
Materials, 
Performance, 
tes(ng) 
! Sealed 
Poly/Sheet 
Membranes 
! Air(ght 
drywall 
! Sprayfoam 
! Sealed-­‐Sheathing 
Approaches 
› Unsupported 
sheet 
membranes 
› Supported 
sheet 
membranes 
with 
ver(cal 
strapping 
› Sandwiched 
membranes 
behind 
exterior 
insula(on 
› Self-­‐Adhered 
and 
liquid 
applied 
membranes
Heat 
Flow 
Control 
& 
Insula<on 
! Control 
of 
Heat 
Flow 
! Minimizing 
Conduc(ve 
Losses, 
Minimizing 
Air 
Leakage 
! Placement 
of 
Insula(on 
within 
assemblies 
! Wood 
framing 
factors 
! Types 
of 
insula(on, 
R-­‐values 
and 
typical 
uses 
! Thermal 
bridging 
and 
effec(ve 
R-­‐values
Energy 
Efficient 
Walls 
– 
Split 
Insulated 
! Material 
selec(on 
& 
guidance 
! Control 
Func(ons 
! Cri(cal 
Barriers 
! Effec(ve 
R-­‐value 
Tables 
Wood 
framing 
Nominal 
stud-­‐ 
space 
insulation 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
Exterior 
insulation 
None 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
R-­‐4 
(1 
inch) 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
R-­‐8 
(2 
inches) 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
R-­‐12 
(3 
inches) 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
R-­‐16 
(4 
inches) 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
R-­‐20 
(5 
inches) 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
R-­‐24 
(6 
inches) 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
2x4 
R-­‐12 
(2.1) 
10.7 
(1.9) 
15.0 
(2.6) 
18.8 
(3.3) 
22.5 
(4.0) 
26.2 
(4.6) 
29.7 
(5.2) 
33.2 
(5.8) 
R-­‐14 
(2.5) 
11.5 
(2.0) 
15.8 
(2.8) 
19.6 
(3.4) 
23.2 
(4.1) 
27.0 
(4.8) 
30.5 
(5.4) 
34.0 
(6.0) 
2x6 
R-­‐19 
(3.3) 
15.5 
(2.7) 
19.8 
(3.5) 
23.7 
(4.2) 
27.3 
(4.8) 
31.0 
(5.5) 
34.5 
(6.1) 
38.0 
(6.7) 
R-­‐22 
(3.9) 
16.6 
(2.9) 
21.0 
(3.7) 
24.8 
(4.4) 
28.5 
(5.0) 
32.2 
(5.7) 
35.7 
(6.3) 
39.2 
(6.9)
Energy 
Efficient 
Walls 
– 
Double 
Stud/Deep 
Stud 
! Material 
selec(on 
& 
guidance 
! Control 
Func(ons 
! Cri(cal 
Barriers 
! Effec(ve 
R-­‐value 
Tables 
Wood 
framing 
Nominal 
fill 
insulation 
[R-­‐value/inch 
(RSI/cm)] 
Gap 
width 
between 
stud 
walls 
No 
gap 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
1-­‐inch 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
2-­‐inches 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
3-­‐inches 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
4-­‐inches 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
5-­‐inches 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
6-­‐inches 
[R-­‐value 
(RSI)] 
Double-­‐ 
stud 
2x4 
R-­‐3.4/inch 
(0.24/cm) 
19.1 
(3.4) 
22.9 
(4.0) 
26.5 
(4.7) 
30.0 
(5.3) 
33.4 
(5.9) 
36.9 
(6.5) 
40.3 
(7.1) 
R-­‐4.0/inch 
(0.28/cm) 
20.5 
(3.6) 
25.1 
(4.4) 
29.4 
(5.2) 
33.4 
(5.9) 
37.4 
(6.6) 
41.5 
(7.3) 
45.4 
(8.0)
Pitched-­‐Roof, 
Exterior 
Insulated 
Assembly 
! Materials 
& 
Control 
Func(ons 
! Cri(cal 
Barriers 
! Effec(ve 
R-­‐values
Low-­‐Slope 
Conven<onal 
Roof 
Assembly 
! Materials 
& 
Control 
Func(ons 
! Cri(cal 
Barriers 
! Effec(ve 
R-­‐values 
(Accoun(ng 
for 
tapered 
insula(on 
packages)
Detailing 
! 2D 
CAD 
details 
(colored) 
provided 
for 
typical 
details 
for 
each 
wall 
assembly 
type 
(split 
insulated, 
double 
stud, 
exterior 
insulated) 
plus 
some 
for 
infill 
walls 
! 3D 
sequence 
details 
provided 
for 
window 
interfacing 
(split 
insulated, 
double 
stud, 
exterior 
insulated)
Detailing 
– 
Colored 
2D 
Details
Detailing 
– 
Wall 
to 
Roof 
Interfaces
Detailing 
– 
2D 
Window 
Details
Detailing 
– 
3D 
Window 
Installa<on 
Sequences
Discussion 
! Graham 
Finch, 
MASc, 
P.Eng 
gfinch@rdhbe.com 
604-­‐873-­‐1181 
! Building 
Enclosure 
Design 
Guide 
Available 
from 
FP 
Innova(ons: 
hp://www.fpinnova(ons.ca/ResearchProgram/ 
AdvancedBuildingSystem/designing-­‐energy-­‐efficient-­‐ 
building-­‐enclosures.pdf

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Moving Towards More Energy Efficient Wood Frame Building Enclosures

  • 1. Moving Towards More Energy Efficient Wood-­‐Frame Building Enclosures Implica(ons of the New NBC Sec(on 9.36 ! Graham Finch, MASc, P.Eng Principal, Building Science Research Engineer RDH Building Engineering Ltd. Vancouver, BC RCIC 2013 Edmonton – April 30, 2013
  • 2. Presenta<on Outline ! New Building Enclosure Energy Efficiency Requirements Under New 2012 NBC Sec(on 9.36 ! Highly Insulated Wood-­‐frame Enclosure Assemblies ! Building Enclosure Design Guide for Highly-­‐ Insulated Wood-­‐frame Buildings
  • 3. New NBC Sec<on 9.36 Energy Efficiency Requirements ! New Sec(on 9.36 -­‐ Whole Building Energy Efficiency Requirements for Part 9 houses ! Reference to NECB 2011 for other buildings (Part 3) ! Building Enclosure (Envelope), HVAC, Hot-­‐Water Components ! Prescrip(ve, Trade-­‐off and Energy Modeling Paths for Compliance ! Effec(ve R-­‐values vs Nominal R-­‐ values 2010 NBC Updated in December 2012 – New Sec8on 9.36. Energy Efficiency
  • 4. Nominal vs Effec<ve R-­‐values ! Nominal R-­‐values = Rated R-­‐values of insula(on which do not include impacts of how they are installed ! For example R-­‐20 ba insula(on or R-­‐10 foam insula(on ! Effec(ve R-­‐values or Real R-­‐values = Calculated R-­‐values of assemblies/ details which include impacts of installa(on and thermal bridges ! For example nominal R-­‐20 bas within steel studs 16” o.c. becoming ~R-­‐9 effec(ve, or in wood studs ~R-­‐15
  • 5. Thermal Bridging ! Thermal bridging occurs when a conduc(ve material (e.g. aluminum, steel, concrete, wood etc.) provides a path for heat to flow around insula(on ! The bypassing “bridging” of the less conduc(ve material significantly reduces its effec(veness as an insulator ! Examples: ! Wood framing (studs, plates) in insulated wall ! Steel framing in insulated wall ! Conduc(ve cladding aachments through insula(on (metal girts, clips, anchors, screws etc) ! Concrete slab edge (balcony, exposed slab edge) through a wall ! Window frames and windows themselves
  • 6. Why Thermal Bridging is Important ! Effec(ve R-­‐values account for thermal bridges and represent actual heat flow through enclosure assemblies and details ! Heat flow finds the path of least resistance ! Dispropor(onate amount of heat flow occurs through thermal bridges ! Ofen adding more/thicker insula(on can’t help ! Required for almost all energy and building code calcula(ons ! Energy code compliance has historically focused on assembly R-­‐values – however more importance is being placed on details and interfaces & thermal bridges ! Air(ghtness also as important
  • 7. New NBC Sec<on 9.36 Energy Efficiency Requirements ! Increased emphasis on con(nuous insula(on, higher effec(ve R-­‐values ! Minimum R-­‐value Tables for Above & Below Grade Enclosures (Walls, Roofs, Floors) – dependent on whether HRV present in house (minor tradeoff allowance) ! Maximum U-­‐value (minimum R-­‐value) & Minimum Energy Ra(ng (ER) Tables for Windows, Doors, Skylights ! Prescrip(ve air(ghtness requirements (no blower door yet) ! HVAC duct sealing/insula(on, minimum equipment efficiency ! Domes(c Hot Water, minimum equipment efficiency ! Energy modeling op(on & Trade-­‐off op(ons
  • 8. New NBC/NECB Climate Zone Divisions • >7000 HDD • 6000 to 6999 HDD • 5000 to 5999 HDD • 4000 to 4999 HDD • 3000 to 3999 HDD • < 3000 HDD
  • 9. Wall, Roof & Window Requirements for Alberta (NBC 9.36) Climate Zone Wall -­‐ Above Grade: Minimum R-­‐value (IP) Roof – Flat/ Cathedral: Minimum R-­‐ value (IP) Roof – AXc: Minimum R-­‐value (IP) Window: Max. U-­‐ value (IP) / Min. ER 8 21.9 28.5 59.2 0.25 / 29 7B 21.9 28.5 59.2 0.25 / 29 7A 17.5 28.5 59.2 0.28 / 25 6 17.5 26.5 49.2 0.28 / 25 Without a HRV Climate Zone Wall -­‐ Above Grade: Minimum R-­‐value (IP) Roof – Flat/ Cathedral: Minimum R-­‐ value (IP) Roof – AXc: Minimum R-­‐value (IP) Window: Max. U-­‐ value (IP) / Min. ER 8 17.5 28.5 59.2 0.25 / 29 7B 17.5 28.5 59.2 0.25 / 29 7A 16.9 28.5 49.2 0.28 / 25 6 16.9 26.5 49.2 0.28 / 25 With a HRV
  • 10. Wall, Roof & Windows (NECB 2011/ASHRAE 90.1-­‐2010) Climate Zone Wall – Above Grade: Minimum R-­‐value (IP) Roof – Flat or Sloped: Minimum R-­‐value (IP) Window: Max. U-­‐ value (IP) 8 31.0 40.0 0.28 7B 27.0 35.0 0.39 7A 27.0 35.0 0.39 6 23.0 31.0 0.39 NECB 2011 ASHRAE 90.1-­‐2010 – Residen<al Building Climate Zone Wall (Mass, Wood, Steel): Min R-­‐value Roof (AXc, Cathedral/ Flat): Min R-­‐ value Window (Alum, PVC/ fiberglass): Max. U-­‐value 8 19.2, 27.8, 27.0 47.6, 20.8 0.45, 0.35 7B 14.1, 19.6, 23.8 37.0, 20.8 0.45, 0.35 7A 14.1, 19.6, 23.8 37.0, 20.8 0.45, 0.35 6 12.5, 19.6, 15.6 37.0, 20.8 0.55, 0.35 *7A/7B combined in ASHRAE 90.1
  • 11. Guidance: Effec<ve R-­‐values within NBC 9.36 ! Some guidance (Table A-­‐9.36.2.6.(1)A provided for calcula(on of effec(ve R-­‐values of some assemblies (to help transi(on from nominal R-­‐values) ! Sufficient for most wood-­‐frame /ICF wall assemblies ! No provisions for cladding aachment/ thermal bridging
  • 12. Typical Wood-­‐frame Wall Assemblies – Effec<ve R-­‐values Wall Assembly / Insula<on Rated R-­‐ value Effec<ve Wall R-­‐value ** Studs at 16”, 25% F.F.* Studs at 24”, 22% F.F.* 2x4 w/ R-­‐12 baes 10.7 -­‐ 2x4 w/ R-­‐14 baes 11.5 -­‐ 2x6 w/ R-­‐19 baes 15.5 16.1 2x6 w/ R-­‐22 baes 16.6 17.4 2x6 w/ 2pcf 18.3 19.3 sprayfoam (R-­‐5/in, R-­‐27.5) 2x6 w/ 2pcf sprayfoam (R-­‐6/in, R-­‐33) 18.6 19.8 *Studs at 16” o.c.=25% total Framing Factor (F.F.) and Studs at 24” o.c. =22% total framing factor. This includes typical framing arrangements of studs, sill and top plates, window headers, corners, built-up studs etc. ** All values calculated using three-dimensional thermal modeling calibrated to hot-box testing
  • 13. Beyond 2x6 Framed Walls ! Effec(ve R-­‐value targets above ~R-­‐17 essen(ally means that standard prac(ce of ba insula(on in 2x6 stud frame wall is inadequate ! Shifs code minimum baseline wall assembly to: ! Insulated/Foam Sheathing ! Sprayfoam? ! Exterior/Split Rigid Insula(on ! Double/Deep Stud ! Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs) ! Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs)
  • 14. Insula<on Placement & Wall Design Considera<ons Interior Insula(on Exterior Insula(on Split Insula(on
  • 15. GeXng to Higher R-­‐values – Insula<on Placement Baseline 2x6 w/ R-­‐22 bas = R-­‐16 effec<ve Exterior Insula(on – R-­‐20 to R-­‐40+ effec<ve • Constraints: cladding aachment, wall thickness • Good for wood/steel/concrete Deep/Double Stud– R-­‐20 to R-­‐40+ effec<ve • Constraints wall thickness • Good for wood, wasted for steel Split Insula(on– R-­‐20 to R-­‐40+ effec<ve • Constraints: cladding aachment • Good for wood, palatable for steel
  • 16. Exterior Insulated Walls ! Insula(on outboard of structure and control layers (air/vapor/water) ! Thermal mass at interior where useful ! Excellent performance in all climate zones ! Cladding Aachment biggest source of thermal loss/bridging ! Not the panacea, can s(ll mess it up Steel Stud Concrete Heavy Timber (CLT)
  • 17. Exterior Insula<on Assemblies ! Key Considera(ons: ! Cladding Aachment ! Wall Thickness ! Heat Control: Exterior Insula(on ! Air Control: Membrane on exterior of structure ! Vapor Control: Membrane on exterior of structure ! Water Control: Membrane on exterior of structure (possibly surface of insula(on)
  • 18. Cladding Aeachment through Exterior Insula<on ! Many Possible Strategies – Wide Range of Performance
  • 19. Minimizing Thermal Bridging through Exterior Insula<on Longer cladding Fasteners directly through rigid insulation (up to 2” for light claddings) Long screws through vertical strapping and rigid insulation creates truss (8”+) – short cladding fasteners into vertical strapping Rigid shear block type connection through insulation, cladding to vertical strapping
  • 20. Key Considera<ons -­‐ Split Insula<on Assemblies ! Key Considera(ons: ! Exterior insula(on type ! Cladding aachment ! Sequencing & detailing ! Heat Control: Exterior and stud space Insula(on ! Air Control: House-­‐wrap adhered/sheet/ liquid membrane on sheathing, sealants/ tapes etc. Ofen vapor permeable ! Vapor Control: Poly or VB paint at interior, plywood/OSB sheathing ! Water Control: Rainscreen cladding*, WRB membrane, surface of insula(on
  • 21. Split Insula<on Assemblies – Exterior Insula<on Selec<on ! Foam insula(ons (XPS, EPS, Polyiso, ccSPF) are vapor impermeable ! Is the vapor barrier on the wrong side? ! Does your wall have two vapor barriers? ! How much insula(on should be put outside of the sheathing? – More the beer, but room? ! Rigid mineral or glass fiber insula(on are vapor permeable which can address these concerns ! Vapor permeability of WRB and air-­‐barrier also important ! Risk is dependant on interior condi(ons (RH) and poten(al for air-­‐leakage, and on exterior condi(ons (rain/RH) and poten(al for water leaks
  • 22. Double/Deep Stud Insulated ! Double 2x4/2x6 stud, Single Deep 2x10, 2x10, I-­‐Joist etc… ! Common wood-­‐frame wall assembly in many passive houses ! Lends itself well to pre-­‐fabricated wall/roof assemblies ! Interior service wall – greater control over interior air(ghtness ! Higher risk for damage if sheathing gets wet (rainwater, air leakage, vapor diffusion)
  • 23. Key Considera<ons – Double Stud/Deep Stud ! Key Considera(ons: ! Air-­‐sealing ! Rainwater management/detailing ! Heat Control: Double stud cavity fill insula(on(s) ! Air Control: House-­‐wrap/membrane on sheathing, poly, air(ght drywall on interior, OSB/plywood at interior, tapes, sealants, sprayfoam. Air(ghtness on both sides of cavity recommended ! Vapor Control: Poly, VB paint or OSB/ plywood at interior ! Water Control: Rainscreen cladding*, WRB at house-­‐wrap/membrane, flashings etc.
  • 24. Building Enclosure Design Guidance ! Energy-­‐Efficient Building Enclosure Design Guide for Wood-­‐frame Mul(-­‐Unit Residen(al Buildings in Marine to Cold Climates ! Builds off of Previous Building Enclosure Design Guides & CMHC Best Prac(ce Guides ! Focus on durable and highly insulated wood-­‐frame assemblies to meet current and upcoming energy codes ! Guidance for taller and alternate wood-­‐frame structures (ie post & beam, CLT) up to 6 stories
  • 25. What is in the Guide? ! Chapter 1: Introduc(on ! Context ! Chapter 2: Building and Energy Codes across North America ! Canadian Building and Energy Code Summaries & R-­‐value requirements ! US Building and Energy Code Summaries & R-­‐value requirements ! Performance Ra(ng Systems & Green Building Programs
  • 26. What is in the Guide? ! Chapter 3: Moisture, Air and Thermal Control ! Building as a System ! Climate Zones ! Interior Climate, HVAC Interac(on ! Cri(cal Barriers ! Control of Rainwater Penetra(on ! Control of Air Flow ! Controlling Condensa(on ! Construc(on Moisture ! Controlling Heat Flow and Insula(on ! Whole Building Energy Efficiency ! Computer Simula(on Considera(ons for Wood-­‐frame Enclosures
  • 27. What is in the Guide? ! Chapter 4: Energy Efficient Wall and Roof Assemblies ! Above Grade Wall Assemblies • Split Insulated, Double Stud/Deep Stud, Exterior Insulated • Infill Walls for Concrete Frame ! Below Grade Wall Assemblies • Interior and Exterior Insulated ! Roof Assemblies • Steep Slope & Low Slope ! Chapter 5: Detailing ! 2D CAD (colored) and 3D build-­‐sequences for various typical enclosure details ! Chapter 6: Further Reading & References
  • 28. Air Flow Control – Air Barrier Strategies ! Air Barrier Systems (Fundamentals, Materials, Performance, tes(ng) ! Sealed Poly/Sheet Membranes ! Air(ght drywall ! Sprayfoam ! Sealed-­‐Sheathing Approaches › Unsupported sheet membranes › Supported sheet membranes with ver(cal strapping › Sandwiched membranes behind exterior insula(on › Self-­‐Adhered and liquid applied membranes
  • 29. Heat Flow Control & Insula<on ! Control of Heat Flow ! Minimizing Conduc(ve Losses, Minimizing Air Leakage ! Placement of Insula(on within assemblies ! Wood framing factors ! Types of insula(on, R-­‐values and typical uses ! Thermal bridging and effec(ve R-­‐values
  • 30. Energy Efficient Walls – Split Insulated ! Material selec(on & guidance ! Control Func(ons ! Cri(cal Barriers ! Effec(ve R-­‐value Tables Wood framing Nominal stud-­‐ space insulation [R-­‐value (RSI)] Exterior insulation None [R-­‐value (RSI)] R-­‐4 (1 inch) [R-­‐value (RSI)] R-­‐8 (2 inches) [R-­‐value (RSI)] R-­‐12 (3 inches) [R-­‐value (RSI)] R-­‐16 (4 inches) [R-­‐value (RSI)] R-­‐20 (5 inches) [R-­‐value (RSI)] R-­‐24 (6 inches) [R-­‐value (RSI)] 2x4 R-­‐12 (2.1) 10.7 (1.9) 15.0 (2.6) 18.8 (3.3) 22.5 (4.0) 26.2 (4.6) 29.7 (5.2) 33.2 (5.8) R-­‐14 (2.5) 11.5 (2.0) 15.8 (2.8) 19.6 (3.4) 23.2 (4.1) 27.0 (4.8) 30.5 (5.4) 34.0 (6.0) 2x6 R-­‐19 (3.3) 15.5 (2.7) 19.8 (3.5) 23.7 (4.2) 27.3 (4.8) 31.0 (5.5) 34.5 (6.1) 38.0 (6.7) R-­‐22 (3.9) 16.6 (2.9) 21.0 (3.7) 24.8 (4.4) 28.5 (5.0) 32.2 (5.7) 35.7 (6.3) 39.2 (6.9)
  • 31. Energy Efficient Walls – Double Stud/Deep Stud ! Material selec(on & guidance ! Control Func(ons ! Cri(cal Barriers ! Effec(ve R-­‐value Tables Wood framing Nominal fill insulation [R-­‐value/inch (RSI/cm)] Gap width between stud walls No gap [R-­‐value (RSI)] 1-­‐inch [R-­‐value (RSI)] 2-­‐inches [R-­‐value (RSI)] 3-­‐inches [R-­‐value (RSI)] 4-­‐inches [R-­‐value (RSI)] 5-­‐inches [R-­‐value (RSI)] 6-­‐inches [R-­‐value (RSI)] Double-­‐ stud 2x4 R-­‐3.4/inch (0.24/cm) 19.1 (3.4) 22.9 (4.0) 26.5 (4.7) 30.0 (5.3) 33.4 (5.9) 36.9 (6.5) 40.3 (7.1) R-­‐4.0/inch (0.28/cm) 20.5 (3.6) 25.1 (4.4) 29.4 (5.2) 33.4 (5.9) 37.4 (6.6) 41.5 (7.3) 45.4 (8.0)
  • 32. Pitched-­‐Roof, Exterior Insulated Assembly ! Materials & Control Func(ons ! Cri(cal Barriers ! Effec(ve R-­‐values
  • 33. Low-­‐Slope Conven<onal Roof Assembly ! Materials & Control Func(ons ! Cri(cal Barriers ! Effec(ve R-­‐values (Accoun(ng for tapered insula(on packages)
  • 34. Detailing ! 2D CAD details (colored) provided for typical details for each wall assembly type (split insulated, double stud, exterior insulated) plus some for infill walls ! 3D sequence details provided for window interfacing (split insulated, double stud, exterior insulated)
  • 35. Detailing – Colored 2D Details
  • 36. Detailing – Wall to Roof Interfaces
  • 37. Detailing – 2D Window Details
  • 38. Detailing – 3D Window Installa<on Sequences
  • 39. Discussion ! Graham Finch, MASc, P.Eng gfinch@rdhbe.com 604-­‐873-­‐1181 ! Building Enclosure Design Guide Available from FP Innova(ons: hp://www.fpinnova(ons.ca/ResearchProgram/ AdvancedBuildingSystem/designing-­‐energy-­‐efficient-­‐ building-­‐enclosures.pdf